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SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY 

BULLETIN   34 


PHYSIOLOGICAL 
AND  MEDICAL  OBSERVATIONS 

AMONG  THE  INDIANS  OF  SOUTHWEST- 
ERN  UNITED    STATES    AND 
NORTHERN  MEXICO 


.  BY 

ALES   HRDLICKA 


^.  ^Mr    I  3 


WASHINGTON 

GOTEKNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 

1908 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 

Smithsonian  Institution, 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 

Washington,  D.  C,  May  2^,  1905. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  Bulle- 
tin 34  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  entitled  "Physiological 
and  Medical  Observations  among  the  Indians  of  Southwestern  United 
States  and  Northern  Mexico,"  by  Ales  Hrdlicka,  Assistant  Curator  in 
charge  of  the  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  United  States 
National  Museum.  This  bulletin  comprises  the  results  of  extended 
researches  aiid  personal  observations  among  a  large  number  of  tribes 
occupying  the  arid  region  of  the  Southwest  and  deals  with  matters 
of  great  importance  to  the  aborigines  and  to  those  agencies,  govern- 
mental and  otherwise,  interested  in  promoting  their  welfare,  as  well 
as  to  the  science  of  Anthropology  at  large. 
Respectfully, 

W.  H.  Holmes,  Chief. 

The  Secretary  op  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 

Washington,  D.  O. 


;5«^ 


CONTENTS 


I.  Introduction 1 

II.  General  environment 2 

III.  Indian  population 5 

IV.  Subdivisions  of  the  tribes 7 

Their  location  and  physical  types 7 

V.  Personal  environment 13 

Clothing ' 13 

Dwellings 15 

Occupations '. 17 

VI .  Food 19 

VII.  Alcoholic  drinks 26 

VIII.  General  habits  of  life,  character,  and  social  condition 29 

IX.  Physiology 36 

Proportion  of  sexes 37 

Population  by  ages 39 

Size  of  families 41 

Reproduction 47 

Marriage 47 

Sterile  women;  preference  of  sex;  gestation 51 

Labor;   multiple  and  abnormal  births;   placenta;   reappearance 

of  menstruation 55 

Detail  tables 66 

Early  attention  to  the  infant;  nursing  and  feeding 73 

Later  attention  to  the  child;  head  deformation 79 

Physiological  observations  on  children 84 

General'. 84 

Special  studies  on  children 87 

Children  of  known  age 88 

Height 88 

Pulse  and  respiration 89 

Teeth 96 

Locomotion  and  speech 99 

Children  whose  age  could  not  be  ascertained 100 

Approximation  of  age 101 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature 101 

Muscular  force 108 

Growth 112 

Height  sub-  and  supra-  ischia 112 

Weight 114 

Growth  of  the  head 116 

Growth  of  the  face 120 

Dentition  considered  in  relation  to  stature 122 

Dental  anomalies 123 

Puberty 125 

Adolescence  in  male;  beard 128 

General  resume  of  physiological  observations  on  the  Indian 

child 129 

V 


VI  COISTI'EJSITS 

IX.  Physiology — Continued.  Page 

Physiological  observations  on  adults 132 

Stature 132 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature 138 

Resum6  of  the  data  shown  in  the  preceding  tables,  and 

comparison  with  whites 141 

Muscular  force .' 143 

Summary  of  the  principal  results  of  instrumental  determinations 

on  the  adult 152 

Further  observations 153 

The  skin  and  its  appendages 153 

Special  senses 154 

Sleep  and  dreams 154 

Mental  and  nervous  powers 155 

Varia 155 

Digestion 156 

Obesity 156 

Menstruation  (in  adults)  and  climacterium 157 

Senility 157 

Grayness 159 

Loss  of  hair. 161 

X.  Notes  on  social  abnormalities 163 

Artificial  abortion '. 163 

Details 163 

Artificial  sterility ]  65 

Infanticide 165 

Crime 166 

Suicide 171 

XI.  Medical  observations 172 

Pathogeny 172 

Diseases  among  the  Indians  of  the  Southwest  and  of  northern  Mexico .  175 

Summary ., 187 

Albinism 192 

Diseases  among  Indians  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States 197 

Albinism '. 198 

Goiter 199 

Cretinism 201 

Insanity 201 

Epilepsy 202 

Idiocy 204 

Deaf  and  dumb 206 

Spinal  curvatures 208 

Tuberculosis 209 

Physicians'  notes 213 

XII.  Indian  conception  of  disease,  its  prevention  and  treatment;   folk  medi- 
cine and  medicine-men 220 

Medicine-men 221 

Medicine-women 224 

Tribal  details 224 

Prevention 229 

Folk  medicine 231 


CONTENTS.  VII 


Appendix 255 

A.  Native  foods 257 

B .  Tables  of  detail  measurements  and  observations 266 

I.  Indian  children  of  known  ages 266 

Table  1.  Measurements,  and  physiological  and  other  data 266 

(a)  San  Carlos  Apache  (no.  1) 266 

(b)  Pima  (no.  2) 266 

II.  Indian  children  of  approximated  ages 267 

Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weight,  head 267 

(a)  Apache  boys 267 

(b)  Apache  girls 271 

.    (c)  Pima  boys 276 

(d)  Pima  girls 279 

Table  3.  Face    measurements;    pulse,    respiration,    temperature; 

force 283 

(a)  Apache  boys 283 

(b)  Apache  girls 287 

(c)  Pima  boys 292 

(d)  Pima  girls 295 

Table  4  (Male).  Teeth;  condition  of  subject 299 

(a)  Apache  boys . .-. 299 

(c)  Pima  boys 322 

Table  4  (Female).  Teeth;  condition  of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion   310 

(6)  Apache  girls 310 

(d)  Pima  girls 330 

Table  5.  Abstract  of  measurements 342 

(a,  b)  Apache 342 

(c,  d)  Pima 345 

III.  Indian  adults 348 

Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration 348 

(a)  White  River  Apache 348 

(6)  Navaho 350 

(c)  Pueblos _. 352 

{d)  Hopi 355 

(e)  Zuiii 357 

(/)  Papago 359 

{g)  Pima : 361 

(h)  Maricopa 363 

(i)  Mohave 365 

(j)   Yuma 366 

(k)  Yaqui 367 

(l)   Tarahumare 368 

(m)  Huichol 369 

{n)  Otomi 370 

(o)  Tarasco 370 

Table  7.  Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  kilos 372 

(a)  Apache 372 

(6)  Pueblos 374 

(c)  Hopi 376 

(d)  Zufii 378 

(e)  Mohave 380 


VIII 


CONTENTS 


Appendix — Continued. 

B .  Tables  of  detail  measurements  and  observations- 
Ill.  Indian  adults— Continued. 
Tab: 


-Continued . 


C. 
Index. 


le  7.  Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  kilos — Continued. 

(/)  Yuma , 

{(/)  Maricopa 

(h)  Papago 

(i)  Pima 

(j)  Cora 

{k)  Tarasco 

(Z)  Otomi.  -■ 

(m)  Aztec 

Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  grayness 

(a)  Apache 

(6)  Pueblos 

(c)  Zuni. 

(d)  Mohave ^ 

(e)  Yuma 

(/)  Maricopa '. 

(g)  Pima 

(h)  Papago - .  - 

(i)  Yaqui 

(j)  Tarahumare 

(k)  Cora 

(l)  Otomi , 

(m)  Tarasco 

(n)  Aztec 

IV.  Indian  children  and  adults 

Table  9.  Reports  on  various  pathological  conditions  among  the 
Indians  of  the  United  States,  by  agency  and  school 
physicians - 

Bibliography - 


Page 
382 
383 
385 
387 
389 
390 
392 
394 
397 
397 
398 
399 
400 
400 
401 
402. 
403 
403 
404 
404 
405 
405 
406 
406 


406 
407 
427 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Plate   I.  Groups  of  Hiiichol  in  native  costume. 16 

II.  Typical  Indian  dwellings — Xavaho,  Pueblo,  Apache 16 

HI.  Winter  dwellings  of  the  Havasupai 16 

IV.  Papago  dwellings 16 

V.  Adobe  dwellings  of  the  San  Xavier  Papago : 16 

VI.  Pima  dwellings 16 

VII.  The  Yuma  village  in  the  lowlands,  at  Fort  Yuma,  California 16 

VIII.  A  Seri  dwelling,  Sonora 16 

IX.  Mohave,  Opata,  and  Yaqui  dwellings 16 

X.   "Chichimec,"  Huichol,  and  Cora  dwellings 16 

XI.  Otomi  dwellings,  Hidalgo 16 

XII.  Aztec  dwellings,  Morelos 16 

XIII.  Pulse-rate  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian  child 102 

XIV.  Respiration  and  temperature  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian 

child 106 

XV.  Muscular  force  in  hands  and  arms  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian 

child  (Apache) 112 

XVI.  Muscular  force  in  hands  and  arms  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian 

child  (Pima) 112 

XVII.  Height  sitting  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian  child 114 

XVIII.  Weight  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian  child 116 

XIX.  Mean  cephalic  diameter  (cephalic  module)  in  relation  to  stature,  in 

the  Indian  child 118 

"   XX.  Cephalic  and  facial  indexes  in  relation  to  stature,  in  the  Indian  child .  122 

XXI.  Characteristic  Indian  beards '. 154 

XXII.   An  obese  Southern  Ute -^ 156 

XXIII.  Two  stout  Indians 156 

XXIV.  Navaho,  showing  wrinkling 158 

XXV.  Aged  Indians 158 

XXVI.  Zuni  albinos 196 

XXVII.  Medicine-man;  Walapai  hut  for  the  sick;  remains  of  Southern  Ute 

dwelUng 224 

XXVIII.  Objects  used  by  medicine-men  in  healing  ceremonies 232 

Figure  1.  Ancient  Pueblo  skull,  showing  in  a  high  degree  effect  of  lateral 

occipital  compression 80 

2.  A  supernumerary  tooth  (x)  occurring  with  some  frequency  among 

the  Apache  and  the  Pima 124 

IX 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND  MEDICAL  OBSERVATIONS 

AMONG  THE  INDIANS  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  UNITED  STATES 
AND  NORTHERN  MEXICO 

By  Ale§  Hrdlicka 

I.  INTRODUCTION 

From  1898  to  1905,  in  the  course  of  six  expeditions,*  the  writer 
visited  ilearly  all  the  Indian  tribes  in  southwestern  United  States 
(exclusive  of  California)  and  in  northwestern  Mexico.  These  expe- 
ditions were  made  primarily  in  the  interest  of  physical  anthropology, 
but,  as  a  physician,  the  writer  had  exceptional  opportunities  for 
acquiring  information  of  a  physiological  and  medical  nature.  The 
results  of  his  observations,  accompanied  by  data  the  accuracy  of 
which  seems  clearly  established,  and  including  various  relevant  tests 
and  measurements,  are  herein  presented. 

The  tribes  visited  comprised  the  following: 

In  southern  Colorado:  Southern  Ute  (with  a  band  of  Paiute  in 
southeastern  Utah);  in  New  Mexico:  Jicarilla  Apache,  Navaho  (also 
in  Arizona  and  southern  Utah),  the  Rio  Grande  Pueblos  of  Taos,  San 
Juan,  Jemez,  Santo  Domingo,  Sia,  and  Isleta,  and  the  western  Pueblos 
of  Laguna,  Acoma,  Acomita,  and  Zuni;  also  the  Mescalero  Apache; 
in  Arizona:  Hopi  Pueblos,  White  Mountain  and  San  Carlos  Apache, 
Mohave  (eastern,  or  Yavapai,  and  western),  Havasupai,  Walapai, 
Papago,  Pima,  Maricopa,  Yuma  (mostly  in  California);  in  Sonora: 
Opata,  Yaqui,  and  Mayo ;  in  Chihuahua :  Tarahumare ;  in  Durango : 
Tepehuane;  inTepic:  Cora;  in  Jalisco:  Huichol,  Tepecano,  remnants 
of  the  Teul  "Mekkos,"  and  Nahua  (Tuxpan);  in  Hidalgo:  Otomi; 
in  Mexico:  Mazahua,  Otomi;  in  Michoacan:  Tarasco;  and  in 
Morelos:  Aztec  (Tlahuiltec) . 

Opportunities  for  observation  varied  with  the  tribes.  Among  some, 
intelligent  aid  and  sympathetic  cooperation  were  experienced,  while 

o  The  five  earlier  expeditions  were  conducted  under  the  general  direction  of  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  for 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York;  the  sixth  was  made  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  The  expenses  of  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  expeditions  were 
generously  borne  by  Messrs.  Frederic  E.  Hyde,  jr.,  and  B.  Talbot  B.  Hyde,  of  New  York  City;  and  the 
writer  takes  this  occasion  to  express  again  his  indebtedness  to  these  gentlemen,  and  his  appreciation 
of  the  liberal  spirit  with  which  they  have  furthered  the  interests  of  Am.erican  anthropology. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 1 


2  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

among  others  these  great  helps  were  partly  or  wholly  lacking;  hence 
the  notes  for  different  localities  are  not  of  equal  interest  or  extent. 
.The  data  concerning  medical  practices,  which  among  the  Indians  are 
largely  thaumaturgic  in  character  and  of  minor  importance  from  the 
medical  point  of  view,  are  especially  incomplete.  To  acquire  a  thor- 
ough understanding  of  some  of  the  features  of  Indian  life  herein 
touched  on  would  require  unusual  opportunities  and  years  of  patient 
labor  in  a  limited  field. 

One  of  the  main  results  of  the  present  studies  is  the  accumulation 
of  evidence  that  in  many  points  of  physiological  nature,  as  well  as  in 
those  relating  to  medicine,  there  is  much  similarity  among  all  the 
tribes  visited.  This  likeness  extends,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from 
data  and  observations  on  other  tribes,  far  beyond  the  region  already 
outlined.  Another  point  of  even  greater  importance  is  the  growing 
evidence  of  similarity,  though  never  reaching  full  identity,  of  the  vital 
processes  in  Indians  and  whites. 

In  elaborating  these  data  the  writer  has  arranged  the  text  by  sub- 
jects rather  than  by  tribes.  The  report  is  prefaced  with  brief  notes 
of  a  more  general  nature  on  conditions  which  determine  the  welfare 
of  the  native  population,  as  an  outline  of  these  conditions  is  neces- 
sary to  a  fidl  appreciation  of  the  physiological  and  medical  studies 
presented. 

II.  GENERAL  ENVIRONMENT 

The  region  inhabited  by  the  tribes  to  which  these  studies  relate 
lies  between  latitude  38°  and  18°,  west  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  the 
Mexican  Central  railway  and  east  of  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  Gulf 
of  California.  Much  of  this  vast  area,  particularly  in  the  north,  is 
arid,  but,  on  the  whole,  the  aridity  decreases  from  north  to  south.  It 
is  characterized  by  numerous  isolated  mountain  groups  or  ridges,  in 
which  erosion  has  carved  rugged  canyons,  some  of  great  depth,  between 
which  extend  large  level  plateaus,  or  llanos.'^  The  slopes  are  usually 
steep,  so  that  most  of  the  rainfall  is  speedily  drained  off  through  the 
canyons  and  narrow  valleys.  The  plateaus,  mostly  sandy,  are  cov- 
ered more  or  less  with  grass  and  other  sparse  vegetation,  but  are 
unfit  for  cultivation  in  the  absence  of  artificial  irrigation;  but  the 
river  bottoms  everywhere  afford  rich  arable  lands.  The  mountain 
summits  and  the  numerous  high  table-lands  are  in  some  instances 
almost  barren,  but  more  often  they  are  covered  with  stunted  oak  or 
cedar.  On  some  of  the  great  mesas,  however,  particularly  in  Mexico, 
beautiful  forests  of  oak  and  pine  extend  for  many  miles. 

a  A  thorough  geographic,  geologic,  and  climatologic  summary  of  this  whole  area  is  wanting.  Contri- 
butions to  this  subject,  however,  will  be  found  in  Haydon's,  Wheeler's,  Emory's,  and  Powell's, 
contributions,  and  in  the  Vacific  Hallway  Surveys.  See  N.  H.  Carton's  Catalogue  and  Index  of  Con- 
tributions to  North  American  Geology,  17.32-1891,  Bulletin  127,  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, 1896. 


hedlickaO  physiological    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEBVATIONS  3 

The  general  surface  geology  of  the  tract  appears  to  be  quite  simple. 
Tn  the  northern  part  the  formations  are  largely  Jura-triassic,  with 
some  volcanic  features,  while  farther  south  the  exposed  rocks  are 
either  of  volcanic  origin  or  are  limestones  or  granites.  The  highest 
plateaus  are  evidently  remains  of  old  extensive  plains,  the  valleys, 
canyons,  and  other  depressions  being  products  of  erosion.  At  pres- 
ent volcanic  activity  exists  only  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  area 
dealt  with  in  these  studies,  in  Mexico,  but  hot  springs  are  found 
throughout  the  region.  Earthquakes,  while  occurring  occasionally, 
are  rarely  destructive,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  the  volcano  of  Colima, 
in  Mexico. 

The  elevation  of  the  areas  inhabited  by  the  Indians  some  or  all  of 
the  time  varies  from  a  little  above  the  sea  level  along  the  Pacific 
coast  to  about  8,000  feet  in  the  interior.  The  large  plateaus  range 
in  altitude  from  3,000  to  5,000  feet,  the  highest  mesas  reach  about 
10,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  a  few  of  the  peaks  rise  above  this 
elevation.  The  plains  are  settled  only  where  there  is  a  constant 
water  supply,  and  the  highest  mesas  are  inhabited,  if  at  all,  only  at 
intervals.  The  cHmate  of  this  territory,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is 
characterized  by  marked  uniformity.  From  southern  Utah  and  Col- 
orado to  the  City  of  Mexico,  except  in  the  more  southern  coast  area, 
the  period  corresponding  to  the  fall,  winter,  and  spring  of  the  middle 
Atlantic  seaboard  constitutes  the  dry  season.  During  this  season 
vegetation  is  dormant  and  animal  life  scarce.  The  air  is  very  dry 
and  clear,  and  excessive  evaporation  takes  place.  The  valleys  and 
the  lowlands  in  general  are  hot  in  the  daytime,  the  temperature  in 
the  shade  often  exceeding  95°  and  100°  F.,  but  the  nights  are  invari- 
ably cool.  In  the  more  elevated  portions  of  the  vast  area  under  con- 
sideration the  temperature  during  the  day  in  the  dry  season  is  always 
bearable  and  often  very  pleasant,  while  the  nights  are  cold.  During 
the  winter  months  the  temperature  falls  below  the  freezing  point. 
From  January  to  March  the  dry  spell  is  somewhat  interrupted  and 
snow  and  rain  fall  at  irregular  intervals.  Only  rarely  is  the  rain- 
fall at  this  time  heavy.  Along  the  Pacific  slope  of  Mexico,  in  south- 
ern Sinaloa  and  Tepic,  precipitation  is  more  frequent  and  there  is  a 
source  of  additional  moisture  in  the  dews.  In  October,  for  example, 
at  the  beginning  of  dry  weather  in  the  latter  region,  the  writer's  party 
was  greatly  inconvenienced  by  unhealthful  morning  dews  that  were 
quite  equal  to  moderate  showers. 

During  the  dry  season  there  occur  frequently  on  the  sandy  pla- 
teaus, particularly  those  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  more  or  less 
violent  and  protracted  ''sandstorms."  These  result,  directly  or 
indirectly,  in  much  physical  suffering  to  the  Indian,  though  only 
exceptionally  are  they  dangerous  to  hfe.  They  interfere  also  with 
agriculture. 


4  BUKEAU    OF    AMEKICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

In  May  in  the  south  and  extending  to  July  in  the  north  the  main 
season  of  rain  begins.  The  dry  stream  beds  become,  in  many  localities, 
seething,  muddy  torrents;  water  collects  in  every  depression;  vegeta- 
tion springs  up  with  remarkable  celerity;  animal  life  in  many  forms 
rapidly  increases,  and  the  whole  life  of  the  people  changes.  The 
rainy  season  has  various  phases,  according  to  which  the  activities  of 
the  natives  are  regulated.  In  some  localities  heavy  thunder  showers 
are  of  almost  daily  occurrence,  mth  intermissions  of  clear  weather. 
The  mornings  are  generally  clear  and  bright,  but  as  the  day  advances 
heat  and  moistm-e  increase,  and  about  midday  thunder  and  rain 
begin.  At  times  the  do^viipour  continues  from  two  to  four  days 
and  nights,  ^\^th  scarcely  an  intermission.  Night  rain  is  not  rare. 
Notwithstanding  tliis  the  nights  are  often  cool  and  comfortable, 
particularly  in  the  highlands,  but  elsewhere  they  are  generally  hot. 
In  the  lowlands  near  the  coast  the  moisture-laden  atmosphere 
becomes  very  oppressive  and  debilitating,  and  good  sleep  is  often 
impossible.  The  rainy  season  lasts,  with  more  or  less  regularity, 
until  the  end  of  September.  In  the  more  arid  parts  of  the  region, 
in  the  north,  the  rains  are  less  frequent  and  regular  than  farther 
south,  and  during  some  years  practically  continuous  drought,  econom- 
ically very  serious  for  the  Indian,  is  experienced.  The  greatest 
rainfall  occurs  along  the  western  coast  of  Mexico.  This  period, 
besides  affecting  profoundly  the  hfe  of  the  natives,  exercises  also 
a  great  influence  upon  their  well-being,  thought,  and  culture. 

The  sources  of  water  suppl}^  for  man  in  this  region  are  springs, 
pools,  and  streams;  but  during  the  dry  season  many  of  these  become 
exhausted.  This  entails  great  hardship  on  the  white  man  and  liis 
domestic  animals,  but  usually  affects  less  the  native,  who  is  better 
acquainted  mth  the  scattered  springs  and  water  pockets  and  in  case 
of  necessity  moves  to  a  more  advantageous  location. 

The  waters  found  in  this  vast  region  possess  a  variety  of  charac- 
teristics. Many  pools  and  streams,  especially  in  the  northern  part, 
are  charged  ^Yiih  mineral  products,  chiefl}^  with  the  salts  of  the  alka- 
line metals,  and  often  they  contain  also  considerable  clayey  matter. 
A  few  of  the  springs  yield  good,  clear  water,  but  numerous  others 
are  more  or  less  charged  A\dth  mineral  substances.  Sulphurous  and 
other  springs  of  various  temperatures  are  found  mostly  in  the  moun- 
tainous parts  of  northern  Mexico.  No  really  poisonous  springs  have 
been  observed.  The  springs,  especially  those  containing  hot  sul- 
phurous waters,  are  frequentl}^  utilized  by  whites  for  bathing,  and  are 
highly  regarded  locally  for  their  medicinal  properties.  A  good  example 
of  such  springs  is  found  at  Chapala,  Mexico.  Water  containing 
hydrogen  sulphide  is  also  used  as  a  curative  agent  by  some  of  the 
Indians,  both  internally  and  externally,  though  without  rational 
knowledge  of  its  properties. 


hkdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AISTD    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIOISTS 


The  fauna  &,nd  flora  of  the  region  are  diminishing  in  importance 
to  the  Indian.  The  dangerous  animals  of  prey  as  well  as  the  larger 
game  are,  in  many  localities,  being  thinned  out  or  exterminated,  and 
the  cultivated  products  of  the  soil  are  gradually  superseding  more 
and  more  the  roots  and  seeds  of  wild  plants  used  for  food.  There 
remain  the  smaller  noxious  animals,  the  parasites  and  insects  (ticks, 
lice,  worms,  mosquitoes,  fhes,  ants,  spiders,  centipeds,  etc.),  scor- 
pions, and  snakes,  and  also  the  ivies  and  other  poisonous  plants. 
These  impose  on  the  native  not  only  a  considerable  struggle,  but  also 
much  danger  to  health  and  even  life. 

III.  INDIAN  POPULATION 

In  the  vast  region  which  has  been  briefly  described  there  are  still  to 
be  found  somewhat  more  than  100,000  Indians  of  piue  blood.  This 
aboriginal  population,  as  well  as  the  much  more  numerous  white  and 
mixed  elements,  increases,  generally  speaking,  in  density  from  north 
to  south.  In  southwestern  United  States  all  the  tribes,  with  the 
exception  of  a  portion  of  the  Papago,  reside  on  reservations.  The 
densest  native  population  is  found  in  Mexico,  along  the  Rio  Mayo 
in  Sonora,  in  the  Otomi  country  of  the  state  of  Hidalgo,  and  in  the 
Tarasco  region  of  Michoacan.  The  territory  southwest  and  southeast 
from  that  covered  by  this  paper  has  an  Indian  population  that  largely 
outnumbers  the  whites.  Available  official  data  give  the  numerical 
strength  of  the  tribes  studied  as  follows: 

Population 
A.  UNITED  STATES  TRIBES  VISITED 


Tribe. 

1890.a 

1900.6 

1903.b 

1904. c 

1905.6 

1906.6 

I.  Southern  Ute '   .  . 

«985 

(d) 

(/) 
513 
808 

C995 

1,928 

2,542 

482 

815 

941 

2,028 

g  2,578 

439 

774 

962 

2,058 

2,226 

ft  452 

782 

e887 

2,090 

2,148 

460 

795 

845 

II.  Apache:  • 

White  Mountain 

2,072 

San  Carlos         .  

2,145 

Mesealero 

460 

Jiearilla 

784 

o  Eleventh  Census. 

6  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

c  Special  reports  of  agents  and  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

d  In  the  enumeration  of  1890  the  White  Mountain,  Fort  Apache,  and  San  Carlos  Apache  are  stated 
to  have  numbered  together  4,041  individuals,  which  is  undoubtedly  an  underestimate. 

«  The  Report  on  Indians  of  the  Eleventh  Census  contains  the  clause:  "  57  Southern  Utes  have  recently 
been  removed  to  the  Uinta  agency,  Utah."  Some  of  this  number,  apparently  not  counted  with  the 
Southern  Ute  in  1890,  may  have  returned  before  1900,  thus  causing  the  seeming  increase  in  the  tribe. 
In  1905  the  Southern  Ute  are  reported  as  follows:  Fort  Lewis  school  (unallotted  Ute),  502;  Southern 
Ute  school  (Capotes  and  Moache),  385;  in  1906:  Fort  Lewis  school  (Wiminuche,  unallotted),  464; 
Southern  Ute  school,  381. 

/San  Carlos,  1,066;  Coyoteros,  489;  and  Tontos,  667;  in  addition  to  which  {here  were  2  San  Carlos 
and  2  Tonto  pupils  in  the  school  at  Phoenix. 

9  1902. 

h  In  the  1905  and  1906  counts  are  apparently  included  the  Lipan,  about  25  Individuals,  who  formerly 
lived  about  the  Santa  Rosa  mountains,  northern  Mexico. 


BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Population — Continued 
A.  UNITED  STATES  TRIBES  VISITED— Continued 


Tribe. 


Ila.  Walapai 

lib.  Havasupai 

III.  Navaho  a 

IV.  Pueblos,  all 

Hopl 

Zuni 

Rio  Grande  littoralc 

V.  Papago 

VI.  Pima 

VII.  Maricopa 

VIII.  Mohave/ 

IX.  Yuma: 

On  Yuma  reservation 

On  San  Carlos  reservation. 


1890. 


630 


17,204 

10,283 

1,996 

1,621 

6,766 


4,464 

315 

ff2,500 

1,208 
240 


1900. 


584 

250 

21,826 

610,015 

M,832 

1,523 

6,660 


4,350 
345 


634 


(?) 


1903.  1904, 


520 

237 

23,054 

10,881 

1,860 

1,547 

7,124 

d 4,422 

4,450 

360 


654 


(?) 


514 

207 

27,379 

10,526 

1,878 

1,521 

7,127 

4,790 

« 3,840 

403 

1,628 


656 


(ft) 


520 

174 

28,544 

10,870 

6  2,150 

1,514 

7,206 

4,823 

3,900 

350 


675 
»2 


1906. 


513 

166 

28,607 

11,076 

62,150 

1,514 

7,412 

4,981 

3,936 

344 

1,843 

807 
»2 


B.  MEXICAN  TRIBES  VISITED 


Tribe. 

Latest 
official 
data.; 

Estimates. 

44 
14,051 

Pure-bloods  probably  fewer  than  1,000;  numerous 

XI.  Yaqui 

mixed-bloods.* 
Whole  tribe  (including  pacific  Yaqui  and  the  mixed- 

bloods)  not  far  from  20,000  in  1902;  fewer  to-day. 

a  No  count  of  this  tribe  is  absolutely  accurate,  but  a  continuous  increase  is  very  probable. 

b  In  these  enumerations  no  account  was  taken  of  the  Hopi  living  off  the  reservation,  who  in  1903 
numbered  350.  If  this  number  was  about  the  same  in  1900,  1903,  and  1904,  which  is  probable,  then  the 
total  munber  of  Hopi  for  those  years  was,  respectively,  about  2,182, 2,210,  and  2,234,  and  the  total  of  all 
Pueblos  in  1900  about  10,365.  In  1905  the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  gives:  Hopi 
at  Hopi  school,  2,000;  Hopi  at  Western  Navaho  school,  150;  Report  for  1906  gives  the  same  data. 

c  For  early  accounts  of  the  population  of  various  pueblos,  including  Hopi,  and  for  those  of  the  Navaho, 
see  the  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  Washington,  1894;  the  various  reports  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Afiairs;  and  H.  H.  Bancroft's  History  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  For  popu- 
lations of  the  separate  Rio  Grande  pueblos,  see  the  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  407,  and 
the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  202,  1890  (also  other  reports  of  the  latter  series) . 
Detailed  data  of  the  Twelfth  Census  (1900)  on  Indian  population  are  not  as  yet  available.  For  some 
of  the  results  of  this  enumeration  see  first  and  second  Population  volumes. 

d  Earlier  estimates  more  uncertain.  No  accurate  count  exists  of  the  Papago  oil  reservations  and 
none  at  all  of  those  in  Mexico.  The  1905  figures  include  the  1904  count  of  the  Papago  under  the  San 
Xavier  farmer,  with  a  new  count  of  those  at  the  Pima  school. 

e  The  1904  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  gives  the  nunaber  of  PLma  as  3,840;  as  there 
was  no  epidemic  in  the  tribe  during  the  year,  and  as  the  count  agrees  with  that  of  1905,  the  former  esti- 
mates can  not  be  correct;  the  agent's  report  for  the  year  offers  no  explanation. 

/  No  accurate  census  of  the  whole  tribe  available.  At  the  Colorado  River  agency  the  Mohave  num- 
bered 640  in  1890,  602  in  1900,  649  in  1901,  523  in  1902,  510  in  1903,  508  in  1905,  and  494  in  1906.  No  expla- 
nation of  the  gradual  loss  is  given,  and  but  limited  data  are  available  concerning  other  portions  of 
the  tribe  (Fort  Mohave,  Needles).  The  1904  count  at  Fort  Mohave  shows  892  individuals;  that  in 
1905,  856;  that  in  1906,  829.  The  total  population  of  the  tribe  for  1904  includes  228,  and  that  for 
1900,  .'520  Mohave,  or  Yavapai,  known  as  "  Mohave  Apache." 

g  Approximate. 

A  None;  removed. 

i  The  1905  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  gives  also  60  "  Yuma  in  Arizona,"  probably 
the  "  Yuma  Apache."    The  1906  report  gives  27  "  Yuma  Apache  "  at  Camp  McDowell. 

;■  Kindly  furnished, Is  "the  latest  official  numbers"  in  November,  1904,  by  Dr.  Antonio  Penafiel, 
the  general  director  of  Mexican  statistics. 

*  For  literature  on  earlier  estimates  of  the  numbers  of  Opata,  Yaqui,  and  Mayo  see  author's  Notes 
on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  Amerimn  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  vi,  no.  1,  Jan  -Mar.,  1904. 


HRDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


Population — Continued 
B.  MEXICAN  TRIBES  VISITED— Continued 


Tribe. 


Latest 
official 
data. 


Estimates. 


XII.  Mayo 

XIII.  Tarahumare 

XIV.  Tepehuane: 

Chihuahua 

Durango 

XV.  Tepecano 

XVI.  Huichol 

XVII.  Cora 

XVIII.  Nahua 

XIX .  Tarasco 

XX.  Otomi: 

Hidalgo 

Mexico 

XXI.  Mazahua , 

XXII.  Tlahuiltec  (Aztec) :  Morelos  . 


17, 172 
19, 778 


•    431 
3,221 


3,818 
3,187 


41,012 

93,281 
55,251 

45, 797 
26,566 


About  20,000. 


Northern  and  southern  included,  3,000  to  4,000. 

300  to  400. 

3,000  to  3,500. 

3,000. 

Several  thousand;   close  estimate  very  difficult. 


No  longer  exist  as  tribal  entity  ;  accurate  count 
impossible. 


The  proportion  of  mixed-bloods  differs  iji  the  various  tribes.  It  is 
insignificant  in  most  of  the  northern  tribes  and  in  those  of  the  Sierras, 
quite  small  in  some  of  the  Rio  Grande  pueblos  (for  example,  Santo 
Domingo)  and  among  the  Yaqui  and  Mayo,  and  moderate  among  the 
Opata,  Nahua,  and  Otomi.  But  even  among  the  latter  there  is  no 
dearth  of  pure-blood  individuals  and  even  whole  families.  It  was 
full-bloods  alone  who  received  attention.  The  recognition  of  mixed- 
bloods  is  not  generally  difficult  after  proper  experience  has  been 
acquired. 

IV.  SUBDIVISIONS  QF  THE  TRIBES « 

Their  Location  and  Physicai,  Types    • 

The  Southern  Ute,  or,  as  they  call  themselves,  Nu-chi-uh  or 
No-o-che,  comprise  the  bands  known  as  Capotes  (''mountain  people"), 
Moache  ("plains  people"),  and  Wiminuche  ("poor  people").  All 
these  live  in  southern  Colorado,  in  the  semiarid  region  about  Ute 
mountain,  Mesa  Verde,  and  the  Fort  Lewis  school,  and  in  the  shallow, 
now  well-watered,  valleys  about  the  agency  at  Ignacio.  The  Wimi- 
nuche, the  strongest  of  the  three  bands  (estimated  to  number  500  in 
1899),  occupy  the  country  about  the  Navaho  Springs  subagency 
(around  Ute  mountain  and  a  part  of  Mesa  Verde)  and  the  Fort  Lewis 
school,  and  have  until  recently  retained  their  primitive  habits  and 
customs.  The  other  two  bands  live  near  Ignacio  and  are  somewhat 
more  civilized. 


1  For  further  details  consult  Handbook  of  American    Indians,  Bulletin  30,  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology. 


8  BUREAU    OP   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  people  generally  known  as  Apache,  but  who  call  themselves 
N'de,  are  to-day  confined  to  three  reservations  in  the  Southwest.  Of 
these  the  largest  is  in  southern  Arizona,  and  its  two  divisions  are 
lalo^\^l  as  the  White  Mountain  and  the  San  Carlos  Indian  reserves; 
the  second  is  the  Mescalero  reservation,  lying  largely  in  the  Sierra 
Blanca  of  southeastern  New  Mexico;  and  the  third  is  the  Jicarilla 
reservation,  situated  in  northwestern  New  Mexico.  Besides  these 
there  are  98  Chiricahua  prisoners  of  war  at  JFort  Sill  and  a  band  of 
155  so-called  Kiowa  Apache  under  the  Kiowa  agency,  Oklahoma; 
a  small  free  band  of  Chiricahua  are  believed  still  to  be  in  the  moun- 
tains of  northern  Chihuahua.  The  Apache  segregated  on  the  White 
Mountain  and  the  San  Carlos  reserves,  in  Arizona,  include  the  tribes 
known  as  Tontos,  Pinalenos,  Mimbrenos,  Coyoteros,  and  Gileiios, 
together  with  settled  Chiricahua  and  remnants  of  tribes  or  bands  for- 
merly known  to  the  whites  under  still  other  appellations.  It  is 
doubtful  if  these  divisions  were  at  any  time  separate  tribes  in  the 
strict  sense  of  the  term;  more  likely  they  were  bands  living  more  or 
less  apart  and  were  given  the  above-mentioned  names  by  the  Mexicans.*^ 

Besides  the  foregoing  subdivisions  of  the  Apache  there  are  found  in 
the  Southwest  two  other  Athapascan  tribes,  the  Navaho  in  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  the  Lipan  until  1904  around  Piedras  Negras 
and  the  Santa  Rosa  mountains  near  the  Mexican  boundary  in  Chi- 
huahua, but  now  removed  to  the  Mescalero  reservation  in  New  Mex- 
ico. The  Lipan,  reduced  to  about  30  individuals,  are  a  true  branch 
of  the  Apache.  The  Navaho,  notwithstanding  the  practical  unity  of 
language  and  doubtless  some  Apache  mixture,  are  much  more  closely 
related  both  physically  and  ethnically  to  the  Pueblos. 

There  are  also  two  small  tribes  in  northern  Arizona  who  speak  the 
Yuman  language,  but  physically  approximate  very  closely  the  true 
Apache,  namely,  the  Walapai  (in  their  own  language  E-'pa)  and  the 
Havasupai.  Small  bands  in  Arizona  known  as  the  Mohave  Apache  or 
Yavapai,  and  the  Yuma  Apache,  both  now  located  mainly  at  the 
old  Camp  McDowell,  are  very  nearly  pure  contigents  respectively  of 
the  Mohave  and  the  Yuma.  Until  recently  they  lived  on  the  San 
Carlos  reservation,  but  held  aloof  from  the  Apache  and  acquired 
neither  their  blood  nor  their  language. 

The  Apache  group  is  one  of  great  interest  in  that  it  presents  a 
clearly  defined  physical  type,  radically  different  from  that  of  most  of 
its  present  neighbors,  as  well  as  from  that  of  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  same  territory.  Examination  of  the  living,  as  well  as  of  the 
skeletal  remains,  shows  remarkable  homogeneity,  notwithstanding  a 
slight  Mexican  admixture  through  former  captives.     The  Jicarillas 

a  The  names  of  these  bands,  and  the  localities  which  they  occupied,  have  been  summarized  by  Ban- 
croft, Native  Races,  i,  473  ct  seq.  For  other  bands  see  the  author's  Notes  on  San  Carlos  Apache, 
American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  vii,  no.  3,  July-Sept.,  1905,  480. 


HiiDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  9 

alone  seem  to  have  mingled  to  a  somewhat  greater  extent  with  other 
tribes.  They  intermarried  in  quite  recent  times  with  some  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Taos  pueblo  and  with  the  Ute,  but  the  majority- 
still  distinctly  show  Apache  type.  The  Walapai  and  the  Havasupai 
seem  to  be  almost  entirely  free  from  foreign  mixture. 

The  Havasupai,  popularly  known  also  as  Supai  and  as  Coconino, 
live  most  of  the  year  in  the  deep,  narrow  Cataract  canyon  through 
which  flows  a  tributary  of  the  Colorado;  but  on  the  approach  of 
winter  they  move  to  the  surrounding  mesas,  where  they  construct 
dwellings  of  primitive  form  and  devote  themselves  to  hunting. 

The  Navaho,  calling  themselves  Di-ne,  are  an  independent,  self- 
supporting  tribe  who  live  on  and  considerably  beyond  the  borders  of 
a  great  semiarid  reservation  extending  over  parts  of  Colorado,  Utah, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona.  With  the  exception  of  the  much-mixed 
Cherokee,  this  is  the  largest  tribe  in  the  United  States,  and  in  every 
way  one  of  the  most  promising.  The  writer  visited  this  people  in  all 
parts  of  their  domain.  Notwithstanding  their  mixed  Indian  origin, 
the* Navaho  possess  a  characteristic  physiognomy,  a  great  degree  of 
uniformity  in  physical  features,  and  practically  the  same  habits 
throughout  their  extensive  territory. 

Through  the  writing  of  Fewkes,  Stephen,  Mindelefi",  Owens,  Voth, 
Hough,  and  others,  the  Hopi  are  among  the  best  known  of  the 
indigenous  peoples  of  southwestern  United  States.  The  tribe  lives 
in  seven  villages,  of  which  five  are  very  old  and  two  (Sichomovi  and 
Hano)  are  historic;  with  the  exception  of  Oraibi  none  of  the  villages 
occupies  its  prehistoric  site.  Hano  was  settled  about  the  year 
1710  by  Tewa  people  from  near  the  Rio  Grande,  and  its  people  al- 
though only  partially  assimilated  with  the  Hopi  are  officially  classed 
with  the  latter.  These  seven  pueblos  are  situated  on  three  high 
neighboring  mesas,  nearly  7,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  in  the  sandy, 
dry,  arid  region  of  northeastern  Arizona.  The  Hopi  are  a  poor 
sedentary  people,  subsisting  almost  entirely  by  agriculture;  and 
in  their  physical  characters  they  closely  resemble  the  Zuiii.'^ 

The  Zuni,  or,  as  they  call  themselves,  SMwi  or  Ashiwi,  are  a  large 
southern  branch  of  the  Pueblos.  These  Indians,  well  known  through 
the  studies  of  Cushing,  Mrs.  Stevenson,  and  others,  occupy  a  reserva- 
tion situated  a  little  more  than  30  miles  south  of  Gallup,  New  Mexico. 
They  live  in  one  large  old  village  (called  by  them  Shiwinakwin), 
built  in  an  extensive  plain  traversed  by  a  small  stream — the  Zuni 
river.  They  occupy  also,  in  outlying  fertile  valleys,  the  villages  of 
Ojo  Caliente,  Nutria,  and  Pescado,  where  but  few  live  permanently, 
but  to  which  numerous  families  move  during  each  farming  season. 

oFor  an  account  of  recent  disturbances  affecting  Oraibi  and-  resulting  in  the  establishment  of  an 
additional  settlement,  see  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  lor  1906  and  especially  Report 
for  1907. 


10  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN"   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  Papago  (in  their  language  0-o-tam  or  Pa-pa-ve  0-o-tam) 
occupy  more  than  20  small  villages  "  along  the  frontier  of  Arizona 
and  Sonora.  The  largest  of  these  settlements  is  San  Xavier,  south 
of  Tucson.  More  or  less  isolated  rancherias  extend  southward  to 
near  the  Rio  de  Altar,  in  Sonora.  A  small  separate  body  of  Papago 
are  settled  west  of  Torres,  a  station  on  the  Sonora  railway  a  short 
distance  south  of  Hermosillo.  The  tribe  has  a  slight  Spanish  admix- 
ture, but  preserves  to  a  great  extent  its  independence  and  many 
primitive  habits.  Being  closely  related  in  language  to  the  Pima, 
the  Papago  were  supposed  to  be  physically  identical  with  them,  but 
such  is  not  the  case,  although  there  is  considerable  blood  relationship 
between  the  two  tribes,  due  to  intermarriage. 

The  Pima  know  themselves  as  Ak-ki-nal-tam-o-tam  ("river  peo- 
ple", referring  to  the  Gila,  their  principal  stream).  They  have  inter- 
married with  the  Papago  and  to  a  slight  extent  with  the  Maricopa 
also.  The  Pima  are  a  very  interesting  tribe  physically,  being  closely 
related  in  this  respect  to  the  ancient  people  of  southern  Utah  in  the 
north,  the  Tarahumare  in  the  south,  and  the  great  race  of  American 
dolichocephals  in  general. 

The  Pimas  Bajos,  or  Nevome,  still  live  along  a  part  of  the  upper 
Rio  Yaqui,  as  well  as  in  certain  localities  about  Ures  (e.  g.,  Pueblo 
Viejo),  and  a  few  of  this  tribe  are  found  in  the  district  of  Magdalena, 
in  Sonora. 

The  Mohave  know  themselves  as  MTc-hd-ve  (pronounced  by  some 
mak-ha-ve,  a-mak-ha-ve,  a-mok-ha-ve),  and  are  separated  into  two 
groups.  One  of  these  is  on  the  Colorado  River  reservation,  the  other 
and  larger  about  Needles  and  Fort  Mohave.  A  closely  related  tribe, 
formerly  known  as  Yavapai,  but  now  officially  called  Mohave  Apache, 
are  settled  on  the  Verde  and  at  old  Camp  McDowell.  The  Mohave, 
who  are  of  almost  pure  blood,  are  physically  related  to  the  Yuma 
and  some  of  the  Pueblos,  as  well  as  to  the  Mission  Indians  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Yuma  (who  call  themselves  Ku-tsa-ni)  number  more  than  800, 
divided  into  three  bands.  One  of  these,  numbering  fewer  than  30 
individuals,  is  at  Camp  McDowell;  another,  of  about  50  persons,  is 
settled  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Colorado  near  the  boundary 
line;  and  the  third,  the  main  body  of  the  tribe,  live  in  the  low,  allu- 
vial, hot  region  along  the  western  bank  of  the  lower  Colorado,  mainly 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  school  at  Fort  Yuma,  California.  While 
closely  allied  physically  to  the  Mohave,  many  exhibit  characteristics 
of  physiognomy  which  remind  the  observer  of  the  JSTavaho. 

The  remnants  of  the  Opata  are  found  principally  along  the  San 
Miguel  river,  in  Sonora,  but  they  are  met  with  also  at  many  points 

oSee  the  Map  of  Papago  Indian  towns  by  C.  W.  Wood,  facing  p.  142,  Report  on  Indiana,  Eleventh 
Census,  1890,  Washington,  1894. 


HBDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  11 

farther  west,  in  their  ancient  territory.      This  people  is  disappearing 
through  voluntary  amalgamation  with  the  Mexicans.  °' 

The  still  numerous  Yaqui  remained  centered  along  the  lower  Rio 
Yaqui  until  a  comparatively  recent  date,  but  they  are  now  scattered 
over  the  larger  part  of  southern  Sonora.  Physically  the  tribe  is 
related  to  the  Pima,  but  it  contains  some  Mayo  and  other  admixture. 

The  Mayo,  the  largest  tribe  of  Sonora,  occupy  practically  the  same 
region  as  they  did  in  the  sixteenth  century — the  lower  part  of  the 
Mayo  valley  and  much  of  ancient  Ostimuri. 

The  Tarahumare  are  a  populous  tribe  of  Chihuahua,  and  are  still 
in  a  primitive  condition.  They  live  in  the  barrancas  and  lower  lands 
of  a  very  rugged  country  situated  largely  in  the  Sierra  Madre. 
Numerous  families  inhabit  caves  during  at  least  a  portion  of  the 
year. 

The  Tepehuane,  or,  as  they  call  themselves  O-o-dam,  the  tradi- 
tional invaders  who  formerly  ranged  over  the  territory  from  southern 
Chihuahua  through  Durango  to  Jalisco  and  Tepic,  now  consist  of 
two  moderately  large  groups  of  about  equal  size,  one  in  the  extreme 
north  and  the  other  in  the  extreme  south  of  their  former  territory. 
liie  northern  group,  of  which  but  little  was  seen,  is  concentrated 
mainly  in  the  district  of  Guadalupe  y  Calvo,  but  scattered  families 
are  found  in  the  mountainous  country  along  the  Rio  Colorado  and 
thence  southeastward  as  far  as  the  dependencies  of  Santiago  de 
Papasquiaro.  The  center  of  the  southern  Tepehuane  domain  is  the 
rough,  elevated,  healthful  region  in  southern  Durango,  southwest  of 
Mezquital,  about  the  tributaries  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  The 
principal  settlement  in  this  district  is  Huktir,  or,  as  it  is  more  com- 
monly known,  Santa  Maria  de  Ocotan.^ 

The  Tepecano,  a  small  but  interesting  tribe,  probably  a  branch  of 
the  Tepehuane,  live  at  and  about  Askeltan,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rio  de  Bolahos.  A  small  contingent  of  the  tribe  within  recent  times 
has  settled  farther  south,  near  the  Rio  Santiago.'' 

The  Huichol  occupy  the    rugged  sierra  in    the  state  of  Jalisco, 
between  the  country  of  the  Tepecano  and  that  of  the  Cora.     They_^^ 
live  mostly  in  scattered  rancherias,  but  in  winter  and  during  cere- 
monies they  assemble  at  a  number  of  villages,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Santa  Catarina,  San  Andres,  and  San  Sebastian. 

The  Cora  are  scattered  from  the  northern  part  of  the  territory  of 
Tepic  to  near  the  Rio  Santiago,  mostly  west  of  the  Rio  Jesus  Maria. 

o  For  details  concerning  the  Sonora  tribes,  see  the  writer's  Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  vi,  no.  1,  Jan.-Mar.,  1904.' 

b  other  southern  Tepehuane  villages  are  Joconostla,  Calendaria,  Temoaya,  Teneraca,  Tascaringa, 
San  Francisco,  or  Koshweglim,  and  San  Francisco  de  las  Lajas.  In  addition,  Gome  Tepehuane  are 
settled  with  Indians  speaking  the  Nahua  and  some  whites  in  Pueblo  Viejo.  Pueblo  Nuevo,  and  Mil- 
pillas  Grande,  with  MilpIUas  Chico,  in  Tepic. 

""•For  more  details  see  the  writer's  Chichimecs,  etc.,  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s  ,  v,  no.  3,  July- 
September,  1903. 


12  BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Like  the  Huichol,  most  of  the  tribe  hve  during  a  large  part  of  the 
3^ear  in  isolated  rancherias.  After  a  harvest  is  completed,  and  during 
fiestas  at  other  times  in  the  year,  the  families  congregate  in  villages, 
the  chief  of  which  are  lauchke,  or  Nayar,  on  the  famous  Mesa  de 
Tonate,  Chusite,  or  Jesus  Maria,  on  a  portion  of  the  western  border  of 
the  river  of  the  same  name,  and  Kwaimaluse,  or  Santa  Teresa,  on  the 
highland  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Cora  country.  Lesser  vil- 
lages are  Wasliihap,  or  Dolores,  Wainamota,  Wazamota  (formerly 
Tepehuane,  at  present  probably  a  mixed  population),  Kwarata,  or 
San  Francisco,  and  Diskatan.  The  people  are  physically  allied  to 
the  Huichol,  Tepecano,  Tepehuane,  the  Meccos,  Mayo,  Opata,  a 
Papago  element,  and  the  Yuma-Mohave. 

The  Tarasco,  who  live  in  Michoacan,  are  a  large  tribe,  in  many  lo- 
calities still  of  pure  blood,  in  others  mixed.  Their  principal  settlements 
lie  south  and  east  of  Zamora  and  around  Lake  Patzcuaro.  The  writer's 
investigations  were  conducted  mainly  in  the  large  village  of  Tarequato. 
Physically  the  Tarasco  are  closely  allied  to  the  Tarahumare  in  the 
north,  and  to  the  Aztec  and  Otomi  peoples  in  the  south. 

The  Otomi  are  a  very  large  tribe,  but  although  still  occupying  a 
nearly  continuous  territory,  have  long  since  ceased  to  form  a  unit. 
Many  of  the  Otomi  are  still  full-bloods  and  speak  their  own  language, 
but  political  cohesion  extends  only  a  short  distance  beyond  the  villages. 
In  numerous  localities  there  is  considerable  mixture  with  Mexicans. 
The  general  social  status  of  the  people,  especially  where  mixture  pre- 
vails, is  of  the  lowest.  The  Otomi  are  settled  in  the  somewhat  moun- 
tainous region  extending  northeast,  north,  and  northwest  to  west 
from  the  City  of  Mexico,  over  part  of  the  Federal  District,  and  parts 
of  the  states  of  Puebla,"  Hidalgo,''  Queretaro,^  and  Mexico, '^  a  region 
covering  approximately  10,000  square  miles.  ^  In  the  state  of  Mexico 
the  Otomi  live  in  close  proximity  to  the  distantly  related  Mazahua, 
but  the  two  tribes  mingle  but  little. 

The  Mazahua,  a  smaller  but  generally  better  preserved  tribe  than 
the  Otomi,  live  chiefly  in  a  number  of  villages^  in  the  district  of 
Ixtlahuaca,  state  of  Mexico.  According  to  all  that  could  be  learned 
of  this  people,  through  both  inquiry  and  anthropometric  examina- 
tion, the  Mazahua  are  distinct  from  the  Otomi,  although  both  show 
blood  relationship  due  to  intermixture.  They  are  more  closely  related 
to  the  Tarasco. 

a  Along  the  northern  boundary  to  beyond  Pahuatlan. 

h  Especially  in  the  districts  of  Fajayucan,  Ixmiquilpan,  Octopan,  Tula  and  others. 

c  District  of  San  Juan  del  Rio. 

<i  Districts  from  Lerma  to  San  Felipe  (along  the  Mexican  National  railway),  and  northward. 

f  The  greater  portion  of  this,  however,  belongs  to  the  whites. 

/San  Bartolo,  San  Pedro  de  los  B.'mos,  San  Juan  de  los  Jares,  San  Francisco,  Santiago  Cuisilapa  (or 
Xilapa),  Los  Reyes,  Xoeotitla,  San  Antonio,  Santo  Domingo,  Concepcion  de  los  Banos,  Totonilco, 
Tlacomulco,  San  Lorenzo,  Santa  Cruz,  and  others. 


HEULICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


13 


The  Tlahuiltec,  a  branch  of  the  Aztec,'^  Hve  in  villages  in  the 
state  of  Morelos.^  Cuau tepee,  a  large  village  east  of  Cuernavaca/ 
is  entirely  occupied  by  them,  a  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants 
being  full-bloods.  Tetelcingo,  another  large  settlement,  containing 
1,500  to  2,000  inhabitants,  lies  2  leagues  north  of  the  city  of  Coautla. 

The  physical  relations  of  the  tribes  examined,  which,  however, 
should  not  be  understood  as  indicating  tribal  identity,  are,  briefly, 
as  follows,  the  differences  between  I  and  II '^  being  less  than  those 
between  either  of  these  and  III: 


I. 

II. 

III. 

Apache  (all  branches) . 

Maricopa. 

Pima. 

Lipan. 

Mohave. 

Papago. 

Walapai. 

Yuma. 

Ute  and  Paiute. 

Havasupai. 

Navaho. 

Some  of  the  Pueblos. 

Western    and 

3ome 

of 

eastern 

Pueb- 

Tarahumare. 

Ids. 

Yaqui. 

Opata. 

Tarasco. 

Mayo. 

Mazahua. 

Tepehuane. 

Aztec. 

Cora. 

Otomi. 

Tepecano. 

Huichol. 

"Meccos." 

Nahua  (Jalisco) 

All  these  people  live  under  conditions  and  have  habits  which 
differ  more  or  less  from  those  of  the  whites,  and  which  are  capable 
of  influencing  their  normal  physiological  functions  as  well  as  their 
health.     The  following  chapters  touch  upon  the  chief  of  these  factors. 


V.  PERSONAL  ENVIRONMENT 
Clothing 

Clothing  is  of  considerable  hygienic  importance  in  the  life^f  the 
Indian,  particularly  in  southwestern  United  States,  where  he  must 
adopt,  in  place  of  his  simple  native  garments,  the  shoes,  hat,  under- 
clothing, and  outer  apparel  of  the  whites.  In  Mexico  the  change 
is  far  more  gradual  and  less  radical. 

The  Indians  not  affected,  or  affected  but  little,  by  the  influence 
of  whites  usually  dress  rather  scantily  at  all  seasons.  Among  the 
more  primitive  tribes  the  men  wear  regularly  sandals  or  moc- 
casins, breechcloth,  and   belt,  and  during  the  cooler  parts  of   the 

a.  See  Francisco  P.  Reyes's  Manualito  de  la  Geografia  del  Estado  L.  y  S.  de  Morelos,  Mexico,  1890. 
6  There  are  no  definite  boundaries  to  the  tribe.    The  people  blend  on  all  sides  with  other  Indians  and 
with  mixed-bloods. 
c  Particularly  with  regard  to  group  I  and  the  Maricopa. 


14  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bxtll.34 

day  have  about  them  a  hght  blanket;  they  wear  less  regularly 
simple  trousers  and  shirt,  pouches  suspended  from  the  belt  or  from 
the  shoulder,  and  a  palm  hat  (pi.  i).  When  it  is  warm  the  older 
men  especially  like  to  dispense  with  everything  except  the  breech- 
cloth,  the  young  men  doing  the  same  only  in  races  and  certain 
dances.  On  the  road  the  light  trousers  are  rolled  up  as  high  as 
possible,  leaving  the  limbs  bare  (pi.  i).  The  women  generally  wear 
a  single  skirt,  with  a  shirt  or  blouse,  or  a  single  body  garment  taking 
place  of  both,  and  a  belt.  Indoors  the  covering  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  is  often  removed.  They  do  not  always  possess  a  blanket, 
and  go  mostly  with  head  and  feet  bare.  Children  up  to  1  year  of 
age  are  usually  kept,  well  swathed,  in  the  baby  carriers;  from  1  to 
5  or  6  years  they  are  often  left,  except  when  it  is  quite  cold,  entirely 
naked,  or  they  run  about  clad  in  a  shirt  only;  later  on  they  are 
dressed  like  adults. 

One  can  observe  all  stages  of  approach  from  the  simple  native  dress 
to  the  regular  attire  of  civilized  people.  The  change  is  most  appar- 
ent in  the  tribes  of  the  United  States.  The  native  woolens  and  skins 
give  way  first  to  trade  cottons  and  then  to  the  usual  clothing  of 
the  whites.  Shoes  take  the  place  of  sandals,  warmer  felt  hats  are 
substituted  for  those  of  palm,  the  Mexican  Indian  women  become 
accustomed  to  the  rehozo,  which  covers  the  head  and  shoulders,  and 
overcoats  supplant  blankets.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  Indian  soon 
acquires  a  preference  for  clothing  himself  abundantly  and  even  to 
excess. 

The  whole  process  of  change  in  quality  and  quantity  of  clothing 
must  exercise  considerable  influence  on  the  circulation  and  texture, 
as  it  does  on  the  color,  of  the  skin.  It  must  affect  the  resistance  of 
the  body  to  the  elements,  and  it  is  logical  to  suppose  that  before 
the  change  becomes  a  well-estabhshed  habit  it  reacts  unfavorably 
on  the  health  of  the  Indian. 

The  subject  of  hair  dressing  and  personal  adornment,  connected 
with  that  of  clothing,  has  more  of  psychologic  and  ethnologic  than 
of  hygienic  interest,  yet  there  are  minor  exceptions.  The  long, 
artificially  twisted  and  matted  hair  of  the  Yuma,  Maricopa,  Mohave, 
and  of  a  few  Pima  is  of  necessity  more  or  less  unclean  and  conduces 
to  the  presence  of  vermin.'^  Among  the  Navaho,  Walapai,  Pima, 
and  others  the  chi,  or  red  paint,  a  mixture  of  red  ocher  and  fat,  is 
often  applied  to  the  cheeks  of  women  and  children  as  a  hygienic 
measure  to  protect  the  skin  against  the  sun  and  dry  winds.     Again, 

a  These  twists  are  from  time  to  time  cleaned  by  quite  an  original  process.  This  consists  in  working 
into  the  hair  a  mass  of  the  fine  river  mud.  The  head  is  then  wrapped  with  a  handkerchief  and  the  mud 
allowed  to  dry.  It  may  be  allowed  to  remain  only  overnight  or  be  worn  longer,  after  which  it  is  thor- 
oughly wa.shed  out,  the  hair  being  then  dressed  as  before.  The  sap  of  the  mesquite  may  be  added  to 
the  mud,  making  the  mixture  not  only  more  effectual  to  kill  the  vermin,  but  also  to  stain  the  hair 
(which  in  some  cases  is  more  or  le.ss  simlileached)  a  fine  V)lack,  very  much  like  the  natural  color. 


HRDLiCELv]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  15 

the  tattooing,  practised  most  among  the  Mohave,  Yuma,  and.  Pima, 
is  undoubtedly  attended  with  physical  inconveniences  and  dangers 
as  among  the  whites.  Tlahuiltec  women  color  their  hair  with  the 
juice  of  a  plant  known  locally  as  shok-il-it.  This  turns  the  ordi- 
narily black  hair  at  first  greenish  and  then  reddish  yellow.  It  is 
difficult  to  judge  of  the  effect  of  this  treatment  on  growth  or  vitality 
of  the  hair,  but  a  head  of  good  hair  among  these  women  is  uncommon. 

Dwellings 

The  character,  degree  of  segregation,  and  especially  the  site  of  a 
dwelling  and  its  cleanliness,  are  aU  items  of  much  hygienic  importance. 
The  dwellings  of  the  Indians  of  the  region  under  consideration  may  be 
divided  into  permanent  and  temporary  structures.  The  first  include 
dwellings  built  more  or  less  after  the  style  of  those  of  the  neighboring 
whites,  of  the  aggregate  pueblo  structures  (pi.  ii,  h),  and  various  brush, 
reed,  and  earth  dwellings  (pis.  ii  to  xii) ;  the  second  comprise  shelters 
and  brush  structures  of  varying  forms,  and  tipis  or  tents  (pis.  viii, 
IX,  c,  XI,  d). 

AU  except  the  modern  Indian  dwellings  possess  certain  points  in 
common.  With  the  exception  of  some  pueblo  dwellings,  the  native 
houses  are  windowless  and  are  provided  with  only  a  small  opening  for 
entrance  and  exit,  which,  when  the  dwelling  is  occupied,  is  usually 
kept  closed  with  a  blanket.  The  only  additional  aperture  is  a  smoke- 
vent  in  the  roof  or  at  the  apex.  Owing  chiefly  to  the  absence  of 
larger  openings  in  the  waUs,  the  inside  of  the  dwelling  is  much  dark- 
ened, but  possesses  the  merit  of  being  warmer  in  winter  and  cooler  in 
hot  weather  than  the  outer  air.  Ventilation  is  good  in  only  the  less 
substantial  structures,  particularly  those  made  of  brush.  In  the 
earth-covered  hogans  (pis.  ii,  a,  vi,  a),  in  the  hemispherical  Pima  mud 
dwellings,  in  some  of  the  adobe  houses,  and  especially  in  the  pueblo 
communal  rooms  or  kivas,  ventilation  is  poor  even  when  aided^by 
fire.  Over  night,  or  when  a  large  number  of  Indians  congregate  in 
such  a  dweUing,  as  they  often  do  for  social  meetings  or  for  gambling, 
the  air  becomes  foul  and  deleterious  to  health.  The  smoke,  also,  is 
annoying  and  irritates  the  eyes.  Dampness  of  the  dwellings,  even  of 
the  more  massive  structures,  is  unknown  during  the  dry  season,  but  in 
rainy  weather  humidity  can  not  be  avoided,  and  houses  of  all  kinds 
generally  become  less  comfortable  and  healthful. 

In  the  arrangement  of  Indian  dwellings  two  opposite  tendencies  are 
noticeable,  one  apparently  the  result  of  long-continued  habit,  due  to 
necessity,  the  other  arising  from  social  impulses.  Every  Indian 
family  (with  exceptions  among  the  Pueblos)  builds  its  dwelling  iso- 
lated, yet  at  the  same  time  there  is  an  inclination  toward  congrega- 
tion. The  common  outcome  of  these  opposed  motives  is  a  scattered 
village.     In  a  typical  Indian  village,  the  pueblo  excepted,  the  cluster 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE   II 


(I    NAVAHO    HOGAN 


.     C  TYPICAL  DWELLING  OF  WHITE   MOUNTAIN   AND  SAN   CARLOS  APACHE 
TYPICAL    INDIAN     DWELLINGS-NAVAHO,     PUEBLO,     APACHE 


BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN   34     PLATE   III 


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WINTER    DWELLINGS    OF    THE    HAVASUPAI 


BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE   IV 


BRUSH    HOUSES 


REED-AND-MUD   HOUSES 

PAPAGO    DWELLINGS 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN   34     PLATE  V 


ADOBE    DWELLINGS    OF    THE    SAN    XAVIER    PAPAGO 


BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34  PLATE  VI 


a   MADE  OF  RUSHES  AND  ADOBE 


b   WALLS  OF  RUSHES;  COVERED  WITH  RUSHES  AND  ADOBE 


C  MADE  PARTLY  OF  ADOBE  BRICK 

PIMA    DWELLINGS 


BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  IX 


h  OPATA  DWELLING  AT  TUAPE,  SONORA 


C  YAQUI  SUMMER  SHELTER,  SONORA 

MOHAVE,    OPATA,    AND    YAQUI    DWELLINGS 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  X 


"GHICHIMEC"    DWELLING  AT  SAN   PEDRO,  ZACATECAS 


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CORA   DWELLINGS  AT  JESUS   MARIA,   TEPIC 

"CHICHIMEC,"    HUICHOL,    AND    CORA    DWELLINGS 


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BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XII 


„-  <--  S^ 


»"^t>&MLj?^^  " 


AZTEC    DWELLINGS,     MORELOS 


HKDLicKAl  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  17 

Personal  necessities  are  everywhere  attended  to  in  any  convenient 
place,  such  as  the  yard,  the  rear  of  the  dwelling,  and  even,  as  among 
the  Hopi  and  the  Zuni,  in  the  streets  of  the  villages.  No  such  thing 
as  a  closet,  a  cesspool,  or  a  sewer  is  known.  Here  the  dry  air  and  the 
wind  and  rain  perform  a  great  service  for  the  Indian.  House  refuse  is 
deposited  in  heaps  at  a  convenient  distance  from  the  dwellings. 

Among  all  but  the  more  civihzed  tribes,  blankets  and  clothing  are 
very  seldom  washed.  Many  of  the  Indians  have  no  spare  clothing 
for  use  while  one  set  is  being  cleansed.  Except  among  the  lowest 
classes  of  Indians  a  struggle  against  vermin  is  carried  on  to  about  the 
same  extent  and  with  about  as  much  success  as  among  their  white 
neighbors  of  the  lower  classes. 

Household  animals  comprise  frequently  several  dogs,  occasionally 
a  cat,  and  more  often  chickens.  Other  useful  or  pet  animals  and 
birds  are  scarce.  The  dogs,  from  nearly  constant  hunger,  are  efficient 
scavengers.  Horses, '  cows,  and  sheep,  if  there  are  any,  generally  run 
at  large,  consequently  no  manure  is  present,  in  which  insects,  par- 
ticularly flies,  would  otherwise  breed  near  the  houses. 

Occupations 

A  prime  factor  in  the  physical  welfare  of  individuals  as  well  as  of 
groups  of  people  is  found  in  the  prevalent  occupations.  The  pursuits 
of  the  Indians  in  the  Southwest  and  in  northern  Mexico,  excepting 
those  of  the  Yaqui  and  perhaps  the  Otomi,  do  not  vary  greatly. 
Agriculture,  though  in  places  restricted,  is  still  the  most  important 
industry."  On  account. of  the  diminished  supply  of  game,  hunting 
(except  among  a  few  of  the  mountain  tribes,  as  the  Tarahumare, 
Huichol,  and  Cora)  is  of  secondary  importance;  but  fishing,  car- 
ried on  by  interesting  primitive  methods,  is  more  general  (except 
among  the  Apache,  Navaho,  and  Pueblos,  who  eat  no  fish),  and  on 
the  whole  yields  greater  returns.  Native  manufactures  comprise 
the  weaving  of  blankets,  shirts,  sashes,  pouches,  and  hatbands,  made 
mostly,  though  not  entirely,  by  the  women;  hat  making,  chiefly  the 
work  of  men,  but  occasionally,  as  among  the  Yaqui,  of  women; 
basket  making,  developed  to  the  highest  degree  among  the  Pima, 
Hopi,  Havasupai,  Apache,  and  Walapai,  entirely  the  work  of  women, 
and  the  making  of  pottery,  which  has  reached  a  high  state  of 
development  among  most  of  the  Pueblos  in  the  north,  almost  wholly 
the  work  of  women.  In  the  south,  as  among  the  Otomi,  pottery  for 
sale  is  made  largely  by  the  men.  Farm  work  is  performed  mainly 
by  the  men,  although  the  women  lend  their  aid.^     The  care  of  cliildren, 

05  In  many  localities  throughout  the  region  under  consideration  the  most  desirable  lands  at  present  are 
owned  and  occupied,  or  exploited,  by  the  whites,  but  the  actual  work  is  still  performed  by  Indians, 
who  are  hired  by  the  owners. 

6  They  may  even  help  to  pull  a  primitive  plow,  as  the  writer  has  seen  among  the  White  Mountain 
Apache,  but  they  do  this  of  their  own  free  will  and  to  no  excess. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 2 


18  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAlsr    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

water  and  burden  carrjang,  washing,  cleaning,  preparation  of  food 
(particularly  the  laborious  corn  grinding),  dressing  of  skins,  as  well 
as,  curiously  enough,  the  construction  and  repair  of  dwellings,  even  of 
the  stone  houses  in  the  pueblos,  are  chiefly  the  function  of  the  women. 
In  the  heavier  work  in  house  building  the  men  assist. 

All  the  Indians,  where  opportunity  offers,  keep  a  few  cattle,  horses, 
mules,  burros,  and  sheep.  The  largest  numbers  of  both  horses  and 
sheep  are  o\^^led  by  the  Navaho.  Pigs  are  commonly  disliked  and 
are  seldom  seen.     Beside  chickens,  a  few  turkeys  are  raised. 

A  few  details  with  regard  to  Indian  occupations  may  not  be  devoid 
of  interest.  Among  the  Southern  Ute,  originally  a  tribe  of  hunters, 
even  with  Government  aid  agriculture  still  receives  but  little  atten- 
tion. In  consequence  of  this  and  of  the  decrease  in  the  game  supply, 
a  portion  of  the  people  depend  on  Government  rations.  In  1902-3 
these  rations  aggregated  25  per  cent  of  the  people's  subsistence. 

Since  their  segregation  on  reservations,  the  Apache  have  taken 
very  kmdly  to  agriculture.  On  the  Fort  Apache  reservation  the 
writer  has  seen  men  plowing,  with  garlands  of  leaves  on  their  heads. 

The  Navaho  are  partly  agriculturists,  partly  shepherds,  but  wher- 
ever an  opportunity  occurs  they  show  good  trading  abilities  and  are 
readily  adapting  themselves  to  all  work  and  handicrafts  of  the  white 
man.  The  sheep  are  tended  mostly  by  girls  or  women;  the  horses 
graze  in  definite  places  and  are  looked  after  mostly  but  not  exclu- 
sively by  the  men. 

The  Pueblos  in  general  are  typical  agriculturists  and  the  women 
of  most  of  the  villages  are  good  potters.  The  Papago,  Pima,  and 
Maricopa  are  agricultural  peoples;  the  women,  particularly  among  the 
Papago,  make  much  basketry  as  well  as  pottery.  The  Mohave  and 
the  Yuma,  especially  the  latter,  seem  to  be  somewhat  less  devoted  to 
agriculture  than  the  Pima  or  the  Maricopa;  they  fish  in  the  Colorado; 
they  make  no  basketry  and  but  little  pottery,  but  adapt  themselves 
readily  to  work  among  the  whites.  Numerous  Mohave  women  make 
a  little  money  by  beadwork,  which  they  sell  at  Needles,  while  a  num- 
ber of  the  men  are  employed  in  railroad  work,  and  others  find  profit 
in  boating  on  the  river. 

The  Mexican  Indians  are  chiefly  agriculturists.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Papago  of  Sonora  and  of  some  Pima,  to  whom  may  perhaps 
be  added  the  Yaqui,  none  are  fine  basket  makers  or  potters.  The 
mountain  tribes  still  do  much  hunting  as  well  as  fishing;  the  latter 
occupation  is  followed  to  a  great  extent  also  by  some  of  the  Nah.ua 
(Chapala),  Tarasco  (Patzquaro),  Yaqui,  and  Mayo.  The  Yaqui  is  a 
jack-of-all-trades  and  the  Otomi  a  beast  of  all  burdens.  Many  of  the 
Otomi  are  employed  by  Mexicans  as  laborers,  especially  in  gathering 
the  juice  of  the  maguey  and  in  the  preparation  of  pulque.     The 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS     '  19 

Mazahua  still  do  much  weaving  and  hat  making.'^  The  Tlahuiltec 
cultivate  a  little  land  of  their  own,  but  most  of  the  men  are  em- 
ployed as  laborers  in  the  cane  fields  and  distilleries  of  the  neighbor- 
ing haciendas,  while  many  of  the  women  make  tortillas  and  carry 
them  daily  for  sale  to  Coautla,  more  than  4  miles  distant.  The  occu- 
pation of  the  Opata  and  of  most  of  the  Mayo,  Nahua,  and  Tarasco  is 
practically  conimed  to  agriculture. 

As  burden  carriers  the  Otomi  men,  and  even  the  women,  deserve 
special  mention,  for  they  have  no  equals  in  northern  Mexico.  They 
carry  on  their  backs  bulky  and  heavy  loads  for  long  distances.  The 
method  of  carrying  these  burdens  is  always  the  same.  A  strap,  or 
more  often  the  bound  ends  of  their  ayates,^  passes  around  the  bur- 
den and  over  or  above  the  forehead;  this  is  usually  the  only  form  of 
attachment.  The  burden  once  lifted,  often  with  difficulty,  the  Otomi 
walks  steadily,  with  even  and  rather  short  steps,  the  trunk  and  head 
bent  forward,  AVhile  walking  he  may  be  weaving  a  hat  strand,  but 
more  often  supports  himself  on  a  short  stick  carried  in  one  hand. 
A  man  will  carry  thus  in  two  days  a  large  load  of  pottery  or  of  som- 
breros from  one  of  the  villages  north  of  Tula  to  the  City  of  Mexico, 
a  journey  of  40  or  more  miles.  His^nly  food  on  the  road  is  a  few 
tortillas  or  tortillas  with  beans,  toasted  over  a  fire,  but  he  drinks 
pulque,  if  he  can  obtain  it.  He  sleeps  outdoors  with  one  light  and 
often  ragged  blanket  as  his  sole  protection.  Sometimes  the  wife, 
burdened  but  slightly  less  than  her  husband,  accompanies  the  latter 

on  his  journeys. 

VI.  FOOD 

The  principal  article  of  diet  among  the  Indians  throughout  the 
Southwest  and  Mexico  is  maize,  which  is  eaten  in  the  form  of  bread 
of  various  kinds,  or  as  mush,  or  boiled  entire.  It  is  also  parched 
on  charcoal  and  eaten  thus,  or  is  ground  into  a  fine  meal,  which, 
sweetened,  constitutes  the  nourishing  pinole  of  some  of  the  tribes. 
Wheat  is  used  in  similar  ways  but  less  extensively.  Next  in  impor- 
tance to  corn  and  wheat  in  the  Indian  diet  are  meat  and  fat  and 
beans.  Meat  is  scarce.  Beef  and  mutton  are  generally  preferred 
fresh,  but  are  also  cut  in  thin  strips  and  preserved  by  drying  in  the 
sun,  constituting  the  so-called  "jerked  meat,"  Fresh  meat  is  pre- 
pared chiefly  by  roasting  near  a  fire  on  one  or  more  sticks;  or  it  is 
cooked  with  corn  or  wheat,  and  occasionally  other  vegetables,  in 
a  stew.  Fat  and  marrow  are  more  liked  and  apparently  better 
assimilated  by  Indians  of  all  tribes  than  by  the  whites.  None  of  the 
tribes  visited  eat  under  ordinary  circumstances  raw  or  even  very 

a  An  exhibit  of  the  material,  including  specimens  of  Indian  work,  collected  by  the  writer,  may  be 
seen  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
b  A  light  but  strong  net  woven  from  the  fiber  of  a  certain  maguey  (ixtle) . 


20  •  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

rare  meat,  yet  occasionally  a  portion  of  the  liver,  intestines,  or  some 
other  internal  organ  of  a  freshly  killed  animal  is  consumed  without 
being  cooked.*  All  show  a  decided  fondness  for  the  small  intestines  of 
the  larger  animals  killed  for  food.  Sometimes  these  are  not  even  well 
cleaned,  but  are  considered  to  be  ready  for  consumption  after  being 
roasted  on  hot  coals.  At  Navaho  Springs  an  example  of  this  custom  in 
a  repulsive  form  was  wdtnessed  among  the  Southern  Ute.  The  flesh 
of  goats  and  sheep  is  not  relished  as  much  as  venison  or  beef.  Pork 
is  rarely  eaten,  owing,  perhaps,  to  Indian  beliefs  concerning  swine, 
though  the  writer  has  been  told  a  number  of  times  by  the  natives 
that  they  dislike  the  taste  of  the  meat.  The  flesh  of  horses,  mules, 
and  burros  is  eaten  by  some  of  the  tribes  of  Sonora,  particularly  the 
Yaqui,  and  by  the  San  Carlos  Apache;  mules,  at  least,  are  known 
to  have  been  used  as  food  by  the  Zuni  also.  Dog  flesh  is  eaten  in 
only  a  few  tribes,  and  but  seldom.  Of  wild  animals,  besides  the 
deer  and  the  now  rare  mountain  sheep,  the  Indians  eat  the  squirrel, 
the  prairie  dog,  and  particularly  the  fat  field  mouse.  As  to  other 
quadrupeds,  customs  vary  with  the  tribes,  some  eating  animals 
which  others,  from  traditional  or  religious  motives,  tabu,  such  as 
the  slamk,  badger,  and  beaver.  The  Indians  consume  also  some 
poultry  and  eggs,  and  the  common  game  birds  which  they  hunt  or 
trap.  All  the  Mexican  and  the  Colorado  River  Indians  like  fish  and 
crawfish;  but  these,  together  with  all  other  aquatic  animals,  are 
avoided  by  the  Zuiii  and  other  Pueblos,  also  by  the  Apache,  and  the 
Navaho.^ 

Beans  of  many  varieties  are  a  more  important  article  of  diet,  espe- 
cially to  the  Mexican  Indians,  than  meat.  They  are  much  easier  to 
procure  and  combine  large  nutritive  value  with  palatability.  They 
are  generally  cooked  with  a  little  fat  into  a  sort  of  stew;  this  is  eaten 
with  the  tortilla,  which  serves  as  a  spoon. 

Other  important  articles  of  the  Indian  diet  are  squashes,  melons, 
sugar  cane  in  the  hot  valleys  of  Mexico,  and  wild  and  cultivated  fruit 
of  many  varieties,  as  well  as  pinons  and  other  nuts,  and  some  mush- 
rooms. Potatoes  are  seen  but  seldom.  Chile  is  plentiful  and 
much  liked,  especially  in  Mexico.  Little  native  tomatoes  are  eaten, 
mostly  as  a  relish.  The  tribes  in  the  Southwest  raise  large  quantities 
of  peaches,  which  they  consume  either  fresh  or  dried.     They  also 

a  Among  the  Seri,  according  to  McGee,  the  habit  of  eating  raw  flesh  is  common.  See  The  Seri  Indians, 
Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

b  The  reason  usually  given  for  this  prejudice  is  that  such  animals  "  do  not  taste  good,  '  but  the  real 
cause  must  undoubtedly  be  sought  in  the  now  largely  forgotten  cosmogonic  and  religious  views  of  these 
tribes.  Some  of  the  San  Carlos  men  said  the  taste  of  fish  to  them  was  such  as  to  make  them  vomit; 
they  did  not  like  even  to  think  of  it.  One  of  the  men  gave  a  more  graphic  explanation;  he  said  "  the 
fish  is  a  very  peculiar  animal;  he  has  scales  like  a  snake,  wings  like  a  bird,  and  swims  in  water,"  incon- 
gruities which  to  the  Apache  mind  suggest  grave  doubts  as  to  its  suitability  for  food.  A  White  Moun- 
tain Apache  said  the  people  are  afraid  of  eating  fish  for  fear  that  they  would  get  sick  and  perhaps  die; 
beavers  are  not  killed  and  eaten  because  then  "  the  rivers  would  dry  up." 


HRDLicKAj  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  21 

gather  many  wild  plums,  as  at  Taos,  among  the  Tarahumare,  Cora, 
and  other  tribes.  Among  the  natives  of  northwestern  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  the  place  of  the  peach  is  taken  mainly  by  the  very 
digestible  and  nourishing  fig-hke  pitahaya  and  various  other  fruits  of 
the  cactus.  This  region  produces  also  many  other  wild  fruits,  includ- 
ing berries.'*  Numerous  fruits  are  used,  crushed  in  water,  as  drinks. 
All  the  Indian  tribes  eat  greens,  bulbs,  and  roots  of  many  varieties. 
The  Mexican  Indians  eat  the  tender  leaves  of  the  cactus;  and  among 
the  tribes  who  still  live  in  a  more  primitive  fashion  many  kinds  of 
native  seeds  serve  as  food.  The  pod  of  the  mesquite,  the  screw  bean, 
and  the  mescal  ^  are  additional  important  articles  of  diet.  Bread  of 
the  mesquite  bean  is  used,  especially  by  the  Mohave  and  the  Yuma, 
and  it  is  found  also  in  several  forms  m  Mexico.  The  acorn  is  eaten 
only  sparingly. 

Milk  is  either  disliked  or  is  used  but  little,  and  of  their  own  initiative 
the  Indians  make  neither  cheese  nor  butter.  Coffee,  on  the  other 
hand,  has  come  much  in  vogue  among  the  tribes  of  the  Southwest. 
It  is  used  black  and  sweetened,  and  is  often  drunk  to  excess ;  in  course 
of  time  the  "coffee  habit"  will  probably  produce  evil  consequences. 
Often  this  beverage  is  taken  as  a  substitute  for  more  substantial  diet. 
There  is  no  knowledge  of  danger  in  the  use  of  coffee,  which  is  given 
without  stint  to  individuals  of  all  ages,  occasionally  even  to  young 
infants. 

Among  most  of  the  tribes,  particularly  those  not  restricted  to 
reservation  life,  the  quantity  of  food  available  varies  very  much  at 
different  periods  of  the  year.  No  Indian  raises  much,  even  if  good 
land  can  be  had;  consequently  only  in  rare  cases,  as  among  the 
Pueblos,  do  the  natives  have  much  left  to  eat,  or  even  for  seed,  at  the 
end  of  the  year.  After  even  an  ordinary  harvest  for  a  time  food  is  every- 
where abundant.  Among  some  of  the  Indians,  particularly  the  Tara- 
humare  and  other  Mexican  tribes,  frequent  feasts  are  held  at  this  season, 
at  which  much  of  the  food  supply  is  consumed.  If  the  harvest  is  abun- 
dant, the  store  of  corn  may  last  until  the  next  crops  are  gathered, 
but,  as  before  stated,  this  is  seldom  the  case.  Consequently  it  hap- 
pens that  in  springtime  the  Indians  not  infrequently  suffer  from  want. 
If  'the  season  is  poor  and  the  demand  for  their  labor  by  the  whites 
is  slight,  the  suffering  may  be  severe.  Under  these  conditions  the 
Indians  use  as  food  many  articles  unknown  or  repulsive  to  the  white 
man.  A  peculiar  feature  is  the  universal  and  often  detrimental  eat- 
ing of  unripe  fruit,  especially  unripe  melons.  It  may  be  observed 
in  all  tribes  and  particularly  among  the  young.     The  mothers  give 

a  The  fruits  are  widely  known  by  the  same  names.  They  include  among  others  platanos,  naranjas, 
ciruelas,  wamuchil,  nanche,  manzana,  membrillo,  ehirimoya,  wayava,  zapote,  copalcojote,  tejocote, 
and  lapulin.    For  references  see  Bibliography. 

6  Made  probably  from  several  species  (as  yet  undetenninedj  of  agave. 


22  BUREAU    OP    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

sucli  fruit  freely  to  the  smallest  children,  even  though  other  food  may 
be  plentiful. 

Tribal  details. — There  were  until  recently  perhaps  greater  irregu- 
larities in  food  among  the  Southern  Ute,  particularly  the  Wiminuche, 
than  among  any  other  tribes  of  the  Southwest.  For  a  short  time  after 
the  distribution  of  the  biweekly  ration  or  after  a  successful  hunt  food  was 
consumed  in  excess ;  then  followed  want  and  often  actual  hunger  until 
the  next  food  supply  became  available.  Until  lately  the  people  were 
averse  to  farming,  and  not  many  vegetables  or  fruits  could  be  gathered 
from  the  surrounding  semibarren  country,  though  it  affords  some 
edible  roots.  The  conditions  here  outlined  must  have  had,  of  course, 
an  unfavorable  effect  on  the  constitutions  of  these  Indians. 

The  Apache,  though  poor,  are  now  seldom,  and  then  only  to  the 
extent  of  certain  individuals,  reduced  so  that  they  suffer  from  hunger. 
Those  of  White  Mountain,  Arizona,  and  those  of  San  Carlos  still  know 
numerous  plants  and  fruits  with  which  they  could  eke  out  an  exist- 
ence m  times  of  necessity  (see  Appendix),  but  which  now,  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  they  use  but  little. 

The  San  Carlos  Apache,  one  of  the  tribes  among  whom  the  subject 
of  food  was  given  especial  attention,  depend  chiefly  on  meat  and 
wheat.  From  wheat  flour  and  baking  powder  they  make  large,  thin 
tortillas,  10  to  12  inches  in  diameter,  such  as  are  met  with  in  Sonora. 
These  they  toast  for  a  few  moments  on  a  tin  heated  over  coals  and 
then  eat  them  warm.  Another  bread,  said  to  have  been  in  general 
use  before  wheat  came  into  vogue,  is  made  by  mixing  corn  meal  and 
water  and  baking  the  batter.  These  Apache  plant  but  little  corn 
and  most  of  it  serves  for  the  preparation  of  tesvino. 

The  meals  in  this  tribe  are  seldom  much  varied  or  very  abun- 
dant. In  numerous  instances  the  people  have  at  midday  simply 
tortillas  and  black  coffee,  sometimes  with  the  addition  of  canned 
fruit  or  jam.  For  a  short  time  subsequent  to  ration  days  (for  the  aged 
only) ,  or  after  the  killing  of  beef,  meat  is  boiled  for  the  midday  and 
evening  meals,  into  a  kind  of  stew.  The  evening  meal  is  usually  the 
most  substantial.  At  the  San  Carlos  school  the  articles  of  diet  most 
preferred  by  the  children  were,  first,  beans;  second,  sirup  and  bread; 
third,  meat ;  and,  fourth,  coffee.  None  of  the  children  are  immoderate 
eaters.  As  good  and  well  prepared  as  the  school  diet  is,  however,  the 
homemade  articles  are  always  a  delicacy  to  the  children — much  as  in 
our  asylums. 

The  Mescaleros  live  quite  irregularly  and  are  becoming  more  and 
more  dependent  on  the  grocer.  They  hunt  to  some  extent ;  even  when 
not  in  great  want,  they  eat  occasionally  the  fresh,  sweetish  inner 
bark  of  the  pine.  This  is  pounded  to  a  pulp,  which  is  baked  in  the 
form  of  cakes. 

The  Jicarillas  live  much  as  do  the  Mescaleros;  they  also  use  the 


HKDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  23 

inner  bark  of  the  pine  for  food.  They  still  tabu  fish  and  fowl,  but 
no  longer  show  any  objection  to  milk,  or  at  least  not  to  milk  in  con- 
densed form. 

The  Walapai  eat  no  lizards  or  snakes,  nor  do  they  eat  dogs  or 
coyotes,  but  they  like  the  flesh  of  the  badger.  They  eat  also  the  hawk 
but  not  the  eagle.  Field  mice  are  "good."  This  tribe  does  not  eat 
fish,  saying  that  they  smell  bad,  but  there  is,  as  with  the  Apache 
and  some  Pueblos,  a  mythical  background  for  this  peculiarity. 
Regarding  beaver,  the  Walapai  say  they  never  had  any;  should  they 
get  one,  they  thought  it  very  likely  they  would  eat  it.  They  eat  the 
fox  and  even  the  wild  cat,  but  naturally  these  articles  of  diet  are 
scarce.  They  used  to  eat  horse  flesh,  but  do  so  no  more.  Only  a  few 
of  the  Walapai  drink  milk.  They  do  not  care  much  for  mutton  or 
goats'  flesh,  and  have  never  eaten  the  flesh  of  the  burro  or  the  mule. 
They  use  no  tree  bark  for  food.  In  winter  venison  is  an  important 
feature  of  their  diet. 

During  the  writer's  visit  in  the  winter  camp  of  theHavasupai  the  peo- 
ple had  some  fresh  meat  of  deer  and  antelopes.  They  were  well  sup- 
plied with  dried  peaches  and  various  seeds,  which,  after  the  manner  of 
the  Walapai,  they  usually  prepared  and  ate  in  the  form  of  mush. 

The  Navaho,  besides  tabuing  fish,  avoid  eating  bacon.  The  latter 
was  given  them  during  the  captivity  of  a  portion  of  the  tribe  at  the 
Bosque  Redondo,  and.  as  many  died  at  that  time  the  bacon  was  sus- 
pected of  being  the  cause. 

The  Hopi  and  the  Zuni  make  a  peculiar  corn  bread  (piJci  in  Hopi, 
Jiewe  in  Zuni)  by  baking  in  a  thin  layer  on  a  hot  stone  a  liquid  dough 
composed  of  well-ground  corn  and  water.  They  consume  many 
melons  and  fresh  or  dried  peaches.  At  festivities  they  make  corn- 
meal  tamales.  In  common  with  all  the  other  Indians  of  the  South- 
west, they  have  acquired  the  habit  of  using  flour  and  baking  powder, 
as  well  as  canned  fruit,  and  of  drinking  at  their  meals  considerable 
quantities  of  weak,  sweetened,  warm,  black  coffee.  They  also  hunt 
rabbits  for  food.     Meat  in  general  is  very  scarce. 

The  Zuni  and  the  Rio  Grande  Pueblos,  besides  preparing  corn  food 
in  many  other  ways  according  to  their  old  usages  ( see  the  writings  of 
Gushing  and  Mrs.  Stevenson) ,  make  corn  bread  and  wheat  bread,  and 
tortillas,  as  well  as  other  dishes,  in  the  Spanish  fashion ;  apart  from  this 
they  live  much  like  other  Southwestern  Indians.  The  Zuni  engage 
more  in  hunting  than  any  of  the  other  Pueblos. 

The  Isletas  raise  considerable  fruit,  including  grapes. 

The  Papago,  besides  planting  corn,  wheat,  beans,  and  other  things, 
and  making  use  of  native  fruits  (as  saguaro,  yucca  fruit,  and  tunas), 
mescal,  and  mesquite  and  screw  beans,  eat  also  various  greens  and 
seeds.     Those  living  farther  from  the  white  settlements  naturally  de- 


^4  BUREAU    OP    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

pend  on  native  foods  to  a  greater  extent,  especially  when  the  cereals 
becoiTie  exhausted.  They  sell  dried  yucca  fruit  to  the  Pima.  Like 
the  Pima,  they  make  pinole  from  parched  wheat. 

The  Pima  are  great  wheat  growers.  Occupying  a  very  fertile  val- 
ley, when  the  water  supply  is  sufficient  their  crops  leave  but  little  in 
the  way  of  food  to  be  supplied;  nevertheless,  they  are  acquainted 
with,  and  use  on  occasions,  many  of  the  native  edible  fruits,  greens, 
and  roots  ( see  Appendix) .  Formerly  the  Pima  successfully  hunted  the 
deer.  They  also  ate  a  certain  kind  of  lizard,  and  rats  likewise  were 
included  among  their  edibles.  They  never  had  an  aversion  to  fish, 
clams  (which  formerly  abounded  in  the  Gila),  or  any  other  aquatic 
animal,  and  the  younger  members  of  the  tribe  have  no  objection  to 
pork,  poultry,  eggs,  and  milk.  They  do  not  eat  dogs,  cranes,  fish- 
hawks,  eagles,  buzzards,  crows,  or  snakes.  Pork,  although  eaten,  is 
not  sought  for,  and  but  few  pigs  are  kept. 

The  Pima  school  children  show  a  preference  for  beans,  sirup, 
meat,  and  bread,  in  the  order  here  given.  They  care  but  little  for 
oatmeal  and  rice.     None  of  them  are  immoderate  eaters. 

The  Mohave  live  largely  on  the  products  of  the  soil.  They  eat 
dogs  ("dogsbest  meat"),  however;  also  game  and  meat  of  all  kinds, 
and  on  occasions  badgers,  lizards  of  one  species,  and  even  coyotes.  An 
important  article  of  their  diet  is  bread  made  from  the  mesquite  beans, 
and  they  utilize  the  screw  bean  also  for  food.  There  is  a  species  of  root 
that  only  the  "braves"  are  permitted  to  eat.  Allen"  reports  that 
"they  will  not  eat  the  meat  of  the  beaver,  claiming  that  if  they  do 
their  necks  will  swell;"  but  they  have  no  aversion  to  fish  or  any 
other  aquatic  animal  as  food. 

The  Yuma  along  the  Colorado  raise  a  limited  amount  of  corn,  wheat, 
and  beans,  and  many  melons  and  squashes,  and  utilize,  in  large  quan- 
tities, the  mesquite  beans,  from  which  they  make  mush,  or  bread. 
They  help  to  sustain  themselves  by  fishing. 

The  Opata,  Yaqui,  Mayo,  and  Tepehuane  live  almost  wholly  on  the 
products  of  agriculture,  though  they  also  keep  some  poultry  and  cat- 
tle, and  gather  wild  fruits,  including  an  abundant  supply  of  pitahaya 
and  tuna.''  At  a  certain  time  of  the  year  the  Opata  fish  in  the  rivers 
for  a  species  of  minnow  which  they  eat.  The  Yaqui  eat  the  flesh 
of  the  burro  and  the  horse.  The  Yaqui  and  the  Mayo  living  near 
the  sea  do  considerable  fishing. 

The  Tarahumare,  under  the  pressure  of  frequent  needs,  have  learned 
to  eat  animal  and  vegetal  substances  of  great  diversity.  They  raise 
some  potatoes,  chile,  and  sugar  cane.  The  flowers  of  the  squashes 
are  dried  and  kept,  and  from  them  is  made  a  kind  of  porridge.     Meat, 

a  G .  A.  Allen,  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Mohaves,  Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  1890, 
G15,  Washington,  ISO  I. 
6  For  native  Mexican  fruits  see  Rose  (Bibliography). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIOKS  25 

particularly  venison,  is  much  relished  among  this  tribe.  They  also 
like  the  flesh  of  field  mice,  which  they  skin  and  roast  suspended 
on  sticks  near  the  fire.  They  occasionally  eat  various  small  animals, 
including  skunks,  lizards,  locusts,  grasshoppers,  frogs,  water  beetles, 
and  even  larvae."  From  corn  they  prepare  tortillas,  also  round  cakes, 
each  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  thick,  called  "moon  bread." 
Occasionally  they  make  Mexican-like  bread  from  wheat  flour.  They 
eat  the  blood  of  animals  after  preparing  it  over  the  fire.  Their  meat 
is  sometimes  eaten  almost  raw,  but  usually  it  is  well  roasted  or  other- 
wise cooked.  The  Tarahumare  living  near  streams  diA^'e  into  pools 
and  lance  fish;  they  also  shoot  fish  with  arrows  armed  at  the  point 
with  a  number  of  nopal  spines,  catch  ffiem  with  nets,  or  drag  for  them 
with  blankets.  At  times  they  drain  the  lagoons  and  kill  the  fish  with 
stones;  and  they  also  have  recourse  to  poisoning  fish  with  certain 
plants.  Crawfish,  too,  are  caught  and  eaten.  The  domestic  animals 
kept  by  the  Tarahumare  are  chickens,  cattle,  sheep,  and  some  goats; 
they  have  also  a  few  turkeys,  but  no  ducks  or  geese.  Besides  the 
domestic  fowls  they  eat  various  wild  birds,  and  eggs  of  both  classes. 
Wild  fruits  are  abundant  in  season. 

The  Huichol  plant  maize,  beans,  melons,  and  chile,  and  gather  wild 
fruit  of  many  varieties.  Various  edible  roots  are  also  included  in 
their  dietary.  They  hunt  chiefly  the  deer  and  the  squirrel.  Those 
near  streams  gather  crawfish,  which  they  impale  on  sticks  and  broil. 
They  trap  fish,  which  are  spitted  on  sticks  and  roasted,  usually  over 
night,  near  a  slow  fire.  Some  of  the  Huichol  own  good  cattle. 
Though  quite  as  primitive  as  the  Tarahumare,  these  people,  according 
to  general  report,  suffer  actual  want  but  seldom. 

The  Cora  are  very  adept  in  making  fine  seedless,  or  almost  seedless, 
"tamales"  from  the  fruit  of  the  pitahaya,  which  grows  in  great  abun- 
dance in  the  canyon  of  the  Rio  Jesus  Maria  and  neighboring  barrancas.'' 
Platanos,  red  and  yellow,  ciruelas,  and  other  native  fruits  are  eaten 
in  considerable  quantities,  and  fruit  is  also  brought  from  the  coast 
by  traders.  The  Cora  also  raise  crops  of  corn.  They  are  good 
hunters,  accustomed  to  using  the  rifle.  The  Rio  Jesus  Maria 
affords   them  edible   fish,  particularly  a  kind  of  catfish  known   as 

a  "  They  eat  almost  anything  that  lives— polecats,  mice,  rats,  snaltes,  the  big  tree  lizards  or  iguanas, 
frogs,  fish  spawn,  grasshoppers,  and  certain  kinds  of  larvae,  even  those  of  the  dragon  flies  taken  out  of 
the  water."— Hartman.    See  also  Lumholtz,  Unknown  Mexico. 

b  The  nutritious  fruit  is  gathered  in  large  quantities  by  means  of  long  poles  on  the  ends  of  which  four 
little  sticks  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  a  small  receptacle.  The  pitahayas  are  carefully  torn  from  the  limbs 
of  the  cactus,  laid  on  the  ground,  deprived  of  spines  with  the  help  of  little  branches,  and  brought  home 
in  baskets.  The  women  remove  the  skins,  and  the  luscious  inside  fruit  is  then  slowly  boiled.  ,  While 
boihng  most  of  the  very  numerous  small  black  seeds  are  removed.  '  When  cooked  the  mass  is  spread 
on  stones  to  cool,  finally  assuming  about  the  consistency  of  the  inside  of  a  ripe  fig.  It  is  then  divided 
into  portions  of  from  about  3  to  4  ounces  each,  which  are  wrapped  in  clean  corn  husks.  In  this  form  the 
"  pitahaya  tamales ' '  are  preserved  for  consumption.  With  care  they  will  last  for  several  months,  or 
even  for.a  whole  year.  The  writer  has  brought  a  quantity  of  them  to  New  York  without  appreciable 
loss  of  their  delicious  flavor 


26  BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

"bagre."  The  more  eastern  Cora  do  not  eat  the  squirrel.  Some 
of  those  of  Jesus  Maria  make  cheese,  after  the  manner  of  the  Mexi- 
cans. Pouhry  and  eggs  are  quite  plentiful  in  some  of  the  villages. 
When  a  deer  is  killed  and  can  not  be  consumed  fresh  the  carcass  is 
placed  in  a  large  hole  in  the  ground,  which  has  first  been  thoroughly 
heated,  and  then  covered  with  grass  and  branches;  the  meat  thus 
becomes  slowly  and  thoroughly  baked.  The  Huichol  cut  such  meat 
into  small  pieces  which  are  strung  on  cords  and  dried  and  afterward 
hung  inside  the  hut  until  needed. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  food  of  the  Otomi  consists  of  tortillas, 
beans,  and  chile.  As  is  the  case  with  all  the  tribes  living  in  the 
maguey  region,  they  regard  pulque  as  food,  and  apparently  this 
liquid  has  some  nutritious  value.  On  the  public  road  a  little  beyond 
Fajayucan  the  writer  came  across  an  Otomi  family  engaged  in  roasting 
and  selling  pigs'  ears,  snouts,  and  other  articles  of  diet,  with  pulque, 
to  the  passers-by;  yet  pigs  are  rarely  seen  in  the  typical  Otomi  set- 
tlements. Tuna  is  very  common,  pitahaya  scarce.  In  many  districts 
the  food  of  the  people  is  much  like  that  of  the  poorer  Mexicans  in  the 
same  localities. 

The  Tlahuiltec,  though  living  for  centuries  near  the  whites,  still 
avoid  milk,  and  no  hogs  are  seen  in  their  village.  Maize,  melons, 
squashes,  cane,  and  various  fruits,  eggs,  and  beef,  with  an  occasional 
chicken,  are  the  principal  articles  of  diet. 

(For  further  data  concerning  foods  see  Appendix.) 

VII.  ALCOHOLIC  DRINKS 

The  alcoholic  drinks  peculiar  to  the  Indians  of  the  Southwest  and 
of  northern  Mexico  are  mainly  produced  by  fermentation  of  corn, 
mescal,  and  maguey.  The  corn  liquor  is  usually  known  as  tesvino 
(also  as  tesvin,  tizwin,  or  tulipi) ;  it  is  ordinarily  (with  fermentation 
not  carried  to  the  extreme,  and  in  the  absence  of  vegetal  excitants, 
narcotics,  or  other  liquor)  a  weak  alcoholic  beverage  with  a  slight 
nutritive  value,  and  is  not  a  strong  intoxicant.  The  mescal  plants, 
comprising  several  species  of  agave,  give  colorless  liquors  known  as 
mescal  and  tequila;  the  first  is  often  spoken  of  simply  as  vino. 
Another  liquor,  called  sotol,  is  made  from  the  dasylirion  (Rose). 
These  are  all  distilled  beverages  and  are  usually  ardent  and  strongly 
alcoholic,  particularly  the  tequila.  The  common  maguey,  or  century 
plant,  yields  the  well-known  pulque,'*  a  milky,  sourish  beer,  the  alco- 
holic percentage  of  which  depends  on  the  duration  of  fermentation. 
The  knowledge  and  use  of  tesvino  and  mescal  extend  into  Arizona, 
pulque  and  the  maguey  liquors  being  made  only  in  the  more  southerly 

oAgaves  yielding  Juice  from  which,  pulque  is  made  are  of  several  species,  the  most  common  being  A. 
atrovirens. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS  27 

part  of -the  region  here  considered.  Besides  the  above  some  of  the 
Indians  occasionally  prepare  fermented  liquor  from  the  pitahaya,  from 
mesquite  beans  (Mexico),  from  native  grapes,  and  from  other  fruits, 
or  from  honey.  The  whites  have  introduced  whisky  into  the  north, 
and  the  impure  and  intoxicating  sugar-cane  rum,  locally  known  as 
aguardiente,  among  the  southern  tribes. 

The  Ute,  Navaho,  and  most  of  the  Pueblos,  Walapai,  Havasupai,  and 
Mohave  have  at  present  no  native  alcoholic  beverage.  The  Isleta 
make  some  grape  wine. 

The  White  Mountain,  San  Carlos,  Chiricahua,  and  Mescalero  Apache 
make  tulipi  or  tesvino,*  to  which  are  generally  added  as  "medicine," 
to  augment  the  effects  of  the  drink,  small  quantities  of  several  roots 
of  native  plants. 

The  writer  took  special  pains  to  ascertain  the  "medicines"  added  by 
the  San  Carlos  Apache  to  the  tesvino  and  the  reasons  for  their  use. 
The  number  proved  large  beyond  expectation,  but  the  results  of  the 
inquiry  why  each  particular  substance  was  employed  were  rather  dis- 
appointing; the  openly  avowed  purpose  of  the  majority  was  to  "make 
more  drunk."  The  individual  articles  and  reasons  for  their  use  are  as 
follows : 

I-ze  lu-Jcu-Jii  ("crazy  medicine":  Lotus  wrightii) ;  the  part  used  is 
the  root;  they  say,  it  "makes  us  more  drunk." 

CJiil-ga-le  ("make  noise":  Cassia  couesii) ;  part  used,  the  root; 
"makes  the  tulipi  stronger." 

I-zel-cMh,  a  plant  that  was  not  identified,  is  also  occasionally  added 
to  the  tulipi  to  make  it  stronger  and  more  intoxicating. 

I-ze-du-gJiu-zhe  ("medicine  sticks") ;  root  occasionally  added  to  the 
tulipi  to  make  it  "taste  more  bitter — stronger." 

Sas-chil-tlah  i-ze,  sas-cJiil  (Canotia  holocantha) ;  a  plant  with  a  root 
of  aromatic  taste,  that  is  often  added  to  the  tulipi ' '  only  to  make  it  taste 
better;"  the  root  is  chewed  occasionally  "just  like  candy."  The  seeds 
of  the  plant,  after  being  roasted,  are  also  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

Ga-chuh  pi-tla-hi-ya-he  C '  under-it-the-jack-rabbit-makes-his-bed ' ') ; 
root  occasionally  added  to  the  tulipi  "to  make  it  stronger."  The 
same  is  true  of  the  roots  of  me-tci-dor-il-tco  (Perezia  wrightii),  and 
thli-he-da-i-ga-si  (' '  horse-eats-it ")  fi 

Besides  the  above,  the  San  Carlos  Apache  occasionally  put  into  the 
tulipi  some  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  mesquite,  which  "just  makes 
the  drink  taste  sweeter  and  better,  so  we  like  to  drink  more  of  it." 

a  See  author's  Method  of  Preparing  Tesvino  among  the  White  River  Apache,  American  Anthropolo- 
gist, n.  s.,  VI,  Jan.-Mar.,  1904,  190-191.  The  Mescaleros  are  reported  by  their  agent  to  have  made  no 
tesvino  since  October,  1897  {Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  1900,  291).  The  San  Carlos, 
Tonto,  and  Coyotero  Apache  continue  to  make  the  beverage.  Some  among  them  have  recently  com- 
menced to  mix  it  with  whisky. 

6  The  collected  samples  of  some  of  these  plants  were  not  in  condition  to  pennit  identification. 


28  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Among  the  Wliite  Mountain  (Arizona)  Apache  an  occasional  addition 
to  the  tulipi  consists  of  the  root  of  Datura  metaloides. 

The  only  native  drink  besides  tulipi  which  the  San  Carlos  Apache 
make  is  the  pitahaya  wine.  When  the  fruit  is  plentiful  quantities  of 
it  are  put  into  large  jars.  The  pressure  of  the  soft  fruit  causes  an 
abundant  supply  of  the  juice  to  trickle  out;  this  is  poured  off  and 
allowed  to  ferment. 

The  Mescaleros  used  to  make  an  intoxicating  drink  from  the  inner 
bark  of  the  piue  or  mixed  this  with  the  tulipi. 

The  only  native  alcoholic  drinks  among  the  Papago  are  the  sawado, 
saguaro,  or  haren,  made  by  fermenting  the  molasses  of  the  pitahaya-like 
fruit  of  the  saguaro,  and  mescal.  The  haren  takes  two  days  to  make, 
and  it  lasts  in  good  condition  one  day  and  one  night.  The  first  day  it 
is  not  very  intoxicating  and  is  said  to  leave  few  or  no  bad  effects ;  after 
that  it  grows  more  alcoholic,  and  its  effects  are  more  unpleasant. 
To  make  it  strong  without  so  much  of  the  bad  taste  the  Indians 
cover  with  blankets  the  jar  in  which  it  ferments.  The  Papago  make 
mescal  and  they  also  get  mescal  and  sotol  from  Mexico.  A  sort  of 
tesvino  is  made  by  these  people  in  the  following  manner:  They  grind 
fine  some  dry  corn,  mix  it  with  water,  and  then  strain  the  mixture 
and  let  it  stand  until  it  is  partially  fermented.  The  liquor  tastes 
bitter  and  is  too  weak  to  make  them  drunk. 

The  only  native  alcoholic  drink  still  prepared  occasionally  by  the 
Pima  and  the  Maricopa  is  a  wine  from  the  fruit  of  the  saguaro. 

In  1890  Dr.  W.  E.  Ferrebee,  a  special  agent  to  the  Indians,  reported 
that  "a  very  acceptable  beverage,  called  pissioina,  was  prepared  by 
the  Yuma  by  roasting  wheat  grains  over  a  charcoal  fire  until  they 
assumed  a  light-brown  color,  after  which  they  were  pulverized,  dis- 
solved in  water,  and  allowed  to  ferment  before  drinking."'* 

The  Opata,  who  used  to  make  liquor  of  several  kinds  from  corn, 
native  grapes,  and  a  number  of  the  cacti,  still  occasionally  prepare 
corn  tesvino. 

The  corn  tesvino  is  the  principal  drink  of  the  Tarahumare.  It  is 
essential  on  all  festive  occasions.  They  make  also  sotol  and  mescal 
from  the  agaves. 

The  chief  intoxicant  of  the  Tepehuane  is  the  vino,  or  mescal.  It  is 
generally  used  only  on  special  occasions.^  The  Tepecano  and  the 
Huichol  drink  sotol  and  probably  other  agave  beverages. 

The  drink  of  the  Otomi  and  Mazahua  is  pulque.  The  Tarasco  of  the 
Zamora  district  and  of  Tarequato  use  only  liquors  which  can  be  bought 
at  the  Mexican  stores,  the  principal  of  which  is  aguardiente  (sugar- 
cane rum).     The  Tlahuiltec  use  this  exclusively. 

a  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  220,  Washington,  1894. 

h  The  drink  is  mostly  bought  from  peddlers  and  is  used  to  excess,  if  the  supply  allows,  at  the  feasts. 
The  drink  thus  obtained  is  generally  of  poor  quahty  and  soon  affects  those  who  partake  of  it. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  29 

In  their  effects  upon  the  Indian  the  beverages  most  deleterious  are, 
in  the  order  named,  the  aguardiente,  impure  sotol,  tesvino  mixed  with 
drugs  or  whisky,  and  pulque;  this  last,  however,  only  because  it  is 
used  in  great  quantities. 

VIII.    GENERAL    HABITS    OF    LIFE,     CHARACTER,    AND 
SOCIAL  CONDITION 

There  are  numerous  minor  points  in  which  the  mode  of  life  of  the 
Indian  differs  from  that  of  the  white  man;  only  those,  however,  will 
be  touched  on  here  which  concern  most  nearly  the  functions  and 
health  of  the  former. 

The  usual  time  of  rising  for  the  Indian  family  in  warm  weather 
is  dawn,  but  delays  are  common  enough.  During  the  earlier  part  of 
the  day,  if  the  weather  is  favorable,  the  members  remain  much  out- 
doors. After  midday  the  adults  occasionally  take  a  siesta.  Except 
in  time  of  ceremony  or  feast  or  game  the  family  generally  retire 
before  or  by  9  p.  m.  They  lie  on  mats,  skins,  or  blankets  spread  on 
the  ground  or  on  benches,  each  person  folding  a  piece  of  clothing 
under  his  head  and  wrapping  himself  entirely  in  a  blanket.  On  cold 
nights  not  only  is  everything  closed  and  the  family  sleep  huddled 
together,  but  the  writer  also  heard  from  the  Indians  that  in  some  cases 
dogs  are  taken  to  sleep  with  the  people,  who  benefit  by  the  warmth 
of  the  animals.  After  rising  the  men  often  depart  for  work  at  once, 
while  the  wives  attend  to  their  children,  bring  water,  and  slowly 
prepare  for  the  first  meal. 

But  little  time  is  given  to  personal  cleanliness.  If  water  be  plenti- 
ful, each  of  the  adults  and  of  the  older  children  may  throw  a  few 
handfuls  on  his  face  and  wet  his  hair  a  little,  leaving  all  to  dry  with- 
out wiping.     The  children  are  washed  but  seldom. 

The  meal  hours  of  the  more  primitive  Indians  differ  somewhat 
from  those  of  white  people.  The  most  regular  and  important  meal 
is  that  taken  after  sunset  or  later,  at  which  time  the  quantity  of  food 
consumed  is  occasionally  greater  than .  that  to  which  an  average 
white  man  is  accustomed.  Earlier  in  the  day  there  are  one  or,  more 
rarely,  two  other  meals.  If  the  nonreservation  Indian  has  a  breakfast 
it  is  usually  somewhat  late,  and  often  there  is  no  lunch;  or  there  may 
be  no  actual  breakfast  but  a  meal  of  some  sort  about  midday.  Among 
the  Pueblos  and  others  who  are  partially  civilized  meals  are  more 
regular  and  ui  point  of  time  accord  more  closely  with  our  own.  The 
Indians  employed  by  the  writer  became  easily  accustomed  to  three 
regular  meals  a  day,  and  also  took  quite  kindly  to  our  diet,  with  the 
exception  of  canned  meats  and  occasionally  also  canned  milk. 

The  unspoiled  Indian  of  our  Southwest  and  of  northern  Mexico  is 
not  lazy;  he  may  rather  be   termed  industrious.     Both  men  and 


30  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

women,  from  adolescence,  and  even  earlier,  to  old  age,  do  consider- 
able work,  though  they  seldom  hurry,  nor  do  they  care  to  work  for 
long  stretches  at  a  time.  Indolence  is,  however,  quite  prevalent 
among  the  more  or  less  degraded  Indians. 

The  love  of  outdoor  life  and  of  outdoor  sports,  especially  hunting, 
horse  and  foot  races,  and  various  games,  is  general.  Football  and 
baseball  are  much  favored  among  the  younger  element  of  the  tribes 
north  of  Mexico,  and  the  Indian  school  children,  when  occasion  per- 
mits, devote  a  very  large  portion  of  their  spare  hours  to  outdoor 
play  and  games. 

Among  the  adults  spare  time  is  spent  in  attention  to  the  hair,  pre- 
paring materials  for  pottery  or  basketry,  fixing  various  utensils,  and 
in  making  fancy  or  ceremonial  objects,  or  arrows,  dolls,  and  numer- 
ous other  things.  Visits  are  mostly  indulged  in  during  the  evening. 
When  water  is  near  at  hand,  the  women  and  children  find  much 
pleasure  in  bathing.  The  men  also  bathe,  and  in  some  localities  (for 
example,  along  the  Gila)  learn  to  swim  well.  ,  A  more  frequent  bath 
with  the  men  in  the  more  northern  tribes  is  the  sudatory,  but  the 
motive  of  this  is  not  ordinary  cleanliness,  it  being  considered  purifi- 
cative  in  a  much  broader  sense,  and  also  curative. 

Kissing,  among  adults  as  well  as  children,  is  not  in  vogue  among 
any  of  the  Indians  who  were  visited.  It  is  practically  never  seen 
except  among  those  who  are  educated,  and  very  seldom  even  among 
them. 

Visiting  or  visited,  and  even  during  a  casual  meeting  and  conver- 
sation, and  at  ceremonies  of  every  nature,  the  Indian  engages  in 
smoking,  which  he  does  but  seldom  on  other  occasions.  In  most  of 
the  tribes  the  usual  smoke  is  a  cigarette  made  of  rather  little  tobacco 
and  much  corn  husk,  but  the  Cora  prefer  a  small  clay  pipe.  Women 
and  even  children  smoke,  though  less  than  the  men.  On  the  whole 
the  consumption  of  tobacco  among  all  the  Indians  visited  is  very 
moderate;  certainly  less  than  among  whites. 

Among  the  more  indolent,  or  when  a  part  of  a  tribe  visits  another, 
there  is  much  gambling,  mostly  with  marked  sticks,  or  with  cards. 
This  is  frequently  carried  on  in  an  atmosphere  vitiated  by  the  pres- 
ence of  many  persons,  and  is  occasionally  kept  up  day  and  night 
until  one  party  lose  all  they  have  to  wager.  Some  of  the  women 
gamble  also,  even  by  themselves,  one  result  being  not  seldom  the 
neglect  of  their  children. 

In  disposition,  which  has  much  bearing  on  the  mode  of  life  of  a 
people,  the  Indians  of  the  entire  region  visited  are  generally  cheerful 
and  contented.  They  arc  very  conservative.  Their  passions,  except 
perhaps  that  for  gambling,  are  moderate,  their  wants  few,  and  pro- 
longed worry  is  almost  unknown  to  them.  There  is  a  general  willing- 
ness rather  than  an  inclination  to  drink,  due  to  a  lack  of  knowledge 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  31 

of  the  danger.  Occasionally  this  leads  to  excesses,  from  which  may 
develop  a  real  tendency  to  alcoholism.  With  this  exception  there 
is  seldom  seen  anything  in  the  mental  status  of  these  natives  that 
could  act  adversely  on  their  constitutions.  Under  the  effects  of  drink, 
or  through  death  in  the  family,  or  by  humiliation,  individuals  will 
become  tem-porarily  gloomy  and  despondent,  and  may  even  commit 
crime  or  suicide;  but  prolonged  grief  is  apparently  of  rare  occurrence. 

The  most  striking  and  far-reaching  characteristic  of  all  the  Indians 
visited,  even  from  the  medical  standpoint,  is  their  improvidence  and 
seemingly  a  decided  inability  to  take  advantage  of  some  of  the  lessons 
of  experience.  This  keeps  them  disarmed  against  all  accidents  and 
diseases. 

The  moral  status  of  the  tribes,  which,  of  course,  affects  directly 
their  well-being,  differs  widely.  It  is  good  in  the  most  independent 
tribes,  also  in  the  majority  of  those  on  reservations;  it  is  very  bad 
among  several  of  the  smaller  reservation  tribes  who  are  m  closer  con- 
tact with  whites,  and  among  some  of  the  semicivilized  Mexican 
Indians. 

The  few  details  following,  which  concern  individual  tribes,  will  aid 
in  forming  a  better  estimate  of  the  Indians  in  these  particulars. 

Until  recently,  when  some  improvement  became  apparent,  the 
whole  life  of  the  Southern  Ute  showed  a  transitional  degradation. 
He  has  ceased,  of  necessity',  to  be  a  hunter  and  free  rover  as  he  was 
formerly,  and  is  slowly  and  unwillingly  adopting  new  habits  in  place 
of  the  old.  Among  the  men  there  are  much  indolence  and  a  general 
lack  of  industry.  The  women  show  better  traits,  but  even  they  are 
little  inclined  to  work  or  even  to  practise  ordinary  cleanliness,  and 
often  neglect  their  households  and  children  for  gambling.  The 
writer  has  repeatedly"  seen  Ute  women  at  Ignacio  spending  half  a  day 
or  more  at  cards,  while  their  little  ones  were  left  at  home  without  any 
care  except  such  as  the  older  could  give  to  the  younger,  and  some- 
times without  food.  Older  children  must  largely  shift  for  themselves. 
Aged  people  are  neglected  by  their  children  and  must  provide  for 
themselves  or  suffer;  they  do  not  seem  to  expect  anything  different, 
and  in  turn  show  but  little  affection  for  their  progeny.  The  people 
are  indecent  in  speech,  and  probably  low  in  sexual  morality.® 

The  Apache  are  everywhere  proving  themselves  good  workers,  and 
on  the  whole  are  more  rapidly  adopting  the  habits  of  whites  than  are 
many  other  tribes:  At  San  Carlos  there  have  been  within  the  last 
few  years  much  drunkenness  and  consequent  disorder  due  to  per- 
mission to  make  tesvino  and  to  surreptitious  introduction  of  liquor 
by  whites.  The  sexual  morality  of  the  Indians  around  Fort  Apache 
and  San  Carlos  is  not  of  a  high  grade;  it  has  been  injuriously  affected 

a  Sanitary  conditions  were  found  especially  Isad  among  tiie  Wiminuciie— -in  a  disgusting  degree 
during  thie  meat-ration  days. 


32  BUKEAU    OF    AMEKICAlSr    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

b}^  their  contact  with  white  men  of  the  lower  order.  As  with  other 
Indians,  the  habits  of  individuals  differ  according  to  the  degree  and 
character  of  their  contact  with  whites,  being,  in  general,  worst  where 
the  contact  with  the  bad  element  of  whites  is  the  closest.  Drunk- 
enness has  been  stopped  among  the  Mescaleros ;  and  on  the  Jicarilla 
reservation  .drunkenness  or  dissolute  conduct  occurs  very  seldom. 

The  sweat  baths  among  the  San  Carlos  Apache  are  taken  in  the 
follo\ving  manner:  Usually  three  or  four  men  take  the  sweat  bath 
together.  They  construct  a  small  hut  in  a  suitable  place  near  the 
river  and  cover  it  with  sheets  and  blankets.  There  is  but  a  small 
entrance,  and  over  this  also  hangs  a  blanket.  A  fire  is  made  about 
some  stones,  outside  the  hut.  Inside  is  placed  a  dish  of  water. 
When  the  stones  have  been  well  heated  the  men,  having  in  the  mean- 
time undressed,  bring  them  into  the  hut,  close  the  entrance,  sprinkle 
water  over  them,  and  continue  to  do  so  until  enough  steam  has  been 
generated  to  produce  thorough  sweating.  When  this  has  been  satis- 
factorily accomplished  the  men  run  out  and  take  a  plunge  into  the 
water  of  the  river.  They  then  drink  as  much  of  the  cold  water  as 
they  can  until  vomiting  is  induced.  They  believe  the  cold  water  in 
the  heated  body  causes  the  vomiting.  This  finishes  their  purification. 
Those  of  the  younger  generation  take  but  few  such  baths;  "they can 
not  stand  it  like  the  old  timers."  Moreover,  the  ceremonies  for  which 
such  a  preliminary  purification  was  deemed  necessary,  as  well  as  the 
native  medicine-men  who  occasionally  ordered  such  baths,  are  con- 
tinually growing  fewer.  In  warm  weather  both  men  and  women 
bathe  frequently  in  the  river,  and  many  are  good  swimmers.  The 
women  also  bring  their  children  to  these  baths. 

Among  all  branches  of  the  Apache,  including  the  Lipan,  the  bed 
is  generally  made  from  a  layer  of  cedar,  pine,  or  other  boughs,  or 
leaves,  straw,  or  hay,  with  blankets  and  quilts  and  occasionally  a 
mattress  upon  it.  The  boughs  or  leaves  are  changed  when  they 
become  dry  or  soiled,  as  well  as  after  an  illness. 

Among  all  the  Apache,  as  in  other  tribes,  women  ride  horseback 
astride,  sometimes  without  saddles  (though  usually  on  a  folded  cloth 
or  blanket)  or  stirrups.     The  men  often  ride  without  saddles. 

The  San  Carlos  women  cut  most  of  the  wood  (mesquite)  needed  in 
the  household,  wielding  without  discomfort  the  regular  large  wood- 
man's ax;   the  men,  however,  cut  most  of  the  heavier  wood  for  sale. 

The  dwellings  are  not  kept  very  clean.  Remnants  of  food  are 
often  left'on  the  ground,  around  the  fire,  and  the  same  is  true  with 
regard  to  nasal  and  throat  discharges.  Most  of  the  food  particles, 
however,  are  picked  up  by  the  dogs. 

The  Walapai,  an  approachable  and  common-sense  people,  show 
habits  closely  resembling  those  of  the  Apache.  In  recent  years  they 
were  reduced  to  a  state  bordering  on  pauperism,  but  an  improvement 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  33 

has  set  in.  Their  farr  ing  lands  are  rather  poor  and  work  other  than 
agriculture  is  being  followed.  Much  hunting  is  still  done  every 
winter.  The  idle  men  gamble  much,  while  some  of  the  women, 
neglecting  their  households,  spend  time  begging,  or  selling  the  few 
baskets  which  they  make,  along  the  railroad.  The  recent  manner  of 
life  of  the  tribe  explains  their  gradual  diminution  in  numbers. 

The  Navaho,  as  well  as  a  portion  of  the  Papago,  owing  to  the 
semidesert  nature  of  the  country  they  inhabit,  live  a  rather  roaming 
life,  but  they  are  by  no  means  nomads.  They  spend  more  time  on 
horseback  than  the  Indians  of  any  other  tribe,  often  riding  long 
distances  without  saddles.  They  herd  flocks  of  sheep,  own  many 
ponies,  and  are  great  horse  fanciers  and  racers.  Both  men  and 
women  gamble,  but  they  are  not  so  reckless  of  property  as  members  of 
other  tribes.  There  is  but  little  prostitution  or  drunkenness  in  the 
tribe,  and,  with  the  exception  of  gambling,  the  general  moral  tone  of 
this  spirited,  able,  and  shrewd  people  is  a  good  one.  Individuals  of 
both  sexes,  as  among  the  better  preserved  Indians  in  general,  are 
very  modest.  Both  of  the  sexes  show,  as  a  rule,  much  care  to  seclude 
themselves  when  attending  to  their  necessities.  The  women,  when 
about  to  mount  their  horses,  usually  place  the  animals  so  as  to  avoid 
possible  exposure  of  the  limbs  in  the  sight  of  anyone.  In  the 
writer's  visits  to  their  homes,  in  measuring  and  examinations,  and 
in  connection  with  inquiries,  there  was  never  manifested  anything 
indecent  or  forward.  During  his  stay  about  the  Chaco  canyon,  only 
one  Navaho  woman  who  could  be  termed  a  prostitute  was  heard  of,  and 
very  few  individuals  were  seen  in  the  tribe  who  could  possibly  have 
been  half-breeds.  About  some  of  the  trading  posts  and  south  of  the 
reservations  the  conditions  are  worse  than  in  the  heart  of  the  country, 
but  the  degradation  seen  is  nowhere  great  and  is  scarcely  more  than 
individual;    it  nowhere  involves  large  groups  of  the  people. 

The  Pueblos  are,  on  the  whole,  less  active,  although  not  less 
industrious,  than  the  Navaho.  An  interesting  fact,  apparent  during 
the  writer's  stay  with  the  Hopi  and  later  with  other  Pueblos,  as  well 
as  other  Indians,  was  that  the  middle-aged  and  older  men  and  women 
worked  more  than  the  younger  ones.  The  older  Hopi  women  are 
employed  in  the  difficult  work  of  carrying  water  from  the  springs  to 
the  summits  of  the  mesas,  which  are  600  to  700  feet  high.  All  the 
Pueblos,  as  is  well  known,  are  orderly  and  quite  moral,  though  per- 
haps not  very  progressive  people.  The  Zuni  and  the  Taos  are  rather 
more  spirited  than  the  Hopi,  Acoma,  Laguna,  and  others.  The  men- 
tal capacity  of  all  these  people  for  what  applies  to  their  religious 
and  ceremonial  life  is  truly  astonishing  and  greater  than  in  other 
directions. 

The  Hopi  bathe  or  wash  very  little — a  condition  that  is  largely 
due  to  the  great  scarcity  of  water  on  their  high  mesas;  as  well  as  about 

3452— Bull.  34—08 3 


34:  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

them.  Even  sweat  baths  are  not  in  vogue.  When  the  field  matron 
at  the  base  of  the  First  mesa  provided  the  means,  Hopi  women  came 
to  bathe  themselves  as  well  as  their  children. 

The  Zuiii  and  most  of  the  Rio  Grande  Pueblos  are,  in  general,  some- 
what cleaner  than  the  Hopi.  Some  of  the  Zuni  dwellings  are  spacious 
and  neat,  fully  equal  to  habitations  of  the  best  class  among  the  poorer 
Mexicans;  only  a  few,  however,  can  be  effectually  heated  in  cold 
weather. 

The  Pima  are  rather  timid,  but  of  good  habits;  the  younger  gen- 
eration has  already  adopted  in  a  large  degree  the  ways  of  whites. 

The  Mohave  about  Needles  are  in  a  partially  degraded  condition, 
somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  Walapai.  They  are  as  yet  rather 
nonprogressive,  though  quite  apt  and  manageable. 

The  Colorado  River  Yuma,  although  capable  and  intelligent,  live 
also  in  partial  degradation.  They  do  not  plant  much  and  rather  shun 
work,  the  men  especially.  They  spend  much  time  in  gambling  and 
playiiig  with  the  pole-and-fing,  ®  or,  dressed  in  all  the  finery  they  can 
get  and  with  painted  faces,  they  lounge  and  strut  about  Yuma. 
When  the  annual  river  overflow,  upon  which  their  crops  depend,  fails, 
as  occasionally  happens,  there  is  much  poverty.  The.  women  in  gen- 
eral have  a  bad  reputation  for  morality.  Curiously,  there  is  but  little 
drunkenness.  It  has  been  prohibited  for  several  years  by  a  chief  of 
the  tribe  under  pain  of  corporal  punishment  for  disobedience,  and 
the  prohibition  is  kept  in  force  to  this  day,  though  its  originator  is  said 
to  be  dead. 

With  regard  to  the  Sonora  Indians,  the  reader  is  referred  for  par- 
ticulars to  the  author's  former  contribution.^  The  Opata,  Yaqui, 
Pima,  and  Mayo  are  half  civilized,  and  their  habits,  vices  included, 
except  in  distant  settlements,  approach  closely  those  of  the  ordinary 
Mexicans.  The  strong-minded  Yaqui  are  especially  capable  and  good 
workers,  as  well  as  good  fighters. 

The  Tarahumare,  in  Chihuahua,  are  one  of  the  most  primitive 
tribes  in  existence.  They  are  not  especially  spirited  or  progressive, 
or  noted  for  any  exceptional  mental  traits.  They  approach  in  their 
disposition  and  general  character  the  Pueblos,  but  are  less  provident. 
The  men  are,  nevertheless,  very  good  at  trailing  and  hunting,  and  are 
enduring  walkers,  runners,  and  carriers.  Foot  races  are  in  great  favor 
among  the  younger  men,  and  sometimes  they  are  participated  in  even 
by  the  women.     There  are  many  ceremonial  dances,  which  usually 

o  John  Townsend,  one  ol  the  more  prosperous  Indians,  made,  in  1902,  a  regular  gambling  place  of  his 
house.  At  some  distance  in  front  of  the  house  was  a  space  for  the  pole-and-ring  game,  while  the  house 
itself  was  reser\'ed  for  card  parties.  Visitors  paid  the  host  8  to  10  cents  in  the  daytime  and  20  cents  at 
night.  In  return  the  host  provided  for  all  coffee,  meat,  bread,  and  tobacco,  also  the  cards  and  other 
implements  of  play.  When  a  man  lost  a  horse  at  the  polc-and-ring  game,  in  addition  to  his  loss  he 
had  to  pay  the  host  SI,  this  fine  being  regarded  perhaps  as  a  rest  raining  punishment. 

t>  Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  American  Anthropotogist,  n.  s.,  v.i,  no.  1,  Jan.-Mar.,  1904. 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  35 

last  the  greater  part  of  the  night,  at  which  is  manifested  unusual 
physical  endurance  by  both  sexes. 

The  life  of  the  Tepehuane,  in  Durango,  appeared  to  the  writer  sim- 
ple and  quite  regular.  The  people  were  partially  civilized  by  the 
priests,  and,  living  mostly  at  several  days'  distance  from  whites,  they 
had  to  a  large  extent  escaped  degradation.  In  character  the  Tepehuane 
now  are  rather  timorous,  suspicious,  averse  to  all  umovations,  and 
very  deliberative.  While  there  are  men  as  well  as  women  among 
them  who  are  bright,  or  inspire  respect,  the  majority  impress  one  as 
having  no  special  aptitude.  Their  village  life  and  feasts,  and  their 
sedentary,  agricultural  habits  remind  one  even  more  than  do  the 
Tarahumare,  of  the  Pueblos. 

The  Tepecano,  Huichol,  and  Cora  are  still  practically  self-governing 
tribes,  and,  like  the  Tarahumare  in  the  north,  these  people,  particu- 
larly the  Huichol,  preserve  many  primitive  habits  of  life.  The 
Huichol  have  the  reputation  among  the  Mexicans  of  being  rather 
treacherous  and  dangerous,  but  such  an  opinion  must  be  taken  with 
caution.  They  are  afraid  of  whites,  and  are  in  general  of  a  timid  dis- 
position. Wliile  it  is  true  that  they  have  killed  a  few  Mexicans,  the 
provocation,  judging  from  what  could  be  observed  of  the  treatment 
accorded  them  by  some  whites,  must  have  been  great.  Like  all 
Indians,  they  are  averse  to  miners  and  prospectors,  fearing  for  their 
native  land ;  yet  the  utmost  harm  to  a  prospector  that  could  be  veri- 
fied was  the  filling  with  stones  in  his  absence  of  the  hole  he  was  work- 
ing in.  The  people  are  much  involved  in  their  cult;  they  are  very 
artistic  in  their  apparel,  embroidery,  ceremonial  objects,  and  in 
other  respects ;  they  are  apt  and  devoted  players  on  their  little  home- 
made violins,  and  manifest  in  numerous  ways  appreciation  of  the 
beautiful  in  nature  and  art.  They  are  also  skillful  hunters  and 
fishermen.  Wlien  excited  by  drink,  they  fight  among  themselves; 
laying  down  their  machetes  and  other  things,  they  catch  one  another 
by  the  hair  and  grapple  roughly. 

The  Cora,  somewhat  more  civilized  than  the  Huichol,  are  of  a 
rather  cheerful  disposition  and  more  open  and  aggressive.  They 
fought  well  on  more  than  one  occasion  in  the  past  against  the  Mexi- 
cans and  even  yet  have  not  given  up  the  thought  of  armed  resistance. 

The  Otomi  are  very  ignorant,  superstitious,  and  bigoted,  the  most 
so  where  they  live  near  the  "Vecinos"  (i.  e.,  Mexicans).  The  moral 
tone  of  the  people  and  family  life  are,  except  in  the  purest-blood  settle- 
ments— where  the  Indians  are  in  general  superior — of  a  low  order; 
drunkenness  is  very  common;  clandestine  mixture  with  the  lower  class 
of  Mexicans  is  quite  prevalent. 

The  Tarasco  and  the  Mazahua  retain  more  of  their  primitive  cus- 
toms than  the  Otomi,  nevertheless  their  mode  of  life  has  been  much 
modified  by  the  influence  of  the  whites.     They  are  in  general  less 


36  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

degraded  than  the  Otomi,  but  nearer  the  Mexican  settlements  and  in 
the  larger  villages  drunkenness  among  them  is  frequent. 

The  Tlahuiltec  are  very  unapproachable,  superstitious,  and  much 
addicted  to  drunkenness.  While  they  cling  to  their  ancient  style  of 
habitations,  costume,  and  language,  their  mode  of  life  has  lost  to  a 
great  extent  its  primitive  nature. 

The  change  from  old  to  modern  views  and  habits,  particularly  to 
such  as  have  a  bearing  on  the  physical  well-being  of  the  Indian,  is 
everywhere  slow  and  tedious. 

IX.  PHYSIOLOGY 

The  foregoing  chapters  have  touched  on  the  ordinary  conditions  of 
life  and  such  of  the  characteristics  of  the  people  of  southwestern 
United  States  and  northern  Mexico  as  are  presumably  capable  of 
influencing  their  physiological  functions  and  health. 

Environment  has  undoubtedly  modified  the  habits  of  the  Indian, 
but  it  is  a  question  whether  these  habits  and  the  effects  of  environ- 
ment, so  far  as  not  overcome  by  adaptation,  have  been  powerful 
enough  permanently  to  change  any  of  the  functions  of  his  body  estab- 
lished through  ages.  The  answer  is  difficult,  for  there  is  no  certainty 
as  to  the  character  of  the  environment  in  which  the  Indian  originally 
developed  and  no  knowledge  as  to  the  nature  of  his  functions  when 
he  settled  where  he  is  at  the  present  day.  Seeking  for  analogies  it  is 
found  that  numerous  whites  live  in  similar  climates  and  that  their 
habits  also  have  been  modified  by  the  environment,  but  thus  far 
without  any  known  important  functional  modifications. 

From  the  foregoing  considerations  it  seems  that  there  is  nothing 
in  the  present  conditions  of  life  among  the  Indians  in  question  on 
the  basis  of  which  important  physiological  differences  between  them 
and  whites  could  be  expected.  There  are  few  prolonged  extremes  in 
climate  that  are  not  well  provided  against;  there  are  no  protracted 
periods  of  undergrade  or  of  high-grade  nourishment,  or  of  very  excep- 
tional foods ;  and  there  is  no  continuous  lack  of  exercise  or  protracted 
special  exercising  of  any  organ.  Should  functional  differences  of 
importance  appear  they  are  to  be  regarded  as  a  persistence  of  the 
results  of  past  conditions  rather  than  as  the  outcome  of  those  belong- 
ing to  the  present  era. 

The  physiological  and  medical  studies  here  presented  were  under- 
taken with  the  view  of  recording  and  analyzing  as  far  as  possible  the 
actual  conditions  among  a  large  group  of  tribes;  but  they  are  not  as 
detailed  as  could  be  desired,  owing  to  the  vastness  of  the  field.  The 
work  consisted  in  carrying  out  with  due  care  a  limited  number  of 
practicable  observations,  and,  beyond  this,  in  utilizing  as  far  as 
possible  any  opportunities  for  gaining  knowledge  that  presented 
themselves. 


hedlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


37 


All  the  tests  and  measurements  were  made  by  the  writer  himself 
with  reliable  instruments  and  under  proper  precautions.  In  addi- 
tion to  certain  statistics  the  physiological  data  consist  of  records  of 
the  pulse,  respiration,  temperature,  and  muscular  strength,  observa- 
tions on  a  few  phases  of  senility,  and  the  results  of  examinations  of  a 
large  number  of  children  from  birth  onward,  while  the  more  strictly 
medical  data  which  follow  comprise  notes  on  hygiene,  diseases,  treat- 
ment, and  medicines. 

Proportion  of  Sexes 

Reliable  data  as  to  the  percentage  of  each  sex  in  the  Indian  popu- 
lation dealt  with  in  this  work  are  restricted  to  those  tribes  that  live 
in  the  United  States,  the  principal  sources  of  information  being  the 
Eleventh  (1890)  and  the  Twelfth  (1900)  censuses  and  the  reports  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

According  to  the  Twelfth  Census,  the  proportion  of  males  to 
females  among  the  65,843,302  native-born  whites  in  the  United 
States  was  in  1900  as  102.5  to  100.  In  other  words,  there  were  50.6 
per  cent  of  males  to  49.4  per  cent  of  females.  Under  the  same 
eniimeration  the  proportion  of  males  to  females  among  the  232,562 
mainland  Indians  was  shown  to  be  101.4  to  100,  or  50.4  per  cent  of 
males  to  49.6  per  cent  of  females.  The  native-born  white  males  ex- 
ceeded the  females  by  1.2  per  cent;  the  Indian  males  exceeded  the 
females  by  0.8  per  cent.  This  difference  is  not  of  sufficient  weight  to 
warrant  any  important  deductions. 

The  proportion  of  Indian  males  to  females  varies  in  different  areas, 
especiall}^  among  the  tribes  studied  by  the  writer.  This  state  of 
things  may  be  attributed  largel}^  to  other  than  natural  conditions. 
The  total  number  of  Indians  in  Arizona  in  1900  was  26,480,  of  which 
13,551,  or  51.2  per  cent,  were  males  and  12,929,  or  48.8  per  cent, 
females.  In  New  Mexico  at  the  same  time  the  number  of  Indians 
reported  was  13,144,  of  which  6,828,  or  51.95  per  cent,  were  males 
and  6,316,  or  48.05  per  cent,  females.  Among  the  tribes  visited  the 
conditions,  according  to  the  latest  data  obtainable,"  were  as  follows: 

Proportion  of  sexes 


Peoples. 

Male. 

Female. 

Sex 
ratio. 6 

Native-born  whites 

Per  cent. 
50.6 
50.4 
50.9 

Per  cent. 
49.4 
49.6 
49.1 

102.5 

Mainland  Indians 

101.4 

I.  Southern  Ute  c 

103.7 

a  The  details  of  the  Twelfth  Census  on  this  point  are  not  yet  available. 
b  Number  of  males  to  each  100  females. 

c  Eleventh  census,  1890.    The  data  for  the  Navaho  are  the  least  accurate  and  it  is   very  likely  that 
some  proportion  of  males  belonging  to  Arizona  were  counted  among  the  Utah  contingent  of  the  tribe. 


38 


BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Proportion  of  sexes — Continued 


Peoples. 


II.  Apache: 

White  Mountainn 

San  Carlos  i' 

Meseaiero  « 

Jicarillao 

Walapai  a 

Havasupai  <• 

III.  Navaho: 

Arizona  d 

New  Mexico  d 

Utahd 

IV.  Pueblos: 

Hopia 

Zuni  a 

Rio  Grande  Pueblos <?.. 

V.  Papago:  Arizona  d 

VI.  Pima:  Arizona  d 

VII.  Maricopa  tf 

VIII.  Mohave: 

Colorado  River  agency 

Fort  Mohave  « 

IX.  Yuma: 

San  Carlos  reservation  d 
Yuma  reservation  <* . . . . 


Male 


Female. 


47.  S 

48.  S 
49.0 
41.1 
48.0 
51.1 
51.3 

48.6 
50.6 
5.5.4 

,50.4 
,50.  6 
54.  4 
.52.4 
50.  7 
52.  7 

52.0 
52.  9 

,53.3 
54.6 


Sex 
ratio. 


52.  2 

51.  2 

«l.O 

58.9 

51.4 

48.9 

48.7 

51.4 

49.4 

44.6 

49.6 
49.4 
45.0 
47.6 
49.3 
47.3 

48.0 
47.1 

46.7 
4,5.4 


91.6 
9,5.3 
96.1 
69.8 
94.6 
104  5 
105.3 

94.6 
102.4 
124.2 

101.6 
102.4 
119.3 

no.  1 

102.8 
111.4 

108.3 
112.3 

114.1 
120.3 


The  proportion  of  males  to  females  is  remarkably  low  among  the 
Apache  proper,  this  condition  being  undoubtedly  a  result  of  the  great 
loss  of  males  in  the  earlier  years  of  their  history  by  death  in  raids 
and  war  or  by  capture. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  excess  of  males  is  considerably  higher 
among  the  relatively  pacific  Rio  Grande  Pueblos,  Papago,  Maricopa, 
Mohave,  and  Yuma,  and  from  slightly  to  moderately  higher  among 
several  of  the  remaining  tribes,  than  among  the  American  whites. 
This  is  an  interesting  condition,  which  calls  for  elucidation. 

Unfortunately,  adequate  and  reliable  statistics  as  to  the  proportion 
of  the  sexes  at  birth  and  as  to  relative  mortality  are  not  yet  obtain- 
able. Limited  direct  inquiries  by  the  writer  show  the  following  con- 
dition as  to  births: 

Thirty-seven  San  Carlos  Apache  women  beyond  the  child-bearing 
period  when  inquiries  were  made^  had  brought  forth  a  total  of, 
boys,  53.49  per  cent;  girls,  46.51  per  cent. 

a  Report  of  agents  to  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  1904. 

!<  Ibid.,  1901,  1904. 

c  Il)id.,  1903.. 

d  Eleventh  Census,  1.S90.  The  data  for  the  Navaho  are  the  least  accurate  and  it  is  very  likely  that 
some  proportion  of  males  belonging  to  Arizona  were  coimted  among  the  Utah  contingent  of  the  tribe. 

e  Of  ages  approximately  from  ,50  to  80.  The  numbers  represent  all  the  old  women  of  fair  intelligence 
met  with  during  tlie  studies.  No  difficulties  were  encountered  in  obtaining  the  answers,  and,  as  every 
living  and  dead  child  had  to  be  specified,  the  opportimity  for  error,  if  any,  was  but  slight. 


hedlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


39 


Thirty-five  Pima  women,  beyond  the  child-bearing  period  at 
the  same  time,  had  brought  forth  a  total  of,  boys,  52.84  per  cent; 
girls,  47.16  per  cent. 

According  to  these  data  the  number  of  boys  at  birth  among  the 
Apache  was  as  115  and  among  the  Pima  as  112.1  to  100  girls.  This 
exceeds  anything  ever  observed  with  living  births  among  the  whites. 
Among  white  Americans  during  the  year  1900  the  births  were  only 
104.9  boys  to  100  girls,  while  among  Europeans  (except  Jews,  among 
whom  it  is  higher)  the  ratio  averages,  according  to  Diising,  Nichols, 
Srdiolo,  and  others,  about  106  to  100.  It  is  probable  the  excess  of 
males  over  females  wherever  it  occurs  in  the  Southwestern  tribes  is 
due  primarily  to  the  large  birth  rate  of  male  children. 

Yet  peculiarities  of  the  death  rate  may  also  in  some  instances  be  U 
factor.  In  one  of  the  above  series  (the  Piman),  owing  probably  to 
exceptional  conditions  of  life,  the  percentage  of  females  dead  at  the 
time  of  inquiry  exceeded  somewhat  that  of  males."  While  a  factor 
not  yet  clearly  understood,  a  considerable  excess  of  males  is  not 
regarded  as  conducive  to  the  preservation  of  the  race. 

With  regard  to  families  in  which  one  or  the  other  sex  predomi- 
nates, the  data  obtained  by  the  writer  are  as  follows : 


Tribes. 


Women  who  had 
more  boys  than 
girls. 


Women  who  had 
more  girls  than 
boys. 


Number,  i  Per  cent.  Number 


Percent. 


Women  who  had 
an  equal  number 
of  boys  and  girls. 


Number.   Percent 


San  Carlos  Apache. 
Pima 


The  whole  subject  is  deserving  of  further  attention.  The  United 
States  Census  or  the  Office  of  Indian  Affairs  would  render  a  valuable 
service  to  science  by  the  extension  of  this  line  of  inquiry  to  all  tribes 
and  to  all  or  at  least  a  large  number  of  Indian  women  of  and  beyond 
the  cliild-bearing  period.  The  inquiry  here  suggested  should  be 
extended  further  to  include  Indian  women  married  to  whites  and 
women  of  mixed  blood. 

Population  by  Ages 

It  is  very  desirable  and  would  be  equally  instructive  to  have 
accurate  data  regarding  longevity  among  the  various  Indian  tribes 
and  the  proportion  of  individuals  of  different  ages  composing  them. 
Unfortunately,  in  this  case,  as  with  many  other  points  of  inquiry,  the 
investigator  meets  with  a  great  obstacle — the  lack  of  age  records. 
The  uneducated  Indian — and  such  are  the  majority  of  those  dealt  with 
in  this  work — does  not  keep  any  record  of  his  age  or  of  that  of  his 


>  See  also  next  two  chapters  and  detail  table  under  Size  of  Families. 


40 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


children.  With  patient  inquiry  it  is  often  possible  to  arrive  at  a  close 
approximation  to  the  age  of  a  particular  person,  but  with  large 
numbers  the  method  is  not  practicable.  Estimating  age  on  the  basis 
of  ascertained  cases  is,  except  with  smaller  children,  really  the  only 
other  means  that  can  be  employed  with  any  considerable  degree  of 
success.  This  method  may  be  of  service,  provided  the  limits  allowed 
in  the  estimates,  especially  in  the  case  of  persons  above  middle  age, 
are  quite  liberal. 

The  Twelfth  Census  gives  the  nearest  approach  yet  attained  to 
reliable  data  on  population  by  ages  among  the  Indians.  The  count 
applies  to  all  the  tribes  in  bulk ;  as  there  are  individuals  among  many 
of  these  tribes  more  or  less  educated  and  taught  to  pay  attention  to 
age,  errors,  with  their  attendant  effects,  inevitable  elsewhere,  are 
lessened.  Another  favorable  feature  is  the  fact  that,  with  the  more 
primitive  tribes,  who  are  segregated  on  reservations,  the  enumerator 
was  generally  the  agent  or  some  one  else  well  acquainted  with  the 
Indians  and  thus  less  likely  than  an  outsider  to  make  gross  errors 
in  recording  ages.  Yet  the  results  furnished,  which  follow,  should 
not  be  looked  on  as  wholly  accurate. 

Population  by  ages  °' 


Ages. 

232,562  Indiaas  of  the  mainland. 

40,837,331  native  whites  in  United  States 
born  of  native  parents. 

Males. 

Females. 

Sex  ratio.'' 

Males. 

Females. 

Sex  ratio. 6 

Per  thousand. 

Per  thousand. 

Per  thousand. 

Per  thousand. 

All  ages 

503. 59 

15.26 

496. 41 
15.21 

101.4 
100.3 

508. 68 
14.39 

491. 32 
13.95 

103.5 

Under  1  year 

103.2 

Under  5  years 

72.96 

71.98 

101.4 

67.91 

65.91 

103.0 

5  to  9  years 

68.85 

68.47 

100.6 

64.27 

62.45 

100.0 

10  to  14  years 

62.04 

58.27 

106.5 

57.91 

56.21 

103.0 

15  to  19  years 

.52.91 

50.96 

103.  8 

51.98 

51.73 

100.5 

20  to  24  years 

43.78 

41.75 

104.9 

46.62 

46.57 

100.1 

25  to  29  years 

36.57 

34.86 

104.9 

40.03 

38.54 

103.9 

30  to  34  years 

29.32 

28.87 

■   101.0 

33.61 

31.51 

100.6 

35  to  39  years 

26.41 

25. 82 

102.3 

29.19 

27.12 

107.0 

40  to  44  years 

25. 18 

25.15 

100.1 

26.86 

24. 68 

108.8 

45  to  49  years 

21.79 

20.91 

104.2 

•     22.95 

20.82 

110.2 

50  to  54  years 

18.86 

18.39 

102.6 

19.88 

18.12 

109.7 

55  to  59  years 

12.  .53 

12.77 

98.1 

14.83 

14.67 

101.1 

60  to  64  years 

11.42 

12.81 

89.1 

11.84 

11.81 

100.3 

65  to  69  years 

7.77 

8.59 

90.4 

8.86 

8.77 

101.0 

70  to  74  years 

5.91 

7.03 

84.1 

5.99 

5.98 

100.0 

75  to  79  years 

3.14 

3.85 

81.6 

3.  .'58 

3.67 

97.5 

80  to  84  years 

2.16 

3.17 

08. 1 

1.69 

1.84 

91.8 

85  to  89  years 

.80 

1.28 

62.5 

.56 
Per  million. 

.69 
Per  million. 

81.2 

90  to  94  years 

.71 
Per  million. 

.92 
Per  million. 

77.2 

118.00 

174.00 

67.  8 

95  to  99  years 

232.00 

305. 00 

76.1 

17.00 

34.00 

50.0 

100  years  and  over. 

224. 00 

2.')4.00 

88.2 

3. 00 

6.00 

50.0 

a  Prepared  by  the  writer  from  data  of  the  Twelfth  Census,  1900,  i,  ii, Population. 
h  Numljcr  of  males  to  each  100  females. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  41 

The  above  figures  are  remarkable  in  a  number  of  particulars;  how- 
ever, they  embody  the  complex  results  not  only  of  natural  but  also  of 
social  conditions.  It  is  plain  that  in  general  the  cycle  of  life  with  the 
Indians  and  the  native  white  Americans  is  much  the  same.  In  de- 
tails, the  Indian  population  shows  a  greater  proportion  per  thousand 
of  young  and  again  of  very  old  people  and  a  less  proportion  of  those 
of  the  intermediate  years  than  whites.  At  present  the  Indians  have 
relatively  more  males  than  the  whites  during  all  the  years  up  to  20, 
and  again  during  all  the  years  above  80,  and  relatively  fewer  between 
20  and  80;  they  also  have  relatively  more  females  than  the  whites 
during  all  the  years  up  to  15  and  from  40  to  55,  60  to  65,  and  above 
70,  but  relatively  fewer  during  the  intermediate  periods.  These  facts 
suggest  a  good  Indian  birth  rate,  a  large  death  rate  during  adoles- 
cence and  adult  life,  and  possibly  somewhat  greater  longevity  of  those 
who  survive  to  old  age.  However,  the  Indian  population  still  shows 
to  some  extent  the  results  of  former  wars,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
destructive  Civil  war  may  yet  show  its  influence  in  some  of  the  series 
of  whites. 

The  proportion  of  nonagenarians  and  especially  centenarians  among 
the  Indians  is  far  in  excess  of  that  among  native  white  Americans. 
It  may  be  objected  that  the  sources  of  error  are  apt  to  be  greater 
among  the  Indians  in  such  cases,  and  that  the  low  ratio  for  males 
between  80  and  90  years  of  age  may  signify  that  some  individuals 
of  this  group  were  classed  as  older,  but  the  objection  is  not  so  serious 
as  might  be  anticipated,  on  account  of  the  marked  general  interest 
centering  about  the  oldest  in  every  tribe;  at  all  events,  no  ordinary 
error  could  account  for  the  extreme  disproportion  of  centenarians 
observed,  viz,  224  per  million  of  Indians  to  3  per  million  of  whites. 
The  relative  excess  of  aged  persons  (80  years  and  above)  among  the 
Indians  can  signify  only  that  the  infirmities  and  diseases  known  ordi- 
narily as  those  of  old  age  are  less  grave  among  them — a  conclusion 
in  harmony  with  general  observation. 

The  sex  ratio,  while  apparently  following  the  same  law  in  the  two 
races,  presents,  nevertheless,  some  interesting  difi^erences,  particularly 
in  more  advanced  age.  A  striking  feature  is  the  excess  of  males  over 
females  among  the  whites  up  to  the  seventy-fifth  year,  among  the 
Indians  up  to  the  fifty-fifth  year,  and  an  excess  of  females  over  males 
during  all  later  years.  The  aged  male  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as  of  the 
whites,  meets  death  on  the  average  somewhat  earlier  than  the  aged 
female. 

Size  of  Families 

Concerning  the  size  of  families  of  the  Indians  of  the  Southwest, 
and  particularly  those  in  northern  Mexico,  official  vital  statistics 
are  lacking,  and  accurate  individual  observations  are  not  yet  exten- 


42  BUREAIT    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

sive.  Several  points  are,  nevertheless,  plain.  The  birth  rate  is 
usually  high,  but  as  the  mortality  also  is  high,  large  families  are  un- 
common. But  even  as  it  is,  were  it  not  for  the  occurrence  of  epi- 
demics all  the  better  conditioned  tribes  of  this  region  would  be 
increasing  in  numbers. 

Among  the  Southern  Ute  the  average  number  of  living  children  to 
a  family  was  reported  in  1890  as  3."^  According  to  the  writer's  own 
notes,  the  living  children  in  families  of  this  tribe  range  from  2  to  5, 
beins  more  often  nearer  the  former  than  the  latter  number:  but  the 
results  of  the  inquiries,  owing  to  the  unfriendly  disposition  of  the 
people,  were  unsatisfactory.  A  Ute  woman  who  had  borne  15  children 
was  reported  as  living  on  the  eastern  end  of  the  reservation.  The 
Southern  Ute  as  a  whole,  however,  have  been  slowly  but  steadily 
decreasing  in  numbers. 

Among  4,041  San  Carlos  and  White  Mountain  Apache  in  1890 
there  were  nearly  600  families,  including  1,383  married  persons,  who 
had  living  195  children  under  1  year  of  age  (20.7  per  thousand  of 
population,  or  about  1  to  every  three  families) .  At  White  Mountain 
the  writer  was  informed  of  several  women  who  had  given  birth  to  9 
or  10  children  each. 

Special  inquiries  along  similar  lines  were  made  among  the  San 
Carlos  Apache  and  the  Pima.'' 

Among  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  37  women,  all  beyond  the  child-bear- 
ing period,  had  borne  258  children,  an  average  of  nearly  7  each.  One 
of  the  37  had  12,  one  11,  six  10,  and  seven  9  children  each.  Among 
the  Pima,  35  women  beyond  menopause  had  borne  246  children,  or  an 
average  of  a  little  more  than  7  each.  There  were  three  among  these 
women  who  had  never  borne  a  child,  and  should  these  be  ignored  the 
average  of  children  born  of  the  others  rises  to  7.7.  Four  had  borne 
12,  two  11,  four  10,  and  four  9  children  each.  (See  tables  at  the  end 
of  the  chapter.) 

As  the  two  tribes  may  be  safely  taken  as  representatives  of  a  large 
number  of  others  living  under  similar  conditions,  it  is  evident  that 
the  fertility  of  the  Indian  woman  is  in  many  localities,  if  not  gen- 
erally, equal  to  the  preservation  of  the  race.  It  is  not  a  deficient 
birth  rate  but  great  mortality  which  keeps  the  majority  of  the  tribes 
from  increasing  rapidly.  , 

The  living  Navaho  family  is  generally  moderate  in  .size,  but  the 
tribe  is  increasing  in  numbers.  The  living  Hopi  family  also  is  usually 
of  moderate  size.  In  1890  the  latter  people  numbered  1,996  persons, 
of  whom  there  were,  under  6  ye'hrs,  288;  between  6  and  18  years,  590; 
and  above  18  years,  1,118.     There  were  364  heads  of  families,  which 


a  Special  Agent  G.  D.  Merton,  in  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  229,  Washington,  1894. 

b  These  two  tribes  were  chcsen  for  detailed  stiidieg  because  tliey  represent  physically  the  most  diverse 
groups  of  the  Southwest  and  of  northern  Mexico.  The  Pima  are  dolichocephalic,  the  Apache  highly 
brachycephalle,  Ijesldes  having  other  points  of  difference. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  48 

gives  on  the  average  5.5  living  persons  to  a  family.  The  tribe  seems 
to  be  slightly  increasing  in  numbers,  although  it  has  suffered  much 
from  epidemics. 

In  1900  the  Zuni,  according  to  data  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  D.  D. 
Graham,  agent  of  the  tribe,  with  a  population  of  1,525,  had  267  fam- 
ilies, which  gives  5.7  as  the  average  number  of  living  persons  in  each. 
The  births  from  July  1,  1903,  to  June  30,  1904,  amounted  to  41  (27 
per  thousand),  the  deaths  in  the  same  period  to  37.  The  tribe  as  a 
whole  is  scarcely  maintaining  its  numbers. 

Among  the  San  Xavier  Papago  the  ordinary  number  of  living 
children  in  a  family  ranges  from  3  to  5.  In  the  largest  family 
brought  to  the  writer's  attention  there  had  been  12  children,  but  most 
of  these  were  dead.  The  people  of  this  tribe  are,  in  all  probability, 
increasing. 

Of  late  the  Maricopa  are  decreasing  in  number,  though  the  reason 
is  not  clear.  The  people  are  strong  physically  and  in  no  way  de- 
graded. 

No  reliable  statistics  as  to  the  size  of  the  Mohave  family  are  at 
hand,  but  the  mortality  is  large  and  the  tribe  hardly  holds  its  own. 
Among  the  551  Mohave  temporarily  settled  on  the  San  Carlos  reser- 
vation in  1890,  the  married  persons  numbered  239;"  the  children 
under  1  year  of  age,  17  (31  per  thousand);  number  of  births  during 
the  year,  17  (31  per  thousand);  number  of  deaths,  also  17  (31  per 
thousand) . 

The  240  Yuma  on  the  San  Carlos  reservation  in  1890  constituted 
48  families,''  averaging  5  living  persons  to  a  family;  there  were  among 
them  6  children  under  1  year  of  age  (25  per  thousand).  Among 
the  Colorado  River  Yuma  Dr.  W.  E.  Ferrebee  reports  at  the  same 
period  *=  that  "the  families  average  3  or  4  children  (living)  each." 
The  people  are,  at  present,  in  all  probability  holding  their  own  in 
numbers  or  increasing  slightly. 

With  regard  to  the  families  of  the  northern  Mexican  Indians 
official  data  are  wanting.  Among  the  Sonora  Opata,*^  the  Yaqui,  and 
probably  the  Pima,  according  to  the  writer's  observations  and  infor- 
mation, the  women  are  decidedly  prolific,  even  though  large  fam- 
ilies are  seldom  reared;  from  a  number  of  causes  elsewhere  unusual, 
the  tribes  are,  however,  rather  diminishing  in  numbers.  Among  the 
Tepehuane,  Huichol,  and  Cora  the  living  family  is,  on  the  average, 
of  moderate  size ;  and  among  the  more  degraded  Otomi  as  well  as  the 
Aztec  it  is  often  small,  in  all  probability  insufficient  to  keep  up  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  people. .   Among  the  purer-blooded  and 

a  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  152,  Washington,  1894. 
b  Ibid.,  153. 
clbid.,  221. 

d  See  limited  data  on  p.  79  in  writer's  Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  4-nieTican  Anthro- 
pologist, VI,  no.  1,  Jan. -Mar.,  1904. 


44 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


more  primitive  Otomi,  iii  districts  like  that  of  Fajayucan  in  Hidalgo, 
the  families  are  larger. 

The  following  detailed  data  on  the  San  Carlos  Apache  and  the  Pima 
clearly  show  the  large  birth  rate  and  great  mortality  in  youth.  They 
demonstrate  also  the  before-mentioned  large  sex  ratio  at  birth. 

The  disproportion  of  males  and  females  among  the  surviving  Pima 
children  in  this  enumeration  must  be  regarded  as  accident  ah 

Detailed  family  data 
SAN  CARLOS  APACHE 


No. 


Subject. 


Total 
born. 


Living. 


Girls. 


i  Total. 


Boys.    Girls. 


Dead. 


Total.   Boys.    Girls 


Mis- 
car- 
riages 
and 
causes. 


Elderly  woman 

Old  woman 

do ; 

Elderly  woman 

Old  woman 

do 

....do 

do 

Elderly  woman 

Woman  about  50  years. 

Elderly  woman 

do 

Old  woman 

Woman  (daughter  of 
preceding,  has  not 
reached  menopause, 
about  40  years) 

Old  woman 

Woman  about  45  or  50. . 

Old  woman 

Elderly  woman 

Woman  about  45  (has 
not  yet  reached 
menopause) 

Old  woman 

Elderly  woman 

Old  woman 

do 

Woman  about  50 

Elderly  woman 

Old  woman 

Elderly  woman,  past 
iHenopause 

Old  woman 

do 

do 

do 

do 


0 

13 
0 
1 
0 


0 
0 
0 
0 

12 

cl 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


a  Cause:  In  all  instances,  carrying  heavy 
b  Both  female  children;  1  miscarriages  due 
c Cause:  riding  horseback. 


loads, 
to  fall, 


other,  to  carrying  too  heavy  load  of  wood. 


hbdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


45 


Detailed  family  data — Continued 
SAN  CARLOS  APACHE— Continued 


Subject. 

Total 
chil- 
dren 

born. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

laving. 

Dead. 

Mis- 

No. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

riages 

and 

causes. 

33 
34 

Woman  about  50 

Woman  about  45 

..  ..do 

9 

8 
2 
9 
5 

7 
4 
0 
4 
4 

2 
4 
2 
5 

1 

e 

5 
2 
4 
1 

4 
4 
0 
2 
1 

2 
1 
2 
2 
0 

3 
3 
0 
5 

4 

3 
0 
0 
2 
3 

0 
3 
0 
3 

1 

0 
0 

?6 

0 

V 

do 

0 

Total  (37  women) . 

258 

138 

120 

103 

55 

48 

155 

83 

72 

8 

o  Mother  had  syphilis;  not  counted  with  the  others. 

RECAPITULATION 

[37  San  Carlos  Apache  women] 


Subjects  investigated. 

Total. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 
born. 

Percent- 
age of 
number 
of  living 
and 
dead. 

Ratio 

(females 

=100). 

Total  births                                                  -              

0  258 

1 

138 
120 

53.50 
46.50 

115 

Girls 

103 

39.92 

55 

48 

39.85 
40.00 

53.40 
46.60 

114.6 

Girls 

Total  died                                                                

155 

60.08 

Boys                                                               

83 

72 

60.15 
60.00 

53.55 
46.45 

115.3 

Girls                                      

a  Average  7  (6.97) . 

Miscarriages:  8  in  36  women  =  22  per  100  women,  or  1  to  32  normal  births;  and  7  in  1  woman,  due 
to  specific  infection. 

PIMA 


Subject. 

Total 
chil- 
dren 
born. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Living. 

Dead. 

Mis- 
car- 
riages. 

No. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Twins. 

1 

Woman  about  70 

6 

2 

4 

2 

2 

0 

4 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

Woman  about  55 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

3 

Woman  about  60 

12 

8 

4 

4 

3 

1 

8 

5 

3 

0 

0 

4 

.do 

10 
0 
6 

2 
0 

1 

8 
0 
5 

3 

0 
6 

0 

0 
1 

3 
0 
5 

7 
0 
0 

2 
0 
0 

5 
0 
0 

0 
1 
0 

0 

5 

Old  woman            . 

0 

6 

Woman  about  60 

0 

7 

Woman  about  55  or  60. 

9 

7 

2 

2 

2 

0 

7 

5 

2 

0 

0 

8 

Woman  about  70 

11 

8 

3 

2 

2 

0 

9 

6 

3 

0 

0 

q 

Old  woman 

10 
0 

6 
0 

4 
0 

5 
0 

4 
0 

1 
0 

5 
0 

2 
0 

3 
0 

0 
0 

0 

10 

Woman  about  55 

0 

11 

Woman  about  70 

7 

3 

4 

3 

1 

2 

4 

2 

2 

0 

0 

46 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

Detailed  family  data — Continued 
PIMA— Continued 


[bull.  34 


No. 


Subject. 


Elderly  woman. . .... 

Old  woman 

do 

do 

Woman  about  70 

Old  woman 

Woman  about  BO 

Woman  about  45 
(daughter  of  pre- 
ceding)   

Old  woman 

Woman  55  to  tiO 

Old  woman 

Woman  about  MO 

Woman  about  50 

Woman  about  (i5 

Woman  about  60 

Woman  about  65 

Woman  about  80 

Woman  about  55 

Woman  about  f)5 

Old  woman 

Woman  about  60 

Woman  about  65 

do 

Old  woman 


Total 
chil- 
dren 
born. 


Boys. 


laving. 


Total.  Boys. i Girls. 


Total  (35  women)!      246 


Dead. 

I   Mis- 

car- 
Total.  Boys.  Girls,  riages, 


130  I     116 


0 

0 

1 

1 

6 

3 

1 

0 

2 

0 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

3 

2 

1 

4 

4 

1 

0 

0 

0 

5 

2 

2 

1 

83 

48 

(«) 


Twins. 


5 

3  j 
0  i 


1     1  pair. 


(a) 


4 

3 

5 

2 

1 

1 

9 

5 

2 

1 

10 

3 

163 

82 

0 
0 

1 

w 

0 

''  1 
I) 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

(I 

0 
0 


"Not  1  living  child. 

RECAPITULATION 
[35  Pima  women] 


b  Girl. 


Subjects  investigated. 

Total. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 
born. 

Percent- 
age of 
number 
ofliving 
and 
dead. 

Ratio 
(females 
=100). 

ToImI    liirths 

a  246 

130 
116 

52. 85 
47. 15 

112 

Girls 1 

Total  surviving                                                                                    .   . 

83 

33.74 

Boys 

48 
35 

36.92 
30. 17 

57.83 
42.17 

137 

Girls 

Total  died 

163 

66.26 

Boys  . 

82 
81 

63.08 
69. 83 

50.31 
49.69 

101 

Girls 

« .\vnrage,  7.03. 

Miscarriages:  4  in  34  women  =  12  per  100  women,  or  1  to  01  normal  births;  and  6  in  1  woman,  due  to 
specific  infection. 


hkdlicka]         physiological  and  medical  obseevations  47 

Reproduction 

In  this  chapter  are  taken  up  the  more  direct  observations  among 
the  tribes,  which,  it  seems  to  tlie  writer,  begin  logically  with  data 
relating  to  reproduction  and  the  first  stages  of  the  life  of  the  Indian. 
The  notes  on  the  several  topics  included  under  this  heading  are,  as 
with  other  subjects,  necessarily  somewhat  combined  with  matter 
relating  to  the  habits  and  views  of  the  people. 

MARRIAGE 

Marital  life  among  the  Indians  of  the  southwestern  United  States 
and  northern  Mexico  is  entered  into  on  the  average  at  an  earlier 
age  than  among  the  whites.  While  not  generally  a  result  of 
mutual  attraction,  a  degree  of  mutual  pleasing,  at  least,  is  usually 
considered  essential  to  the  union.  The  practice  of  obtaining  a  wife 
by  rape  does  not  exist.  Voluntary  loss  of  chastity  on  the  part  of 
the  unmarried  woman,  while  not  very  frequent,  is  not  regarded  as  a 
serious  obstacle  to  future  marriage.  Often,  though  less  directly  than 
among  whites,  the  girl  exercises  the  right  of  acceptance,  and  the 
married  woman  the  privilege  of  separation. 

The  married  state  among  all  the  Indians  visited  has  been  in  the 
past  and  still  is  less  stable  than  among  the  whites,  though  hardly 
less,  moral.  There  is  no  poly^mdry.  In  former  years  polygamy: 
was  general  among  the  Indians  of  southwestern  United  States,  andj 
among  most  of  the  less  civilized  tribes  of  northern  Mexico ;  it  still  I 
exists  among  the  latter,  and  only  recently,  under  compulsion,  is  it ' 
being  abandoned  by  the  Apache  and  other  tribes  in  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico.  There  are  reasons  for  believing  that  obligatory 
defloration  of  marriageable  girls,  promiscuous  sexual  intercourse, 
and  possibly  even  pedera  5ty  (ceremonial)  still  take  place  occasion- 
ally in  a  few  of  the  tribes.  Since  polygamy  ceased  the  separation  of 
husbands  and  wivrs  iind  iheir  remarriage  to  others  are  particularly 
common  among  the  Indians  of  southwestern  United  States.  Such 
conduct  is  not  regarded  among  these  tribes  as  in  any  way  deroga- 
tory to  tli3  participants. 

Intermarriage  of  near  relatives  is  not  known  among  any  of  the 
tribes  visited,  even  where  the  exogamous  clans  have  ceased  to  exist. 
It  is  not  uncommon,  however,  for  the  more  distant  cousins  to  unite  | 
in  marriage,  or  for  a  woman  to  bear  children  to  her  stepfather  or  to' 
her  sister's  husband.  Among  the  smaller  tribes,  as  the  Havasupai 
and  some  of  the  Pueblos,  there  must  of  necessity  be  considerable 
intermarriage  among  more  distant  relatives. 

Among  the  Southern  Ute,  accordmg  to  information  given  by  the 
Indians  themselves,  sexual  life  begins  at  an  early  age;  but  marriage 
does  not  seem  to  be  entered  into  generally  quite  as  early  as  among 


48  BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

the  Navaho  and  some  of  the  other  Indian  tribes  visited.     It  is  not 

rare  to  find  in  the  tribe  unmarried  men  and  women  more  than  18  and 

even  20  years  of  age.     Polygamy,  though  infrequent,  is  still  met  with. 

Leaving  or  changing  Avives  or  husbands  is  not  uncommon,  especially 

among  the  Wiminuche.     Sexual  morality  in  general  in  1900,  at  the 

time  of  the  writer's  visit  to  the  tribe,  was  of  a  rather  low  order. 

\      Among  most  of  the  Apache  the  event  of  a  girl  reaching  puberty  is 

an  occasion  for  a  feast  which  her  parents  give,  announcing  her  arrival 

I  at  womanhood."     According  to  statements  made  to  the  writer  by 

^laen  of  the  tribe,  only  a  few  girls  attain  the  age  of  16  years  or  more 

without  marrykig;  he  saw,  however,  two  girls  not  yet  married,  each 

of  whom  was  surely  more  than  18. 

Among  the  Apache  as  well  as  among  the  Navaho  the  girl  is  given 
to  a  husband  after  he  has  made  gifts  of  horses  and  blankets  to  her 
family,''  but  the  woman  is  not  bought  as  a  passive  chattel.  Among 
the  Wliite  Mountain  Apache  the  accepted  young  man  is  allowed  to 
live  sexually  with  his  prospective  wife  for  some  time  before  marriage'' 
takes  place,  and  they  can  separate  if  not  mutually  satisfied.  The  final 
marriage  is  very  simple. 
/     It  is  not  rare  for  a  young  mail  to  marry  a  rather  old  woman.     The 

C writer  witnessed  one  such  instance  as  late  as  1905.  The  explanation 
given  of  this  is  that  on  the  one  side  the  woman  secures  a  young, 
strong  man  to  work  the  fields,  while  on  the  other  side  the  woman  is 
usuall}'^  one  having  a  daughter  approaching  maturity,  who  also  in  the 
course  of  time  becomes  the  man's  wife  (or  concubine). 

a  Among  the  White  Mountain  people  the  first  appearance  of  menses  is  celebrated  by  an  all-day  feast 
in  which  friends  are  called  to  participate.  They  kill  a  cow  and  have  "lots  of  coffee  and  bread,"  and 
beat  the  drum  the  whole  day.  The  first  menstruation  day  is  a  fortunate  day,  and  the  people  pray 
that  all  may  be  well  with  the  girl,  and  that  she  may  become  a  good  and  healthy  woman  and  a  good 
mother.  They  also  pray  for  general  plenty.  Although  the  feast  serves  as  a  notice  that  the  girl  has 
become  a  woman,  marriage  may  not  be  arranged  until  much  later.  The  San  Carlos  Apache  no  longer 
observe  the  feast. 

b  Marriages  among  the  Apache  are  now  often  the  result  of  mutual  liking.  The  exceptions  are  mostly 
in  the  case  of  old  men  who  secure  wives  much  younger,  or  young  men  married  by  older  women.  By 
some  of  the  old  people  the  girl  is  given  less  choice  than  l)y  others  more  decidedly  affected  by  modern 
views,  the  marriage  arrangement  in  such  cases  being  principally  the  affair  of  the  parents.  The  father 
and  mother  of  the  girl  are  approached  by  the  parents  of  the  boy,  and  there  are  four  talks  concerning 
the  marriage,  after  which  a  decision  is  given.  The  husljand  to  be  must  furnish  a  number  of  horses, 
cows,  saddles,  blankets,  buckskins,  and  other  things  of  value,  which  are,  or  should  be,  divided 
among  the  bride's  relatives.  In  return  the  people  of  the  bride  are  expected  to  supply  certain  things 
of  value  for  the  bridegroom's  relatives.  By  this  arrangement  both  parties  are  often  in  the  end  nearly 
even;  but  there  is  opportunity  for  the  exercise  of  selfishness  or  greed. 

c  The  marriage  is  arranged  by  intermediaries  who  are  usually  old  men.  These  go  to  the  house  of  the 
girl's  parents  and  arrange  the  barter.  When  this  is  concluded,  the  liridegroom  is  at  liberty  to  come 
every  night  to  the  wife's  camp, or  she  to  his,  until  a  khuva  (typical  native  hut,pl.ii,r)  is  built  by  the 
girl.  If  both  parties  are  content,  then  the  marriage  is  considered  as  concluded.  If  not,  they  may  sep- 
arate, the  articles  given  are  mutually  returned,  and  their  relations  are  at  an  end. 

Among  the  Jicarillas  marriage  takes  place  in  the  following  mannei:  A  young  man  desiring  to  marry 
a  certain  girl  goes  to  her  father  and  makes  arrangements  for  obtaining  her.  If  everything  is  satisfac- 
tory, he  buys  cloth  for  a  tipi,  a  supply  of  calico,  and  whatever  is  needed  for  housekeeping.  He  takes 
these  to  the  house  of  the  girl's  parents.  With  the  assistance  of  her  mother  and  perhaps  her  sister,  the 
girl  makes  up  the  cloth  into  a  tipi  and  the  calico  into  dresses.  When  all  is  ready,  the  tipi  is  set  up 
and  without  further  ceremony  the  bridegroom  joins  his  bride  in  their  new  home.  The  relatives  of 
the  girl  receive  but  little  compensation. 


HRDUCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL,    OBSERVATIONS  49 

Divorce  is  easily  accomplished  in  the  tribe,  and  the  man  and 
woman„  remarry ,  usually  Without  difficulty.  There  are  cases  even  at 
the  present  time  in  which  comparatively  young  men  educated  in  white 
schools  have  had  a  half  dozen  or  more  wives. 

As  to  polygamy,  there  were  in  1890  among  about  600  married 
Apache  men  on  the  White  Mountain  and  Fort  Apache  reservations 
87  who  had  two  and  nine  who  liad_Jlirgg^wi^es  ea.ch.^  At  the  time 
of  the  writer's  vfsit  iiiTOOOthe  number  of  polygamous  marriages,  as 
a  consequence  of  the  efforts  of  the  agents,  was  much  smaller.  Among 
the  San  Carlos,  Jicarilla,  and  Mescalero  Apache  polygamy  appar- 
ently has  ceased  to  exist. 

There  is  prostitution  among  the  White  Mountain  Apache  and  also 
among  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  with  the  whites  as  well  as  intratribal, 
and  the  same  is  probably  true  of  the  Mescaleros.  Among  the  Jica- 
rillas,  however,  mainly  from  the  fear  of  a  possible  introduction  of 
venereal  diseases,  the  women  are  threatened  with  death  for  sexual 
transgressions  with  white  men  and  shun  such  relations.  The  fact 
that  a  girl  has  borne  a  child  before  marriage  does  not  bring  her  into 
great  discredit  among  any  of  the  Apache. 

Among  the  Navaho  girls  marry  quite  early  (after  puberty),  but 
the  young  men,  obliged  to  accumulate  some  property  before  they  can 
obtain  brides,  marry  at  later  ages.  The  writer  has  seen  several 
brides  of  from  about  14  to  16  years  of  age,  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
has  met  a  number  of  adult  individuals  of  both  sexes  who,  though  in 
normal  health,  were  still  unmarried.  Some  of  the  richer  men  still 
have  two  or,  rarely,  three  wives.  In  one  of  the  families  living  near 
Pueblo  Bonito,  a  Navaho  is  married  to  two  sisters. 

All  the  Hopi  women,  the  writer  was  told  by  the  chiefs,  marry,  as 
do  all  the  men;  they  could  recall  but  one  man  who  remained  his 
[/  ^  whole_jife  single.  Marriage  results  often  from  mutual  attraction, 
though  the  arrangements  belong  to  the  parents.  It  may  take  place 
at  any  time  after  puberty,  but  at  present  a  girl  is  seldom  married 
before  her  sixteenth  year. 

The  Zuni  girls  marry  in  some  cases  soon  after  puberty*  (which 
takes  place  mostly  at  from  11  to  14  years  of  age) ;  the  majority,  how- 
ever, marry  «,t  from  15  to  18.  Sexual  indulgence  is  said  often  to 
precede  marriage;  illegitimate  children,  however,  are  considered  a 
disgrace. 

The  Papago  girls  in  the  more  civilized  villages  marry,  on  the  aver- 
age, rather  later  than  the  girls  of  the  nonreservation  Papago  and 
those  of  some  other  tribes.     At  San  Xavier  the  writer  was  informed 

a  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890, 150,  Washington,  1894. 

b  According  to  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson  (The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology,  303),  marriages  in  the  tribe  also  take  place  before  the  girl  has  reached  puberty 
(belated  puberty?). 

3452— Bull.  34—08 4 


50  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

that  a  marriage  before  the  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  year  on  the  part 
of  the  girl,  and  the  twentieth  on  that  of  the  young  man,  is  rare. 
Marriages  are  arranged  by  parents  ''when  they  think  the  boy  or  girl 
read}'  to  marry,"  the  feelings  of  the  parties  not  being  always  heeded. 
Individuals  who  never  marry  are  but  few. 

Marriage  among  the  Pima,  according  to  Chief  Antonio  Azul,  takes 
place  sometimes  from  love,  but  perhaps  more  often  by  the  will  of 
parents.  The  first  menstruation  is  regarded  as  indicating  fitness  for 
marriage.  Some  of  the  girls,  especially  before  the  large  boarding 
school  was  established,  married  at  as  early  an  age  as  14.  In  one 
case  both  the  young  mother  and  her  child  were  pupils  in  the  agency 
school. 

The  Mohave  young  men  and  women  do  not  live  together  before 
their  marriage.  There  is,  however,  but  little  restraint  on  sexual 
relations.  Not  a  few  girls  have  one  or  more  children  before  marriage, 
mostly  by  their  brothers-in-law  or  stepfathers.  There  is  but  little 
shame  attached  to  this  practice,  and  such  girls  marry  the  same  as 
others.  The  father  is  made  to  take  care  of  the  illegitimate  child, 
which  is  usuall}'^  called  by  some  ancient  name. 

Among  the  Yuma  on  the  Colorado,  according  to  reliable  reports, 
sexual  relations  with  girls  are  usually  established  soon  after  puberty 
and  quite  irrespective  of  marriage.  Prostitution,  especially  with 
whites,  appears  to  be  tolerated;  at  least,  there  are  indications  that 
it  is  not  uncommon.'^ 

Among  many  of  the  Mexican  tribes  much  that  related  to  marriage 
has  been  more  or  less  altered  by  views  resulting  from  contact  with 
whites  and  change  in  religion.  On  the  whole,  a  moderately  early 
marriage  (girls  16  to  18,  men  18  to  21)  is  favored.  Among  the  least 
civilized  tribes  the  conditions  are  much  like  those  among  the  major- 
ity of  the  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  Indians.  Chastity  in  a  girl  is  not 
held  very  high.  The  fact  that  a  girl  has  a  child  before  marriage,  or 
has  been  divorced,  is,  where  church  influence  does  not  reach,  of  little 
hindrance  to  marriage.  Some  intratribal  prostitution  is  everywhere 
freely  acknowledged,  and  wherever  the  natives  live  near  the  whites 
mixture,  both  clandestine  and  by  marriage,  is  prevalent.  Very  early 
marriages  (13  to  15  years)  take  place  occasionally  among  the  Tara- 
humare,  Huichol,  and  probably  among  others  of  the  more  primitive 
tribes.  Among  the  Tarahumare  old  men  seek  to  marry  young  girls. 
Among  the  Cora  the  parents  of  the  young  man  approach  those  of  the 
young  woman  whom  they  believe  to  be  suitable  for  their  son,  and  if 
an  agreement  is  reached  the  couple  are  married  even  if  not  known  to 
each  other.     Polygamy  is  stiU  prevalent  among  the  Tarahumare, 

o  Compare  accounts  in  the  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  and  those  in  the  Report  on 
Indians,  Eleventh  Censm,  1890.  Although  exaggeration  must  bo  guarded  against,  the  evidence  as  to 
the  dissolute  life  of  at  least  some  of  the  Yuma  women  is  ample. 


1-       ^-,^^ 


}  ■':      ■        J'^'^' 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  51 

Tepecano,  and  Hiiichol,  and  to  lesser  degrees  among  the  Cora  and 
Tepehiiane.  It  has  disappeared  wherever  the  white  man's  rehgion 
has  gained  a  firm  foothold. 

The  life  of  the  married  Indian  is  ordinarily,  as  the  writer  had  a 
chance  to  observe  in  many  localities  and  instances^  one  of  quiet  and 
contentment  rather  than  of  active,  demonstrative  happiness,  and  often 
one  _of  greater  independence  of  action  of^both,partie§„ than  among 
most  wliites.  It  is  decidedly  a  more  primitive,  more  natural  family 
life,  one  of  less  mutual  regard  as  well  as  helpfulness.  In  some  tribes 
the  husband  exercises  more  authority  over  his  wife  than  in  others. 
In  most  tribes  if  the  woman  displeases  her  husband,  or  if  he  becomes 
jealous,  she  is  Uable  to  be  maltreated  by  him.  AS22S  ^^^®  Huichol,  for 
6xainple,_  a  man  beat  his  wife  because  she  permitted  herself  to  be 
measured  by  the  writer  against  her  husband's  wishes;  the  woman  was 
oltLaJidit  could  hardly  have  been  a  question  of  jealousy.  Unf aithfid- 
ness  on  the  part  of  the  wife,  if  detected  by  the  husband,  is  generally 
punished  corporally.  Among  the  Apache,  until  about  twenty-five 
years  ago,  in  some  instances  the  jealous  husband  or  the  female  relatives 
cut  off  the  unfaitliful  wife's  nose;'*  in  rare  instances  the  husband 
killed  her. 

After  marriage,  conception  with  the  Indian  woman  occurs  usually 
without  much  delay.  There  were  no  signs  of  any  important  differ- 
ences, either  in  this  respect  or  in  the  periods  between  successive 
pregnancies,  as  compared  with  the  average  white  woman. 

Further  peculiarities  of  the  sexual  life  of  the  people  could  not  be 
inquired  into  with  profitable  results.  From  various  indications  the 
subject  does  not  offer  much  of  unusual  interest. 

There  are  no  mutilations  of  the  genital  organs,  wdth  one  possible 
exception.  An  artificial  production  of  the  so-called  "  mujerados,"  for 
purposes  of  ceremonial  pederasty,  among  some  of  the  Pueblos  was 
reported,  but  it  is  not  known  whether  this  is  still  practised.^ 

STERILE    women;    PREFERENCE    OF    SEX;    GESTATION 

Women  sterile  b}^  nature  occur  in  every  tribe,  but  the  proportion  is 
always  small. 

There  are  onl}^  a  few  childless  women,  known  as  Jca-tu-a^wit,  among 
the  Southern  Ute.  The  people  have  no  defmite  theory  concerning  the 
condition. 

Some  naturally  sterile  women  were  met  with  among  the  White 
Mountain  and  other  Apache.     There  is  no  special  term  by  which 

a  "As  a  pumshment  for  adultery  on  the  part  of  the  wife  [among  the  Apache]  the  nose  was  formerly  cut 
off,  but  this  practice  seems  to  have  been  abandoned  in  later  years,  for,  on  a  visit  among  them  and  after 
observing  about  3,000  Indians,  I  saw  only  seven  women  so  disfigured,  and  they  had  reached  or  passed 
the  middle  age."— Special  Agent  Stephen  Whited,  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890, 150. 

Four  women,  all  above  50  years  of  age,  with  their  noses  cut  off,  were  seen  by  the  writer  in  1905  at  San 
Carlos.    It  was  said  that  most  of  the  mutilations  were  the  work  of  the  other  women  of  the  tribe. 

b  Hammond,  "W.  A.,  Sexual  Impotence  in  the  Male,  New  York,  1883. 


52  BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

others  designate  such  women  except  tu-il-sih-ta  ('  'never-get-a-cliild"), 
and,  as  elsewhere,  not  much  attention  seems  to  be  given  to  the  condi- 
tion. At  San  Carlos  sterility  in  women  is  well  known,  and  is  believed 
by  the  women  to  be  the  men's  fault.  A  young  woman  who,  though 
well  developed  and  healthy  looking,  and  menstruating  regularly, 
remained  sterile,  was  pointed  out  to  the  writer.  Her  first  marriage 
was  dissolved  on  account  of  the  sterility,  on  the  supposition  that  the 
man  might  be  the  cause  of  it.  She  was  given  another  husband,  with 
whom  she  has  now  lived  for  more  than  two  years,  but  there  has  been 
no  conception.  Among  the  Navaho,  Zuni,  and  Papago  women  ste- 
rility is  rare.  A  few  sterile  women  were  j^ointed  out  to  the  writer 
among  the  Pueblos  and  the  Pima,  and  several  such,  known  as 
cha-aik  ("barren")  were  living  at  the  time  of  his  visit  among  the 
Mohave.  On  the  First  mesa  of  the  Hopi  there  were  in  1900  four 
women  who,  although  married  for  more  than  ten  years  each,  had 
never  become  pregnant.  Among  the  Tarahumare  sterile  women  are 
called  "mules."  The  Cora  told  the  writer  that-  occasionally  one  of 
their  women  has  no  child  until  the  third  or  fourth  year  after  marriage, 
and  a  few  have  never  borne  any.  Similar  accounts  as  to  childless 
women  were  heard  in  all  the  other  tribes.  The  opinion  that  the  male 
may  be  the  cause  of  the  childless  marriage  was  met  with  in  several 
tribes  besides  the  Apache. 

All  the  young  Indian  wives  want  to  have  children.  In  some  in- 
stances they  prefer  boys  to  girls;  in  others  they  desire  children  of 
both  sexes. 

Usually,  though  not  always,  the  White  Mountain  Apache  woman 
I  desires  a  boy.  In  this  tribe  when  a  pregnant  woman  wants  especially 
la  boy  or  a  girl,  she  calls  on  a  medicine-man  or  woman,  who  plays  on 
[the  violin,  uses  certain  incantations,  touches  the  woman's  abdomen, 
•and  gives  her  to  take  internally  some  of  the  much  used  sacred  yel- 
low tule  pollen  (hadntin) .  Women  who  wish  to  have  children,  or  who 
want  more  children  after  being  unfruitful  for  a  time,  are  sometimes  given 
by  a  medicine- woman  a  cluster  of  the  eggs  of  a  certain  spider;  this 
dose  is  handed  to  a  relative  to  put  into  meat  or  other  food  without 
being  cooked  or  otherwise  prepared,  to  be  given  the  patient  without 
her  knowledge.  It  is  supposed  that  the  many  eggs  of  the  particular 
spider  referred  to  will  bring  about  conception — in  other  words,  that 
the  prolificness  of  the  spider  will  induce  a  similar  condition  in  the 
woman.  The  San  Carlos  and  the  Tonto  Apache  women  want  girls  as 
well  as  boys,  for  the  former  would  soon  be  able  to  aid  the  mother  in  her 
domestic  duties. 

On  one  occasion  the  Walapai  women  were  observed  by  Doctor  Per- 
kins, their  agent,  to  cut  off,  with  avidity,  the  feet  of  a  gopher;  they 
said  tliat  the  feet  are  l)<)iled  and  eaten  by  young  women  in  order 
' '  to  have  many  boys  and  girls." 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  53 

As  to  preference  of  sex  among  the  Pima,  formerly,  when  the  people 
used  to  fight,  the  women  say  they  wished  for  boys;  now  they  wish 
more  for  girls,  who  can  cook  for  them  and  help  them  in  other  ways. 
They  believe  that  if  a  woman  will  eat  one  seed  of  the  gourd  which  is 
commonly  used  for  water  she  will  have  a  boy."  The  Zuni  want  many 
children  of  both  sexes;  only  a  few  of  those  asked  with  regard  to  sex 
showed  any  preference,''  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  Mohave. 
The  Tarahumare  desire  boys  much  more  than  girls.  A  woman  who 
wants  a  boy  will  sing  during  the  sexual  intercourse  ta-ur,  ta-ur. 
They  want  boys  because  they  may  become  great  foot  racers  or  even 
governors. 

Pregnancy  in  its  earlier  stages  generally  interferes  in  no  way  with 
the  woman's  habits  of  life  and  occupation  in  any  of  the  tribes,  but 
it  is  very  rare  in  any  Indian  settlement  to  see  a  woman  near  her 
term  working  hard,  or  even  to  meet  her  outside  of  the  dwelling. 
Functional  disturbance  and  diseases  of  pregnancy  are  much  less  fre- 
quent and  less  serious  than  with  white  women. 

There  are  some  curious  notions  about  gestation  as  well  as  about 
the  unborn  child.  In  all  the  tribes  the  pregnant  woman  must  observe 
certain  tabus. 

The  Apache  women  believe  that  with  both  boys  and  girls  gesta- 
tion lasts  during  a  period  of  from  nine  to  ten  moons,  the  time  being 
counted  by  the  new  moon  and  from  the  last  menstruation.  The  day 
of  the  new  moon  is  fortunate  for  the  child.  It  is  believed  that  boys 
who  begin  to  walk  on  that  day  will  be  fast  runners.  The  women 
know  no  means  of  determining  the  sex  of  the  child  in  utero. 

The  San  Carlos  Apache  pregnant  woman  keeps  about  her  usual 
duties  as  long  as  she  is  physically  able  to  do  so.  She  avoids  no  work 
from  precaution.  Beyond  ordinary  care  the  younger  people  know  of 
no  special  tabu  for  her,  but  among  the  less  civilized  element  of  the 
tribe  she  is  not  allowed  to  be  visited  by  strange  people  who  might 
frighten  her.  She  may  eat  anything  she  likes,  and  does  not  need  to 
abstain  from  looking  at  an  animal  being  killed  or  at  blood.  Some 
women  have  a  little  morning  sickness,  but  others  have  none  at  all, 
suffering,  on  the  whole,  but  little. 

Among  thejl^iiiiie  pregnant  woman  must  not  .see  Jblood^oiL-any- 
thing  else  likely  to  frighten  her.  The  gestation  period  is  counted  by 
moons,  and  the  rather  prevalent  opinion,  perhaps  based  on  the  slight 
excess  in  size  of  the  male  child,  is  that  it  lasts  longer  with  a  boy  than 

a  In  case  a  child  is  bom  dead  to  a  Pima  woman  and  she  does  not  want  any  more  children,  the  body 
is  buried  with  the  face  covered  with  wrappings  and  with  the  head  deep  in  the  little  cave  which  is  cus- 
tomarily made  at  the  base  of  the  grave.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  mother  desires  to  have  more  chil- 
dren, the  face  of  the  dead  baby  is  not  covered  and  the  body  is  placed  so  that  the  head  is  directly  under 
the  shaft  of  the  grave.    Much  faith  is  put  in  these  expedients. 

t>  Occasionally,  when  either  a  boy  or  a  girl  is  specially  desired,  the  people  visit  certain  shrines  to  pray 
lor  the  object  of  their  wish.  See  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson,  The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report 
of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  294. 


I  ^^^t^jst*^ 


Si  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

with  a  girl.  No  sign  is  much  rehed  on  as  an  indication  of  the  sex  of 
the  unborn  infant.  Transgression  in  some  of  the  tabus  may  result 
in  the  child  being  born  an  albino. 

The  pregnant  Zuni  woman  "must  be  guarded  from  the  sight  of 
mo"^nng  water,  fisKT'and^  water  reptiles  no  less  than  from  fierce  and 
feaiful  tilings."  °  The  period  of  gestation  is  supposed  to  be  ten 
lunar  months  in  the  case  of  a  boy  and  nine  lunar  months  in  that  of  a 
girl.  The  mother  has  no  means  of  determining  whether  she  mil 
have  a  boy  or  a  girl.  Artificial  abortion,  the  people  believe,  is  apt 
to  be  followed  by  sterility. 

I     The  Pima  have  no  definite  ideas  as  to  the  period  of  viability  of 
/the  fetus.     They  feel  it,  and  hence  know  it  must  be  alive.     They  have 
/  no  means  of  determining  the  sex.     The  tabus  of  a  pregnant  woman 
/  among  the  Pima  do  not  allow  her  to  see  a  sick  person,  because  it 
'  may  cause  the  Tatter's  stomach  to  swell  and  perhaps  cause  his  death. 
I    Even  the  husband  of  the  pregnant  woman  must  not  visit  the  sick. 
There  seems  to  be  no  idea  that  the  sick  person  may  have  an  injuri- 
ous effect  on  the  mother  or  her  infant.     Further,  the  pregnant  woman 
is  not  allowed  to  eat  impure  things,  particularly  food  that  may  have 
been  touched  by  vultures  or  coyotes,  nor  must  she  look  on  anything 
that  is  regarded  as  bad.     This  does  not  include  fresh  blood.     The 
pregnant  woman  takes  no  special  precautions  on  account  of  her  condi- 
tion.    She  works  as  long  as  she  is  able  to  do  so.     She  has  no  special 
diet  until  near  confinement,  when  she  eats  sparingly.    *Most  of  the 
pregnant  women  have  a  little  morning  sickness,  but  there  are  also  a 
good  many  who  have  none.     Some  have  only  slight  nausea,  without 
vomiting.     The  principal  midwife  in  the  tribe  never  knew  of  a  case 
of  really  severe  vomiting  due  to  pregnancy. 

Among  the  Papago  also  gestation  is  believed  to  last  one  lunar 
month  longer  in  the  case  of  a  boy  than  in  that  of  a  girl.  "There  is 
no  telling"  about  the  sex  of  a  child  before  its  birth,  except  m  the  case 
of  boys  "by  the  long  time  they  stay  in. " 

With  the  Mohave,  gestation  is  supposed  to  last  regularly  ten  lunar 
months.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  if  a  new  conception  takes 
place  soon  after  the  birth  of  a  child  the  subsequent  fetus  will  grow 
very  slowly,  and  the  gestation  may  be  prolonged  to  a  whole  year. 

In  some  of  the  Mexican  tribes  the  women  have  largely  adopted 
the  Mexican  views  on  these  points,  while  in  others  the  notions  of  the 
people  are  much  like  those  of  our  Indians.  The  Tepecano,  for 
instance,  believe  that  the  period  of  gestation  for  a  boy  lasts  nine 
(calendar)  months,  but  only  seven  or  eight  for  a  girl.  Nowhere  is 
much  reliance,  placed  on  any  special  sign  as  to  the  sex  of  the  unborn. 

aCusliing,  in  W.  Matthews's  Ichthyopholjia,  Journal  of  American  Folk-Lore,  ix,  1898,  110.  See  also 
Mrs.  M.  ('.  Stevenson,  The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology,  296. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  55 

Among  the  Opata,  in  Sonora,  the  fetus  is  beHeved  to  breathe,  air 
gaining  access  to  it  through  the  vagina.  Should  the  latter  be  occluded 
in  any  manner  the  child  would  lose  its  breath  and  die.  An  Opata 
woman  recently  testified  to  this  effect  in  a  case  of  suspected  infanticide 
before  a  court. 

labor;    MULTIPLE     AND     ABNORMAL     BIRTHS;    PLACENTA;    REAPPEAR- 
ANCE   OF    MENSTRUATION 

Much  has  been  said  about  the  ease  with  which  the  Indian 
woman  undergoes  childbirth.  From  what  the  writer  has  learned  and 
observed^  and  from  what  he  knows  of  the  subject  in  the  case  of  white 
women,  however,  it  is  his  opinion  that  a  healthy  Indian  woman  of 
normal  physique,  with  a  normal  child,  on  the  average  suffers 
quite  as  much  and  as  long  as  does  the  normal  white  woman  under 
similar  conditions.  The  differences  lie  in  the  facts  that  the  Indian  I 
women  as  a  rule  are  well  built ;  that  most  of  them  are  used  to  outdoor ' 
life,  and  are  healthy,  strong,  and  very  patient,  and  that,  as  com- 
pared with  the  whites,  a  larger  proportion  of  the  children  are  abso- 
lutely normal.  Owing  largely  to  these  same  factors  the  puerperium 
in  the  Indian  woman  is  often  a  very  healthful  one,  and  return  to  the 
ordinary  mode  of  life  is  quite  rapid.  There  is  no  indication  of  any 
less  organic  sensibility  in  the  Indian  woman,  comparing  her  always 
with  other  women  of  similar  social  position.  Nor  are  all  the  labors 
of  Indian  women  easy.  Dystocia  is  well  known,  and  manual  assist- 
ance is  often  needed  and  employed. 

There  is  generally  but  little  visible  preparation  for  the  event  of 
childbirth.  The  woman  walks  about,  at  least  within  the  dwelling, 
and  does  more  or  less  work  up  to  the  time  when  the  pains  have  well 
set  in.  Sometimes  she  is  urged  to  walk  or  stand  up  to  the  last  stage 
of  labor.  She  then  reposes  in  different  positions  on  a  skin,  a  mat,  or  a 
blanket,  or  on  warm  sand  spread  on  the  ground.  Delivery  takes 
place  while  the  woman  is  squatting,  or  on  her  knees,  or  on  hands  and 
knees  or  elbows,  or  lying  do^vn ;  frequently  she  holds  on  to  an  attendant, 
or  to  a  sash,  rope,  strap,  or  stick  which  is  fastened  somewhere  near 
for  the  purpose.  Ordinarily  the  only  assistant  is  the  mother  or  some 
other  female  relative  of  mature  years,  but  more  than  one  woman  or 
person  may  be  present.  In  most  tribes  there  are  older  women  who 
are  reputed  especially  apt  helpers,  a  sort  of  midwives,  who  are  ex- 
pected to  aid  spiritually  as  well  as  physically. 

The  assistance  given  is  everywhere  substantially  the  same,  con- 
sistmg  mainly  of  pressure  or  kneading  with  the  hands  or  with  a 
bandage  about  the  abdomen,  the  object  of  which  is  to  give  direct  aid 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  child.  The  procedure,  which  is  not  always 
gentle,  accomplishes  very  probably  the  same  result  as  the  kneading 


56  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

of  the  uterine  fundus  under  similar  conditions  by  the  white  physician, 
namely,  more  effective  uterine  contractions. 

i  Among  some  tribes  steaming  the  lower  part  of  the  body  is  occasion- 
ally resorted  to  as  a  help  to  speedy  delivery.  Decoctions,  especially 
that  of  cedar  (Jimiperus  sec),  are  drunk,  particularly  among  the 
Pueblos ;  and  there  are  prayers  and  ceremonial  observances,  as  well 
as  appropriate  fetishes.  Internal  examination  of  the  patient  is 
resorted  to  only  when  she  is  in  great  distress.  When  strong  manual  aid 
is  needed  it  is  given  by  the  husband,  a  brother,  or  a  medicine-man. 
After  birth  the  cord  is  usually  cut  and  tied.  Delivery  of  the  placenta 
generally  follows  in  a  short  time,  on  the  average  more  promptly  than 
among  the  whites. 

To  determine  the  exact  progress  of  labor  would  require  numerous 
precise  personal  observations  impossible  for  the  stranger  to  make, 
and  information  obtained  through  mere  inquiry  is  necessarily  unsatis- 
factory. 

After  confinement  the  woman  remains  on  the  skin  or  mat  as  long 
as  exhausted  or  weak.  The  generative  organs,  external  and  internal, 
receive  no  special  attention  or  merely  superficial  cleansing.  Save 
in  exceptional  cases,  the  woman  generally  rises  earlier  than  is  the 
custom  among  whites;  not  seldom  the  first,  but  usually  the  second 
or  third  day;  and  she  does  not  take  as  much  care  against  exposure  as 
the  white  woman.  The  period  of  her  confinement  to  the  house 
differs  among  the  various  tribes,  and  is  a  matter  of  purely  religious 
custom. 

There  are  well-authenticated  instances  in  which  an  Indian  woman 
has  given  birth  to  a  child  on  a  journey,  and  after  a  shorter  or  longer 
time  has  resumed  travel,  or  where  she  brought  forth  one  day  and  was 
at  work  the  next.     Similar  cases,  however,  occur  among  the  whites. 

Among  all  of  the  tribes  after  childbirth  the  mother  is  dieted  in  dif- 
ferent ways.     This  observance  is  partly  prophylactic,  partly  religious. 

Abnormal  positions  of  the  child  are  infrequent,  but  their  occurrence 
is  well  known  and  dreaded  among  all  the  tribes.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  puerperal  troubles,  which,  however,  are  also  rare,  the 
puerperium  being  freer  of  abnormalities  and  diseases  than  among 
whites.  Twins  are  not  uncommon;  triplets  are  very  rare,  and  are 
regarded  as  something  uncanny;  of  more  than  three  children  at  q^" 
birth  none  of  the  persons  questioned  had  ever  heard.  Monstrosities 
are  rare,  but  occur  among  all  the  tribes;  if  of  a  pronounced  kind  the 
child  is  not  allowed  to  live. 

The  delivery  itself  is  nowhere  surrounded  with  much  secrecy,  and 
female  members  of  the  family,  in  some  instances  also  male  relatives 
and  even  children,  may  be  present. 

Tribal  details. — Among  the  White  Mountain  A})ache  after  childbirth 
the  woman,  unless  too  weak,  runs  about  among  the  bushes  outside 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AKD    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS  57 

the  hut  in  order  that  "the  blood  may  not  clot."  The  first  day  she 
partakes  of  a  little  soup  or  gruel,  but  as  soon  as  she  begins  to  resume 
her  customary  occupations — that  is,  from  the  second  day  on — she 
may  eat  what  she  likes. 

The  San  Carlos  woman  is  delivered  in  the  kneeling  position,  with 
the  limbs  well  apart.  A  helping  woman,  kneeling  or  squatting 
behind,  puts  her  arms  about  the  upper  part  of  the  abdomen  of  the 
patient  and  presses  upon  the  uterus.  If  the  progress  is  not  satisfac- 
tory, the  patient  has  to  rise  and  walk  toward  the  east,  then  to  the 
north,  then  to  the  west,  and  finally  to  the  south.  This  procedure  is 
believed  to  hasten  delivery.  Sometimes  but  not  often  there  is  trouble 
with  the  placenta.  If  it  does  not  appear,  the  old  woman  attendant 
presses  on  the  abdomen  and  kneads  the  fundus  of  the  uterus.  Only 
in  very  exceptional  cases  will  she  touch  the  genitals.  If  no  other 
help  remains,  a  woman  especially  skillful  in  such  emergencies  is  called. 
She  takes  the  cord  between  two  fingers  and,  following  its  course, 
introduces  her  hand  and  with  one  finger  tries  to  loosen  the  afterbirth 
(this  was  illustrated  to  the  writer  very  skillfully  by  one  of  the  old 
women),  or  she  may  introduce  her  hand  with  a  little  knife  with  which 
she  tries  to  obtain  a  better  hold  on  the  placenta  and  help  in  tearing 
it  away.  Even  with  these  expedients  she  may  fail  entirely.  Another 
way  is  to  puU  on  the  cord  and  work  little  by  little.  When  the  cord 
breaks,  however,  there  is  trouble,  and  several  women  in  th,e  tribe  are 
remembered  as  having  suffered  much  or  as  having  died  from  illness 
consequent  on  a  retention  of  the  placenta.  External  aid  (kneading 
and  pressure)  is  always  relied  upon  most,  internal  manipulation 
being  almost  abhorrent  to  the  people. °  After  confinement  the  San 
Carlos  woman  is  not  allowed  to  go  about  as  does  the  White  Mountain 
woman.  She  either  lies  quiet  or,  according  to  an  old  custom,  there  is 
built  in  the  hut  a  little  separate  fire,  from  which,  after  a  while,  the 
remaining  wood  and  ashes  are  taken  away  and  the  heated  earth  is 
covered  with  grass.  The  woman  lies  on  her  abdomen  upon  the  grass 
and  is  well  covered  up,  remaining  thus  for  some  time.  This  is  done 
particularly  when  there  is  profuse  hemorrhage.  There  is  no  definite 
number  of  days  of  seclusion.  The  mother  is  kept  indoors  until  she 
feels  well.  A  child  is  sometimes  born  in  a  temporary  habitation  or 
on  the  road,  and  sometimes  it  is  impossible,  from  other  causes,  for 
the  woman  to  remain  indoors  for  any  considerable  length  of  time. 
For  the  first  day  or  two  the  mother  eats  nothing  ''strong" — no  beef 
and  no  salt.  After  four  days  her  face  and  hands  are  washed.  In 
eight  days  she  is  completely  bathed  and  then  can  eat  anything  that 
is  to  be  had.  If  the  woman  is  not  well  after  delivery,  more  care  is 
taken  with  her  diet.     She  is  given  only  a  little  bread  or  coffee  or 

a.  The  placenta  is  wrapped  up  in  an  old  cloth  and  buried  or  otherwise  disposed  of,  so  that  no  animal 
can  get  at  it.    Should  it  be  eaten,  It  is  believed  that  the  child  may  not  live. 


58  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

gruel.  On  the  other  hand,  if  strong,  she  can  soon  eat  almost  every- 
tliing,  even  with  salt.     She  is  never  given  any  tiilipi,  however. 

Wlien  asked  about  the  occurrence  of  twins  in  the  tribe  most  of  the 
San  Carlos  women  said  it  was  quite  rare,  and  they  could  refer  to  no 
recent  instance.  When  asked  about  triplets,  they  usually  answered 
with  a  laugh,  saying  that  they  were  not  dogs  to  have  so  many. 
None  of  them  had  heard  of  any  such  occurrence  in  the  tribe.  The 
only  instances  of  congenital  abnormalities  among  the  San  Carlos 
Apache  learned  of  by  the  writer  were  a  harelip  and  a  case  of  imperfo- 
rate anus.  When  a  deformity  is  considerable,  the  infant  is  usually 
allowed  to  die.  In  the  tribe,  however,  there  is  a  man  who  has  no 
external  ears,  but  simply  an  opening  on  each  side  into  the  head. 
He  was  born  thus.  No  one  could  remember  any  instance  of  multiple 
breasts  or  limbs. 

Among  the  Mescaleros  a  woman  in  labor  kneels  on  the  ground  with 
her  limbs  separated,  while  another  woman  kneels  behind  her  and 
from  time  to  time  presses  on  the  abdomen.  Old  women  assist  in  the 
labor.  When  the  delivery  is  difficult,  they  give  some  medicine,  press 
and  knead  the  abdomen,  and  often  endeavor  to  remove  the  child 
manually.  No  one  except  the  attending  woman  is  allowed  to  be 
present.  The  placenta  is  wrapped  up  and  buried.  After  labor  the 
woman  observes  no  special  diet  and  eats  almost  anything  she  desires. 
No  fixed  period  for  her  to  stay  indoors  was  observed.  One  Mescalero 
woman  is  known  to  have  had  three  children  at  a  birth.  One  was  a 
monster  without  arms  and  another  had  only  one  eye.  Both  of 
these  were  killed.     This  occurred  about  thirty-five  years  ago. 

Among  the  Lipan  the  position  of  the  woman  in  labor  is  on  her 
knees  with  limbs  well  separated,  aid  being  given  by  an  attendant 
who  from  behind  holds  back  her  shoulders.  The  placenta  is  so  dis- 
posed of  that  it  may  not  be  disturbed  by  beasts  of  prey.  A  cradle 
board  is  made  when  the  child  is  four  days  old.  The  woman  is  not 
allowed  to  go  out  before  four  days  have  elapsed.  The  baby  is  shown 
to  the  sun  soon  after  birth,  but  is  not  taken  out  until  2  weeks  old. 
These  old  observances,  however,  are  being  slowly  abandoned. 

Among  the  Navaho  generally  only  the  old  women  assist,  but  when 
the  childbirth  is  difficult  one  or  more  men  may  be  called  in,  who 
aid  the  woman  in  labor  by  encircling  her  abdomen  with  their 
arms,  endeavoring  to  hasten  the  birth.  A  medicine-man  is  occa- 
sionally called  in  to  aid  with  pressure  and  also  with  ''medicine"  and 
incantations.'' 


oA  curious  case  was  reported  to  the  writer  by  Doctor  McKee,  formerly  physician  to  the  Hopi  and 
Navaho  at  Keams  canyon.  She  was  called  to  attend  a  Navaho  woman  who  thought  that  confinement 
was  delayed.  On  arriving  she  found  the  patient  at  about  the  end  of  the  seventh  month  of  pregnancy 
and  with  aVjsolutely  no  signs  of  approaching  labor.  The  doctor  was  informed  that,  according  to  the 
calculation  of  the  woman  and  her  relatives,  the  time  for  the  confinement  had  passed  and  for  two 
days  the  men  in  the  family  had  been  aiding  the  woman  to  be  dehvered  by  pressing  her  abdomen.  For- 
tunately the  manipulation  had  not  been  violent  enough  to  injure  either  the  mother  or  her  infant.  The 
child  was  born  nearly  two  months  later. 


HRDucE-\]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  59 

Especially  reliable  information  was  obtained  in  this  line  among  the 
Pima  from  an  old  midwife  known  as  Mary,  sister  of  the  chief,  Antonio 
Azul.  She  comes  from  a  family  of  chiefs  and  learned  her  vocation 
from  her  mother  and  sister.  She  is  in  every  way  comparable  to  a 
country  midwife  among  the  whites,  and  is  called  on  to  aid  in  most  of 
the  confinements  in  her  neighborhood.  According  to  this  woman  the 
preparations  for  labor  among  the  Pima  are  very  simple.  The  woman 
at  term  is  directed  to  walk  as  long  as  possible,  as  the  delivery  will  be 
easier  than  if  she  takes  to  her  bed  on  the  approach  of  the  first  pains. 
When  walking  becomes  impossible  she  is  placed  in  a  sitting  posture 
on  a  little  bedding  or  merely  a  cloth.  If  the  progress  is  then  satis- 
factory she  is  let  alone  until  the  child  is  born.  In  some  cases  the 
patient  sits  on  the  ground  with  the  knees  drawn  up,  and  inclining 
slightly  backward  on  a  helping  woman,  who  sits  behind  her.  Occa- 
sionally a  depression  is  made  in  the  ground  in  front  of  the  woman  to 
receive  the  baby.  The  practice  differs  mth  different  families.  If  the 
birth  does  not  take  place  promptly,  the  midwife  squats  or  kneels, 
takes  the  woman  on  her  lap,  puts  her  arms  around  her  abdomen, 
and  bears  down  with  all  her  strength.  When  the  patient  writhes  a 
little,  she  shakes  her  moderately  from  side  to  side,  and  if  satisfactory 
progress  is  not  made  the  midwife  goes  in  front  while  the  husband 
from  beliind  presses  on  the  abdomen  of  his  wife  with  all  his  strength. 
The  midwife  never  examines  the  patient  internally,  and  she  does  not 
pull  on  the  child,  as  this  would  be  contrary  to  custom.  My  informant 
never  had  a  case  where  success  did  not  attend  the  expedients  men- 
tioned, although  the  time  might  be  long.  If  the  placenta  does  not 
follow  the  birth  directly  or  within  a  short  time,  as  it  usually  does, 
the  cord  is  tied  and  the  midwife  commences  pressing  on  the  uterus 
and  kneading  it — a  practice  which  is  usually  successful.  She  does 
not  pull  on  the  cord  or  introduce  her  hand.  In  one  instance  a 
peculiar  treatment  for  retained  placenta  was  administered  by  a 
female  helper.  The  confmed  woman  was  made  to  pull  herself  up 
on  a  rope  suspended  from  above.  When  she  was  nearly  erect,  she 
was  told  to  open  her  mouth  and  into  this  the  midwife  quickly  intro- 
duced, as  far  as  she  could,  one  of  her  fingers.  The  object  was  to  in- 
duce a  violent  effort  at  vomiting  while  the  woman  was  in  that 
peculiar  position,  mth  the  muscles  of  the  upper  part  of  her  body, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  abdomen,  well  contracted.  The  effort, 
whether  by  inducing  great  and  sudden  pressure  on  the  uterus  or  a 
reflex  relaxation  of  the  os  uteri,  succeeded,  the  afterbirth  being 
promptly  expelled.     The  placenta  is  buried  by  the  women. 

Attentions  to  the  Pima  mother  after  labor  are  also  very  simple. 
If  she  is  in  good  health  and  seems  well,  as  is  often  the  case,  she  is 
left  entirely  to  herself.     For  the  first  few  hours  she  receives  no  food 


60  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

and  is  not  washed.  After  that  she  can  have  a  little  food  when  she 
likes.  If  she  is  weak  or  inclined  to  faint,  she  has  to  be  fed  at  once 
and  is  given  warm  soup  made  from  flour  and  water.  Formerly  she 
was  not  washed  imtil  sixteen  days  after  labor,  but  now  the  cus- 
tomary time  is  four  days,  provided  there  is  no  danger  of  her 
catching  cold;  but  meanwhile  she  cleanses  herself  somewhat  with  dry 
cloths.  No  medicine  is  given,  except  in  cases  where  the  woman 
feels  ill. 

Formerly  a  Pima  woman  after  delivery  tabued  salt  for  eight  days 
or  more.  At  present  there  is  no  observance  of  any  special  diet, 
except  that  for  the  first  day  or  two  she  avoids  whatever  is  considered 
"strong." 

Accidents  to  a  mother  after  delivery  are  not  frequent.  When 
there  is  too  much  milk,  the  midwife  relieves  the  pressure  with 
her  hands.  The  mother  is  seldom  able  to  nurse  her  babe  at  once; 
often  the  milk  does  not  appear  for  two  and  occasionally  for  even 
three  or  four  days.  Meanwhile  the  child  is  given  some  simple  diet. 
The  writer's  informant  never  knew  of  the  birth  of  a  monster.  She 
knew,  however,  of  an  infant  without  arms  born  to  a  Pima  woman; 
it  was  not  allowed  to  live.  Her  own  grandson  shows  a  congenital 
defect  of  finger  nails;  so  small  an  abnormality  would  not  be  con- 
sidered sufficient  cause  for  disposing  of  the  child. 

Only  one  case  of  triplets  had  occurred  in  the  tribe  within  the  recol- 
lection of  the  persons  interviewed.  In  tliis  case  all  three  children 
lived  to  advanced  age  and  died  within  recent  years. 

No  case  of  deformed  pelvis  was  known  in  the  tribe. 

Difficult  and  long  labor,  the  old  Pima  think,  is  due  largely  to  the 
fact  that  women  do  not  now  always  make  sufficient  effort  to  hasten 
birth.  Difficulties  are  especially  noticed  in  the  women  who  have 
adopted  to  the  greatest  extent  the  ways  of  the  whites. 

Among  the  northern  Papago  assistance  in  delivery  is  given  by 
older  female  relatives.  During  the  later  stages  of  the  labor  the 
patient,  who  sits  down  on  the  ground,  aids  delivery  by  raising  herself 
by  means  of  a  cord  fixed  to  the  wall  or  ceiling.  After  confinement 
the  Papago  woman  in  some  localities  is  expected  to  stay  indoors 
for  two  or  three  weeks,  a  custom  probably  of  Spanish  derivation. 
Several  years  ago  a  Papago  woman  at  Sacatori  had  a  retention  of 
the  placenta.  When  all  ordinary  means  had  failed,  the  white  agency 
doctor  was  called,  but  the  woman  refused  to  have  the  afterbirth 
removed  manually  or  with  the  aid  of  instruments,  and  died  some 
days  afterwards. 

Among  the  Maricopa  the  position  in  labor  and  the  ordinary  usages 
connected  with  delivery  are  like  those  among  the  Pima;  no  depres- 
sion, however,  is  made  in  the  ground  in  front  of  the  patient,  as  is 
done  at  times  among  the  latter. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  61 

The  Hopi  woman,  if  her  health  is  good,  goes  about  her  hghter 
duties  to  the  last  and,  if  no  complications  develop,  takes  actual  rest 
for  a  day  or  two  only  after  confinement.  She  is  delivered  in  most 
cases  in  a  kneeling  or  squatting  position,  on  sand  covered  with  rags. 
She  stays  at  least  four  days  indoors,  in  obedience  to  a  religious 
custom,  and  observes  a  stipulated  diet." 

Methods'  of  delivery  in  the  Rio  Grande  pueblos  and  among  the 
Zuni  are  given  by  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson  in  The  Sia  {Eleventh  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  132-143,  and  The  Zuni  Indians 
{Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  same  Bureau,  297  et  seq.). 

In  an  ordinary  confinement  among  the  Mohave  the  little  help  that 
is  necessary  is  given  by  the  older  women  among  the  relatives  or 
acquaintances.  When  the  labor  is  difficult  a  woman  is  called  in 
''who  knows  how  to  help."  There  are  several  such  women  in  the 
tribe,  and  they  have  to  be  paid  like  the  medicine-men.  Most  labors 
are  completed  within  half  a  day;  some  last  up  to  two  days.  It  is 
believed  by  Mohave  mothers  that  more  pain  is  suffered  in  the  case  of 
a  girl,  a  boy  being  easier  to  deliver.  The  mother  eats  nothing  the 
first  day,  drinking  only  warm  water  or  a  little  soup.  With  her  first 
child  the  mother  abstains  from  meat  and  salt  for  one  month.  With 
successive  children  this  time  of  abstinence  is  reduced  to  three  or  two 
weeks.'' 

There  is  but  little  preparation  for  parturition  among  the  Tara- 
humare,  and  the  labor  usually  does  not  last  many  hours,  though 
there  are  exceptions.  The  woman  ties  a  sash  about  her  waist,  and 
the  tightening  of  this,  which  may  be  repeated,  is  supposed  to  aid  the 
delivery.  Unless  suffering  from  some  accident  the  mother  leaves  the 
dwelling  within  a  few  hours  to  wash  herself .'^ 

Among  the  Opata  labor  lasts  usually  from  eight  to  eighteen  hours, 
but  instances  are  known  of  duration  of  but  a  few  minutes,  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  a  small  number  of  cases  several  days  elapsed 
between  the  first  occurrence  of  pains  and  the  delivery,  without  pro- 

a  At  Oraibi,  according  to  H.  R.  Voth,  the  parturient  woman  assumes  a  kneeling  position  with  both 
hands  on  the  floor.  At  the  moment  of  bir  th  the  woman  is  usually  left  alone.  When  the  child  is  delivered 
the  mother  chews  juniper  twigs  and  some  warm  com  gruel  is  given  her.  If  the  delivery  of  the  placenta 
is  retarded,  the  attending  woman  gently  presses  and  kneads  the  abdomen.  If  that  fails,  she  resorts  to  a 
little  broom  (or  brush)  made  of  stiff  grass,  and  with  this  gently  strikes  the  hips  and  back  of  the  patient, 
at  the  same  time  pulling  lightly  on  the  cord.  The  mother  is  not  allowed  to  eat  or  drink  anything  cold 
throughout  the  lying-in  period.  Mr.  Voth  gives  also,  besides  other  details,  an  interesting  account  of 
aid  in  difficult  labor  and  in  a  case  of  retained  placenta.  A  woman  was  in  labor  for  two  days  and  a  night 
and  was  exhausted.  Directed  by  an  Indian  called  to  help,  the  husband  of  the  patient  knelt,  placing 
both  of  his  hands  on  the  floor.  The  woman  was  then  laid  across  his  back,  but  somewhat  to  one  side 
so  that  a  downward  pressure  was  applied  to  her  abdomen.  At  the  same  time  the  helper  applied  gentle 
pressure  with  his  hands  on  both  sides  of  the  abdomen.  The  child  (dead)  was  expelled  in  a  very  short 
time  and  the  woman's  life  saved.  In  another  case  where  the  placenta  was  retained,  manipulation  and 
pressure  were  employed  on  the  uterus,  an  old  woman  meanwhile  pulling  gently  on  the  cord.— See 
H.  R.  Voth,  Oraibi  Natal  Customs  and  Ceremonies,  in  Field  Columbian  Museum  Publications,  Anthro- 
pological series,  Vi,  no.  2,  Chicago,  1905. 

6  The  placenta  and  blood  clots  are  placed  in  a  cloth  and  buried  by  the  women  m  some  out-of-the-way 
spot,  although  there  appears  to  be  no  superstition  connected  with  the  act. 

c  The  placenta  is  buried  deep  and  a  stone  is  laid  over  it,  so  that  dogs  may  not  eat  it. 


62  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

longed  interruption  in  the  pains.  There  are  but  few  cases  in  which 
labor  is  atypical  and  really  difficult.  Among  nearly  50  cases  in  which 
he  assisted,  Doctor  Alderman,  the  principal  informant  of  the  writer 
among  this  tribe,  had  but  one  feet  presentation.  In  labor  the  woman 
usuall}^  kneels  or  squats  with  knees  apart.  She  is  attended  by  her 
nearest  female  relative,  but  other  women  and  even  men  and  children 
may  be  present.  The  event  is  not  considered  one  requiring  great 
secrecy.  A  light  shawl  is  tied  about  the  woman's  abdomen,  over  the 
fimdus,  and  tightened  as  much  as  "two  women  can  draw,"  or  a  large 
pad  of  cloth  is  laid  over  the  uterus  and  bound  there  tightly  with  a 
bandage.  During  the  pains  (at  any  period  of  the  labor)  a  helping 
woman  takes  the  patient,  who  has  assumed  a  kind  of  sitting  posture, 
by  the  hips  and  shakes  her  quite  forcibly  to  and  fro.  This  manipu- 
lation is  repeated  at  intervals  until  the  child  is  born.  Sometimes 
two  women,  one  on  each  side,  alternate  in  pressing  strongly  on  the 
fundus.  The  placental  portion  of  the  cord,  after  severing,  must  be 
fastened  in  some  way  to  the  mother's  thigh,  otherwise,  it  is  believed, 
it  might  recede  and  be  lost  within,  when  the  mother  could  not  be 
delivered  of  it  and  the  afterbirth.  The  placenta,  however,  seldom 
causes  trouble.*^  The  toilet  of  the  mother  is  restricted  to  drying 
with  pieces  of  cloth,  washing  being  delayed  until  the  period  of  the 
''dieta"  has  passed. 

After  delivery  the  woman  usually  remains  four  or  five  days  in  bed, 
but  she  observes  a  diet  for  forty  days,  during  which  time  she  must 
not  wash  or  comb  her  hair.  Under  the  "dieta"  chile,  beans,  fresh 
meats,  and  certain  other  articles  may  not  be  eaten.  The  woman  sub- 
sists solely  on  a  little  dried  meat,  chicken,  eggs,  and  a  few  other 
simple  nonstimulating  foods,  with  but  a  small  allowance  of  salt.  It 
is  probable  that  this  limited  diet  is  in  part,  though  not  wholly,  the 
result  of  Mexican  influence. 

Among  the  Tepecano  parturition  is  generally  accomplished  with 
the  aid  of  one  or  more  related  or  friendly  older  women.  There  are 
no  professional  helpers  and  the  woman  in  childbirth  is  not  secluded 
from  her  family  or  friends.  The  ordinary  labor  lasts  about  twelve 
hours,  but  there  are  not  a  few  cases  in  which  the  duration  is  less  and 
some  in  which  it  is  greater.  The  woman  is  delivered  squatting  on 
her  knees  and  toes,  or  on  knees,  toes,  and  hands,  with  the  lower  limbs 
well  separated.  In  difficult  labor  the  husband  or  brother  or  helping 
woman  encircles  the  patient's  abdomen  from  behind  with  the  arms 
and  tries  to  expel  the  child  by  pressure,  which  is  continued  without 
intermission  as  long  as  possible.  If  this  treatment  does  not  accom- 
plish its  purpose,  a  medicine-man  is  called  and  proceeds  with  the 
woman  in  labor  much  as  with  any  other  patient;  that  is,  prays  and 
exerts  his  magical  powers  in  his  wonted  way,  but  gives  her  at  the 

o  It  is  burierl  with  no  special  care  or  secrecy. 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  63 

same  time  a  decoction  of  "herba  buena"  or  "rosa  de  castilla,"  and 
may  himself  try  abdominal  pressure  or  kneading.  The  abdomen  of 
the  delivered  woman  is  bound  with  the  ordinary  broad  sash,  a  cus- 
tom probably  acquired  from  the  Mexicans.  The  woman  is  urged  to 
remain  in  bed  as  long  as  possible,  and  she  generally  stays  indoors 
eight  to  fifteen  and  even  thirty  days. 

The  Huichol  women  in  labor  are  assisted  by  older  women,  as  among 
other  Indians,  As  soon  as  able  afterwards  they  wash  themselves 
all  over. 

Among  the  Nahua,  most  of  the  Tarasco,  and  the  Tlahuiltec  the 
observances  as  to  help,  cleanliness,  diet,  and  other  matters  of  medical 
interest  concerning  the  woman  before,  during,  and  following  delivery 
are  more  or  less  modified  by  Mexican  usages. 

The  primipara  receives  everywhere  a  special  attention  and  is  more 
bound  than  a  multipara  to  observe  diet  and  other  customs. 

In  order  to  obtain  more  exact  information  respecting  the  duration 
of  labor  and  other  matters  relating  to  cliildbirth,  the  writer  questioned 
directly  a  number  of  Apache  and  Pima  mothers.  It  was  found  almost 
invariably  that  after  proper  introduction  and  explanation  as  to  the 
inquiries  to  be  made  the  woman  was  willing  enough  to  give  all  the 
information  at  her  command,  but  in  many  cases  her  remembrance 
of  long-past  events  was  so  imperfect  that  a  portion  of  the  data 
could  not  be  utilized.  The  best  answers  were  those  relating  to  the 
length  of  labor  (it  being  possible  in  almost  every  instance  to  learn  the 
approximate  time  of  the  day  or  night  when  the  pains  began  and 
when  the  infant  was  born)  and  those  relating  to  the  last  child. 

The  results,  so  far  as  the  duration  of  labor  is  concerned,  show  con- 
siderable individual  variation  in  both  series;  yet  it  will  be  noted  from 
the  table  below  that  there  is  in  both  series  a  tendency  toward 
groupings  of  frequencies,  wliich  are  quite  similar  in  the  two  tribes.  In 
nearly  29  per  cent  of  the  35  tabulated  cases  among. the  Apache  and  23.5 
per  cent  of  those  among  the  Pima,  the  labor  lasted  only  two  hours  or 
less;  labor  of  between  seven  and  twelve  hours'  duration  among  the 
Apache  (31  per  cent),  and  seven  to  ten  hours  among  the  Pima  (32  per 
cent)  forms  the  second  and  largest  group;  while  the  tliird  group 
embraces  the  prolonged  labors,  of  more  than  one  day's  duration  (17 
per  cent  among  the  Apache  and  17.6  per  cent  among  the  Pima). 


64 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

Duration  of  labor  « 


[bull.  34 


San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Duration. 

Cases. 

Remarks. 

Duration. 

Cases. 

Remanka. 

3 
3 
4 
1 
2 
1 
1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
2 

1 
1 

: 

1 

1 
1 

[l0=28.6  per  cent. 
•11=31.4  per  cent. 
6=17.1  per  cent. 

Ihour 

4 
1 
3 

2 

2 
1 
3 
1 

2 
3 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 

[8=23.5  per  cent. 

U- hours      

lto2hours 

2hours 

1 

3hours 

4hours 

5hours 

ti  hours 

6to7hours 

7  hours 

■11=32.4  per  cent. 

10  hours 

12hours 

11  hours    

12  hours 

20  hours 

22hours 

23hours 

24hours 

1 

2  days  and  1  night — 
2  days  and  2  nights... 
4  days  and  3  nights... 
7  days      

3  days  and  2  nights. 

4  days  and  2  nights. 

>6=17.6  per  cent. 

oMore  detail  tables  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  chapter. 

In  the  majority  of  the  cases  the  labor  with  the  first  child  was  pro- 
longed ;  there  is,  however,  but  little  uniformity  as  to  duration  in  this 
or  other  series  of  births  (see  detail  table).  In  eight  families  where 
records  of  more  than  one  child,  including  the  first,  were  obtained,  the 
labor  in  the  first  case  was  longer  than  in  the  second  in  four,  about 
equal  in  one,  and  shorter  in  three  instances.  The  longest  labor  (seven 
days)  occurred  with  the  third  child;  the  two  next  longest  (each  four 
days),  one  with  a  first  and  one  with  a  second  child. 

The  delivery  of  the  placenta  took  place  in  all  but  two  instances 
witliin  less  than  one-half  hour  after  the  birth  of  the  child.  In  the 
majority  of  the  cases  the  interval  was  very  short— one  or  two  pains — 
"a  very  short  while,"  "a  short  while."  In  one  case,  however  (first 
child),  the  afterbirth  was  delivered  only  after  a  delay  of  four  hours, 
and  in  another  (fourth  child)  after  five  hours.  There  is  no  suggestion 
of  any  relation  between  the  promptness  of  the  delivery  of  the  child 
and  that  of  the  placenta,  or  between  this  and  the  order  of  birth  of 
the  child  (first,  second,  etc.). 

Another  point  in  the  inquiry  may  be  considered  in  this  place, 
namely,  the  reestablishment  of  the  menses  after  childbirth.  There 
were  collected  only  21  reliable  records  of  this  class,  but  there  are  in 
addition  a  number  of  others  of  negative  nature,  showing  the  time  (age 
of  the  infant)  at  which  menstruation  has  not  yet  reappeared.  The 
data,  given  in  a  table  below,*^  show  much  irregularity.     While  in  indi- 


oSee  also  the  details  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS 


65 


vidual  instances  the  function  was  reestablished  as  early  as  the  fourth  oi 
the  fifth  month,  in  numerous  cases  it  did  not  manifest  itself  againf 
until  after  the  tenth  or  twelfth  month,  or  even  later.     In  the  same 
woman  the  regularity  is  probably  greater  (though  there  are  excep- 
tions), but  accurate  records  are  lacking. 

Reappearance  of  menstruation  after  childbirth 


Tribe. 

Cases. 

Tribe. 

Cases. 

SAN  CARLOS   APACHE. 

Menstruated  for  the  first  time  after- 

2 
3 
2 

1 

PIMA. 

Menstruated  for  the  first  time  after— 
3  montVis 

1 

"4  months 

6  months 

1 

1 

1 

12  months 

2 

14  months 

2 

Has  not  mcnstrOatcd  yet  after — 

lias  not  ntpnstruated  yet  after- 

S  months  15  days 

8  months  24  days 

about  16  months 

The  detailed  data  relating  to  individual  labor  cases  and  kindred 
subjects  are  as  follows  : 


l^ 


3452— Bull.  84— OS- 


66 


BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BXTLL.  34 


.^ 


» 

O 

3 

3 
O 
o 

3 
o3 

i 

Old  attending  woman,  when  the  pla- 
centa would  not  come,  took  the  cord 
between  her  second  and  middle  fin- 
gers and  followed  it  up  until  she 
reached  the  placenta,  which  she  re- 
moved with  her  fingers. 

Had  but  little  milk  for  fully  2  months. 

Labor  hard;  being  sick,  the  woman  did 
not  nurse  the  child  until  after  2  days. 

After  first  child,  menstruated  in  1  year. 
No     new     pregnancy.      Hardly     old 
enough  for  menopause. 

3 

§ 
fi 

§.2 

f 

ft 
ft 

03 
ffi 
K 

o 
3 

c 

.3 
3 

1 

2  -^ 

3  3 
0     0 

00  ,-1 

A 

P 
C 

5 

5.b 

t^ 

m         0 

03 

£  1 

c 

c 

0 
0 

O 

2  3 

c 

t 

< 

After  several  days 
Had  milk  before 
delivery.  • 

A 

A 
h 

2 
< 

5 

>       c 

.3 
oc 

< 

T3 
43 

r 

Placenta 
expelled  when— 

A  few  minutes 

Verv  soon 

c 
A 
-9 
u 
a 
4- 

< 

p 
c 
c 

> 

a 
> 

A   few   moments 
after  child. 

A  few  minutes 

do 

Less  than  J  hour.. 
A  few  minutes 

do 

3 
0 
0 
02 

c 

.is 

3 

c 

.3 

i- 
3 
0 
A 
c 

c 

A 
00 

c 
A 

0 

4  days  and  3 

.nights. 
12  hours 

5 

A 

0 

c 

,3 
00 

2  days  and  1 

night. 
1  hour 

0 

A 

t- 

E 

.3 

i- 
3 
0 
.3 
00 
i-i 

(.; 
3 
0 

.£5 

1 

0 

§                     0 

0 

Male 

Female . 
Male.... 
Female . 

....do  ... 

0 

Male 

Female . 

Male 

....do... 

Which 
child. 

First  ... 
....do... 

c 

0                        0 

■0                                            -3 

0 

0000         0 

-a    13    -3    "3            ^3 

0 

0    X3 
eg 

0     0 

2  2 

6 
'A 

CO 

•^ 

10 

CO 

t^ 

00 

0: 

0 

CI    cc    .^ 

>^ 

to 

hkdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


67 


Mother  Mohave;  labor  was  very  severe' 
nearly   died;    mother   well   formed; 
head  presentation;    child  was  large; 
remained  partially  paralyzed. 

Labor  with  second  child,  8  p.  m.  to  10  or 

10.30  p.  m. 
Labor  severe,  with  intermissions  (see 

"In  families,"  next  table). 

Labor  long,  but  not  severe. 

Helping  woman  used  kneading  to  aid 
delivery  of  placenta. 

Once  nursed  two  of  her  children  at 
same  time;  older  one  did  not  want 
to  stop. 

■a 

o 

a 

a 
g 

2 
1 

.3 

•a 
•5| 

n     3 
O    ^ 

1  month  14  days 

es  before  next  preg- 
in  15  months. 

c 
c 

p 

a 

11  months  20  days . . 
7  months  20  days... 

>>    ; 

c3    : 
-a 

c^     ! 

3     3 
O     o 

a  a 

CO     -a< 

No  mens 

nancy, 

8 

6 

13 

i^ 

' 

' 

c 

Thin  soup  of  flour 
and  water,  a  lit- 
tle mescal  juice 
with  water. 

3 
O 
.3 

o 

CO 

u 
a 

< 

> 

03 

■a 

< 

03 
■3 

a 

4- 

3 
o 
.3 

3 
O 
.3 

IM 

ID 
3 

■2 

-< 

A  few  minutes 

Less  than  A  hour . . 

About  5  hours 

2 

c 
a 

Within  a  few  min- 
utes. 
In  a  few  minutes.. 

3 
O 
.3 

Ol 

o 
+0 

00 

C 

.3 

2  days  and  2 
nights. 

10  hours 

1  to  li  hours. . 
7  davs 

3 
O 

3 
O 
.3 

CO 

o 

IM 

3 
O 

O 

Si 

00 

2  days  and  2 
nights. 

15  hours 

i- 

o 
si 

IM 

o 
.3 

About  7  hours 
Ihour 

3 
O 

II 
"5 

1^ 

o 
o 

-3 

o 
o 

■3 

o 

Female  . 
Male...'. 
....do... 

o 
-a 

O 

o 

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1 

HRDufKA]  PRYSTOT.OGTCAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  73 

EARLY   ATTENTION  TO   THE    INFANT;     NU.RSING  AND   FEEDING 

The  treatment  of  the  newborn  child  among  the  Indians  herein 
deah.  with,  so  far  as  it  is  of  physiological  or  medical  interest,  is  every- 
where quite  simple.  After  being  cut  and  tied,  the  cord  is  wrapped 
in  a  piece  of  fabric  or,  in  some  instances,  simply  laid  upon  the  abdo- 
men. A  bandage  is  sometimes  placed  about  the  child's  abdomen. 
The  infant  is  taken  in  charge  by  the  grandmother  or  another  old 
woman,  and  is  then  washed  or  rubbed,  in  some  tribes  given  a  taste  of 
a  sacred  food  or  drink,  and  laid  to  sleep  at  first  on  bedding  and  later 
on  a  cradle  board.  As  soon  as  the  mother's  flow  of  milk  commences 
the  child  is  nursed.  No  difference  was  found  anywhere  between  the 
manner  of  nursing  or  feeding  the  male  and  the  female  infant. 

With  the  Apache  newborn  infant  the  cord  is  usually  tied  an  inch 
or  a  little  more  from  the  body  and  then  cut  about  the  same  distance 
farther  away.  But  little  or  no  wrapping  is  used.  In  four  or  five  days, 
if  all  goes  well,  the  cord  falls  off.  The  child  is  then  cleansed  somewhat 
or  washed  with  warm  water. 

About  San  Carlos,  in  families  in  which  the  old  customs  still  prevail, 
the  child  receives  its  first  thorough  bathing  after  four  days  have  passed 
and  is  then  taken  out  of  doors  for  the  first  time,  this  course  being  pur- 
sued especially  with  the  first  child.  A  woman  recently  confined,  on 
being  asked'  why  she  did  not  wash  or  take  out  her  baby  until  after 
four  days,  could  give  no  reason  other. than  that  in  case  of  the  first 
child  the  old  folk  make  the  mother  wait  so  long.  One  San  Carlos 
woman  told  the  writer  that  her  babies  when  born  were  washed  with 
warm  water  as  soon  as  it  could  be  made  ready.  In  some  instances 
the  children  were  washed  by  a  woman  attendant  and  in  others  by  the 
mother  herself.  At  first  the  child  is  laid  in  a  warm  bed  improvised 
from  old  clothing,  but  it  is  put  into  the  cradle  as  soon  as  the  latter  is 
made,  usually  during  the  first  or  second  day.  In  no  case  do  the 
women  put  anything  into  the  water  in  which  they  wash  the  babies. 

A  Tonto  Apache  mother  of  nine  children  said  that  her  infants  were 
washed  with  warm  water  soon  after  birth.  Among  this  tribe  the  cord 
is  tied  with  a  clean  string  about  an  inch  from  the  body  and  covered 
with  some  of  the  ' '  cotton ' '  and  powder  of  the  root  of  a  certain  plant 
(me-tci-da-il-tso,  Perezia  wrightii),  which  make  it  heal  quickly.  If 
soreness  develops  more  of  the  same  root  is  applied.  Injjjiay;.^.r-two 
_a  cradle  board  is  made,  on  w:hich  the  babe  isplaQ&d.  Among  the  San 
Carlos  people  ashes  or  clay  are  never  used  in  cleaning  the  newborn 
child.  With  the  more  careful  mothers  infants  are  washed  daily,  or 
nearly  every  day. 

Among  the  Mescalero  Apache  the  cord  is  tied  about  IJ  or  2  inches 
from  the  body  and  then  cut.  The  cradle  board  is  made  after  the  birth 
of  the  child,  which  is  laid  thereon  the  second  or  third  day. 


74  ■  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Among  the  Jicarilla  Apaclie  the  cord  is  tied  and  cut  much  as  among 
the  whites.  It  is  then  wrapped  in  rags  and  the  cliild  is  incased  in  a 
goatskin.  After  four  days  the  infant  is  taken  out  of  the  skin  and 
given  its  first  bath. 

Among  the  Lipan  the  cord  is  tied  about  H  inches,  and  is  cut  about 
4  inches,  from  the  body.  Ordmarily  nothing  is  appUed  to  the  end, 
but  should  it  become  sore  horse  excrement  is  burned  and  used  as  a 
remedy.  When  the  cord  is  attended  to  and  the  child  is  cleansed 
somewhat  with  warm  water,  it  is  held  in  turn  to  the  four  points  of  the 
compass ;  then  it  is  wrapped  in  some  old  soft  cloth  and  laid  on  a  skin 
or  bedding  spread  over  weeds  known  as  tlo-til-spai.  In  former  times 
the  toilet  of  the  newborn  infant,  after  the  cord  was  tied,  consisted  of 
a  simple  washing  with  warm  water,  which  v/as  brought  in  the  horn  of  a 
buffalo.  The  baby's  bed  was  always  made  over  some  of  the  tlo-til- 
spai.  The  mother  was  not  allowed  to  nurse  the  infant  for  at  least 
two  clays. 

The  Navaho  tie  the  cord  about  H  inches  from  the  body  and  cut 
it  at  a  somewhat  greater  distance,  much  as  among  the  Apache;  the 
remaining  part  of  the  cord  is  usually  allowed  (at  least  in  some  parts 
of  the  reservation)  to  lie  on  the  skin  without  any  covering,  unless 
soreness  is  apparent. 

Among  the  Hopi  the  cord  is  cut  and  tied.  The  child  is  washed 
with  a  little  luke-warm  water  or  soapsuds  (made  from  the  soap-weed) 
and  then  the  sldn  is  rubbed  all  over  with  wood  ashes.  Occasionally 
a  whitish  clay  is  also  used  for  the  rubbing."  The  washing  and  rub- 
bing are  repeated  daily  until  the  skin  is  sufficiently  clean.  This  is 
the  practice  in  a  few  other  pueblos  also.  At  Laguna,  according  to  the 
writer's  informant  in  the  village,  only  the  clay  is  used.  The  Zuni 
cut  and  tie  the  cord  and  use  soapsuds  and  ashes,  in  r.  manner  similar 
to  the  Hopi.^ 

The  Pima  generally  cut  the  cord  about  1|  inches  from  the  body 
(the  women  indicate  the  breadth  of  three  fingers),  and  then  tie  it. 
Further  attentions  to  the  infant  are  as  follows:  It  is  carefidly  handled, 
washed  with  warm  water  as  soon  as  possible,  wrapped  in  something 
warm,  and  placed  on  a  little  bedding  on  the  ground  or  in  a  bed.  If  a 
cradle  is  obtained  or  made,  which  is  not  frequently  the  case,  this  is 
used  for  several  days  only  until  the  baby  is  stronger,  after  which  the 
usual  swing  is  prepared  for  it.  To  prevent  soreness  of  the  cord  the 
Pima  apjily  powdered  bark  of  the  mesquite,  finely  ground  red  pigment, 
probably  ocher,  pulverized  dry  grease  wood  (Covillea  tridentata) 
mixed  with  fine  dry  mud  from  the  river,  or  the  dry  spores  of  a  little 
puffball  fungus,  a-te   ("carries-earth-on-head,"   Tylostoma).     Occa- 

rt  Compare  TT.  K.  Voth,  Oraibi  Natal  Customs  and  Ceremonies,  Field  Columbian  Museum  Publicn- 
lUmx,  Anthropological  sorics,  vi,  no.  2,  Chicago,  1905. 
(<  Compare  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson's  accounts  in  publications  of  tlic  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  75 

sionally  the  navel  becomes  sore,  but  heals  under  these  applications. 
A  band  is  put  around  the  child's  abdomen,  the  extremity  of  the 
cord  is  laid  on  it,  and  another  band  then  passed  over  it.  If  the 
mother  can  not  nurse  the  infant  soon,  it  is  fed  on  a  little  pinole 
and  water  or  diluted  milk.  No  teas  or  medicines  are  given  and  no 
clay  or  ashes  is  used. 

Among  the  Papago  some  tie  the  cord,  others  cut  it  within  2  inches 
of  the  body  and  then  apply  live  coals  or  a  burning  stick  to  stop 
the  bleeding.  In  the  latter  case  there  is  no  tying.  The  northern 
Papago  have  no  cradle  boards.  After  being  washed,  the  newborn 
child  is  put  on  a  bed  made  of  blankets  or  cloth  and  kept  there  until 
two  or  three  weeks  old.  After  that  it  is  put  into  the  hammock,  which 
is  like  that  used  among  the  Pima.'^ 

Among  the  Maricopa  the  cord  is  cut  and  tied.  Cradle  boards, 
much  like  those  found  among  the  Apache,  are  in  general  use  in  this 
tribe. 

Among  the  Mohave  the  cord  is  squeezed  out  so  that  "no  blood 
remains  inside,"  and  then  tied  and  cut  off  about  IJ  or  2  inches  from 
the  abdomen.  It  is  covered  or  wrapped  a  little  and  generally  falls 
off  in  a  few  days  without  trouble.  The  child  is  washed  in  warm  water 
as  soon  as  possible  and  is  then  rubbed  with  hot  sand.  There  is  no 
rubbing  with  ashes. 

Among  the  Tarahumare  the  medicine-man  "cures"  the  cord;  after 
cutting  the  cord  he  ties  it,  and  applies  a  covering  of  'paio  santo.  The 
body  of  the  newborn  infant  is  rubbed  with  sour  liquid  called 
"mancha." 

Among  the  Opata  the  cord  is  tied  with  a  piece  of  calico  or  cloth,  about 
6  to  8  inches  from  the  body,  and  is  then  cut.  A  rag  is  wrapped  around 
the  cord,  which  is  allowed  to  fall  down  between  the  legs,  after  being 
further  protected  by  a  bandage.  There  is  no  washing.  When  a  child 
is  born  the  common  custom  is  to  wipe  it  with  a  dry  cloth.  As  soon  as 
the  child  is  dressed  it  is  applied  to  the  breast.  If  it  does  not  nurse  it  is 
taken  away  and  given  manzanilla  (camomile)  tea.  In  many  cases  after 
the  child  receives  the  first  attentions  its  head  is  thrown  back,  or  it  is 
held  up  by  the  feet,  and  the  midwife  applies  the  ball  of  the  thumb  to 
the  roof  of  the  mouth,  pressing  it  up  with  considerable  force.  This 
treatment  is  called  "palidar"  (forcing  up  the  palate);  it  is  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  the  "mollera"  or  "mojera"  (anterior  fontanel). 
Falling  of  the  mojera  is  supposed  to  be  a  very  common  complaint  of 
childhood,  and  sometimes  older  people  also  are  afflicted  with  the 
same  trouble. 

Among  most  of  the  remaining  Mexican  tribes  opportunities  to 
obtain  details  on  the  various  points  under  consideration  were  lacking. 

a  The  name  of  the  babe  is  selected  by  an  old  man,  so  that  the  child  may  live  as  long  as  the  latter. 


70  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  nursing"  of  the  infant  presents  one  characteristic  feature, 
found  among  all  the  tribes  visited:  It  is  generally  prolonged  much 
beyond  the  period  customary  among  the  whites.  Nursing  is  begun 
from  within  a  few  hours  to  several  days  after  confinement,  according 
to  the  flow  of  milk,  and,  unless  a  new  pregnancy  intervenes,  the 
infant  is  not  wholly  weaned  until  2,  3,  or  even  4  or  more  years  old. 
The  reasons  usually  assigned  for  tliis  custom  are  that  "it  is  good  for 
the  infant,"  "it  makes  the  child  strong  and  healthy,"  "it  wants  it," 
and  "does  not  want  to  give  up."  There  are  rare  instances  in  which 
a  mother  nurses  the  newly  arrived  infant  as  well  as  the  last  preceding 
child.  The  infant  does  not  live  exclusively,  however,  on  the  mother's 
milk,  except  during  the  first  three  to  eight  months;  after  this  stage, 
which  differs  in  duration  with  the  various  tribes  and  with  circum- 
stances, it  receives  in  addition  more  or  less  of  the  food  forming  the 
diet  of  the  mother. 

The  Indian  woman,  particularly  in  the  uncivilized  tribes,  has  gen- 
erally breasts  of  but  moderate  size,  which  produce  a  fair  but  not  an 
unusual  quantity  of  milk.  A  few  instances  were  learned  of  in  every 
tribe  in  which  the  secretion  was  insufficient,  but  such  cases  are  rarer 
than  among  the  whites  of  the  larger  cities.  When  the  child  can  not 
be  nursed  by  the  mother  recourse  is  had  to  goat's  or  cow's  milk,  it 
may  be  fed  on  what  the  people  consider  light  diet,  or  another  woman 
may  nurse  it.  When  a  new  pregnancy  supervenes  nursing  is  usually 
stopped,  although,  as  mentioned  above,  there  are  exceptions  to  this 
custom.  After  they  get  teeth  and  run  about  some  children  wean 
spontaneously;  in  other  cases  the  woman  must  absent  herself  for 
a  time  or  apply  some  substance  to  her  nipples,  the  bad  taste  of 
which  does  away  with  the  child's  desire  to  nurse.  In  some  of  the 
tribes  included  in  the  writer's  researches  the  beginning  of  nursing  is 
purposely  somewhat  delayed  on  account  of  pecuUar  notions  of  the 
people. 

Details. — For  the  first  five  or  six  months  the  Apache  baby  gets 
only  mother's  milk;  later  on  it  receives  a  little  food  of  SiOj  kind 
eaten  by  the  mother.  The  nursing  is  continued  until  after  the  child 
walks,  unless  there  is  a  new  pregnancy;  but  even  the  latter  does  not 
always  cause  an  interruption.  The  ordinary  method  of  weaning  a 
child  is  to  put  a  little  red  pepper  on  the  nipples.  If  the  mother  has 
milk  very  soon  after  confinement,  she  begins  to  nurse  the  baby  when 
it  commences  to  cry;  in  some  cases,  however,  she  delays  "until  the 
baby's  mouth  gets  all  clean."  If  milk  does  not  appear  promptly, 
the  child  gets  nothing  for  about  a  day,  and  it  is  then  fed  on  milk  or 
something  else  that  is  not  "strong."  The  results  of  special  inquiry 
as  to  the  appearance  in  different  women  of  milk  sufficient  for  nursing 

o  See  also  notes  on  pp.  6G  et  seq. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  77 

and  the  substances  on  wliich  the  child  is  fed  when  lactation  is  delayed 
are  here  summarized :  "■  ^^ 

San  Carlos  Apache 


Woman   could   begin    to   nurse    after   birth   of 
child- 


One  very  soon,  had  milk  before  delivery 
One  wthin  one-half  day  (about  6  hours) 

One  after  a  night  (about  10  hours) 

One  after  16  hours 

One  after  18  hours . 

Three  after  24  hours 

One  after  36  hours 

One  after  3  days 


Thin  soup  of  flour  and  water  and  a  little  lueseal 
juice  with  water. 

One  after  several  days Weak  coffee. 

Three  (one  mother)  ninth  to  tenth  day Cow's  milk. 


Child  fed  meant.me  on- 


It  happens  only  very  rarelj^  that  an  Apache  woman  after  delivery 
is  permanently  without  milk  or  with  but  little  milk.  In  such  a  case, 
cr  if  the  mother  dies,  a  nursing  woman  among  her  relatives  helps  in 
caring  for  the  baby,  or  it  is  brought  up  on  fresh  cow's  milk  or  on 
condensed  milk  and  other  liquid  diet.  The  nursing  is  especially 
prolonged  when  the  child  has  been  sick  or  if  it  is  weak.  The  Apache 
women  do  not  continue  to  nurse  children  for  long  periods  with  the 
aim  of  preventing  by  this  means  new  conceptions.  If  a  nursing 
woman  becomes  pregnant  anew,  in  many  instances  she  does  not  stop 
nursing.  A  few  nurse  the  last  preceding  baby  until  the  new  one  is 
born,  and  rarely  a  mother  nurses  both  children  at  the  same  time. 
The  flow  of  milk  does  not  seem  to_.stop_because  of  ])regnancy. 

Aniong  the  San  Carlos  people  feeding  begins  generally  about  the 
time  the  baby  commences  to  sit  up  (after  the  seventh  month).  At 
first  the  child  usually  gets  something  "light,"  as  coffee,  milk,  soup, 
crackers,  tortilla,  or  fruit.  One  of  the  women,  said  that  she  "would 
not  think  of  giving  the  baby  anything  solid  to  eat  before  it  could 
chew."  When  the  child  begins  to  eat,  however,  it  gets  everything 
it  desires  of  what  can  be  provided,  including  even  candy.  The 
earliest  case  of  additional  feeding  of  the  nursing  infant  was  recorded 
among  these  Apache  in  a  girl  of  8^  months,  but  was  almost  the  rule 
among  older  children  (see  details  in  Appendix) . 

Some  of  the  women  among  the  Mescalero  Apache  do  not  begin  to 
nurse  the  child  until  two  days  after  it  is  born  and  is  "cleaned  out." 

Among  the  Hopi  a  boy  was  pointed  out  to  the  writer  who,  though 
he  must  have  been  nearly  5  years  old,  was  still  occasionally  nursing. 

The  Zuni  infant  begins  usually  to  receive  articles  of  diet  other  than 
the  mother's  milk  after  it  is  4  months  old. 

o  From  the  detail  table  with  the  chapter  on  Labor,  pp.  66  et  seq. 


78 


CUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Among  the  Pima  women  detailed  inquiry  as  to  the  appearance  of 
sufficient  milk  and  the  feeding  of  infants  pending  its  appearance  was 
made  as  among  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  with  the  following  result: 

Pivia 


Women  could  begin  to  nurse  after  birth  of  child — 


Two  at  once;  nursed  older  child  up  to  the  time  of  labor 

Two  at  once,  had  milic  before  delivery  ^ 

One  after  3  hours 

One  after  6  hours , 

Two  after  10  hours 

One  after  12  hours 

One  after  15  hours 

One  after  20  hours _ 

One  after  20  hours 

Two  after  1  day  (24  hours) 

One  after  28  hours 

One  after  3tj  hours ■ 

One  after  40  hours ■. 

One  after  2  days  (48  hours) , . 

One  after  3  days 

One  after  3  days 

One  after  4  days 

One  after  4  day s 


Cow's  milk. 

Weak  black  coffee. 

Cow's  milk. 

(?) 

(?) 

Condensed  milk. 

Cow's  milk, 
do. 

One  after  4  days Nursed  by  another. 

One  after  4  days Cow's  milk. 

One  after  4  days |  Condensed  milk. 

One  after  5  days |  Cow's  milk. 

One  after  6  days !  Condensed  milk. 

One  after  6  days do. 


Child  fed  meantime  on — 


A  little  warm  water. 


Cases  in  which  three  or  more  days  elapsed  before  the  mother  could 
nurse  the  child  were  remarkably  numerous.  The  author  suspected 
that,  especially  because  of  the  frequent  occurrence  of  the  number 
four,  in  some  cases  the  belated  nursing  was  due  to  observances  con- 
nected with  that  number,  but  this  was  always  denied  by  the  women. 

Some  of  the  Pima  feed  the  child  on  fruit  and  other  things  from 
the  time  it  is  about  4  or  5  months  old.  Occasionally  they  even  let  it 
suck  a  piece  of  meat.  The  youngest  of  the  children  examined  who 
were  fed  in  addition  to  being  nursed  were  a  boy  of  7^  months,  fed 
since  he  was  about  4^  months  of  age,  and  a  girl  of  7  months  and  6 
days,  fed  since  she  was  6^  months  old  (for  details  see  Appendix) .  A 
very  remarkable  authentic  case  of  prolonged  nursing  was  met  with  in 
this  tribe.  The.  present  teacher  at  Casa  Blanca,  a  full -blood  Pima, 
was  nursed  till  he  was  7  years  old,  even  after  he  went  to  school.  His 
mother  became  a  widow  when  he  was  a  baby,  and  she  wanted  to 
nurse  him  as  long  as  she  could  "  to  give  him  all  the  good  possible." 

The  Papago  baby  is  usually  nursed  until  dentition  begins,  when 
the  mother  gives  it  in  addition  portions  of  almost  everything  she  her- 
self eats.     Nursing  is  often  prolonged. 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS    ■  79 

The  Mohave  told  the  -wTiter  that  there  are  some  women  among 
them,  who  even  when  pregnant  nurse  their  babies. 

Among  the  Yuma,  children  of  1  year  partake  invariably  of  a  diet 
similar  to  that  of  the  adults,  though  they  are  nursed  besides. 

Among  the  Opata  nursing  is  generally  normal,  although  it  happens, 
particularly  with  the  more  fleshy  women,  that  the  secretion  of  milk 
is  scanty.  As  among  other  Indians,  the  nursing  is  often  prolonged 
until  the  cliild  is  2  years  of  age  or  even  older,  but  weaning  follows  at 
once  if  the  woman  fiiids  that  she  is  again  pregnant. 

As  to  other  Mexican  tribes,  the  conditions  of  niu-sing  are  much  like 
those  among  the  tribes  in  southwestern  United  States.  Among  the 
Tarahumare  nursing  begins  with  the  flow  of  milk.  If  this  is  retarded, 
the  mother  tries  to  press  out  the  milk.  In  the  meanwhile  the  infant 
is  given  warm  water. 

LATEE    ATTENTIOISr    TO    THE    CHILD;    HEAD    DEFORMATION 

With  nearly  all  the  tribes,  owing  to  peculiar  beliefs  of  the  people, 
the  infant  is  kept  witliin  doors  for  a  certain  period.  Among  some  of 
the  Rio  Grande  Pueblos  and  the  Papago  the  time  is  four,  among  the 
Zuni  four  to  nine,  among  the  Hopi  twenty,  and  among  some  of 
the  Tarahumare  thirty,  days. 

There  is  no  trace  in  aii}"^  of  the  tribes  of  circumcision  or  other  muti- 
lation; but  there  is  a  phase  of  the  treatment  of  the  infant  by  the 
mother  in  some  of  the  tribes  wliich  frequently  results  in  head  defor- 
mation. 

In  nearly  all  the  tribes  here  dealt  with  the  infant  spends  a  large 
part  of  its  existence  from  soon  after  birth  to  the  tenth  month  or 
later,  imtil  it  can  sit  up,  on  a  cradle  board  or  in  a  baby  carrier  or 
a  s^^^ng.'^  In  cases  in  which  the  appliance  by  reason  of  its  nature 
or  of  the  method  of  securing  the  infant  to  it  permits  free  move- 
ment of  the  head  of  the  child,  as  among  the  Ute,  Jicarillas,  Pima, 
Papago,  Walapai,  Havasupai,  and  most  of  the  Mexican  tribes,  the 
head  develops  in  a  normal  way.  In  cases  in  which,  on  the  other 
hand,  as  among  the  Apache,  Navaho,  all  the  Pueblos,  Mohave,  and 
Yuma,  the  infant  is  so  fastened  to  the  board  that  the  motion  of  its 
head  is  limited  (though  the  head  itself  is  in  no  way  fastened)  and  in 
which,  in  addition,  it  is  obliged  to  lie  much  of  the  time  on  its  back, 
flattening  of  the  back  of  the  head  of  various  kinds  and  degrees  is  the 
result.  The  compression  persists  tliroughout  life,  seemingly  with- 
out  marked  change  in  form  and  relative  dimensions,  and  is  without 
appreciable  effect  on  the  intellect  or  longevity  of  the  individual. 
The  cranial  modification  here  considered  is  certainly  in  no  way  or 

a  See  writer's  A  Cora  Cradle,  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  vn,  no.  2,  Apr-June,  1905,  361;  Notes  on 
the  San  Carlos  Apache,  ibid.,  no.  3,  July-Sept.,  190.5:  and  Notes  on  the  Pima,  ibid.,  viii,  no.  1,  Jan.- 
Mar.,  1906;  also  his  Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  ibid.,  vi,  no.  1,  Jan.-Mar.,  1904. 


80 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


degree  hereditary.     Figure  1  illustrates  a  pronounced  lateral  com- 
pression of  this  nature  in  the  skull  of  an  ancient  Pueblo. 

In  some  tribes  head  deformation  is  diminishing  in  frequency.  It 
has  existed  in  all  localities,  and  still  is,  on  the  average,  more  pro- 
nounced and  also  somewhat  more  common  among  males  than  among 
females,  probably  in  consequence  of  the  slightly  greater  weight  of  the 
head  of  the  male  infant.  The  writer  has  amply  satisfied  himself  that 
this  deformation  is  wholly  incidental.     The  treatment  which  gives 


Fig.  1.  Ancient  Pueblo  skull,  showing  in  a  high  degree  efleet  of  lateral  occipital  compression. 

rise  to  it  is  not  watched  or  regulated  in  any  way  in  any  of  the  tribes. 
The  deformation  is  well  known  and  its  cause  understood  by  the 
Indians,  but  most  of  them  feel  helpless  about  it.  In  some  localities, 
however,  the  flat  occiput  seems  to  be  viewed  with  favor.  There  may 
be  a  natural  explanation  for  this;  if  the  occipital  compression  is  pro- 
nounced there  is  developed  a  high  and  rather  vertical  forehead, 
possibly  admired  in  some  tribes,  as  it  is  sometimes  among  whites. 

The  baby  is  nursed  while  laced  up,  the  mother  taking  the  cradle 
board  on  her  lap.  The  infant  is  taken  out  of  the  cradle  board  three 
to  five  times  each  day,  first  at  the  beginning  of  the  day,  and  lastly 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  81 

before  the  family  goes  to  sleep.  At  night  it  is  kept  in  the  cradle, 
mothers  believing  that  their  infants  remain  more  quiet  in  this  way 
and  are  thus  less  likely  to  disturb  them.  It  was  observed  during  the 
examination  of  the  pulse  that  as  soon  as  unlaced  the  infant  would 
generally  awake  and  become  restless. 

The  time  gradually  to  dispense  with  the  cradle  begins  when  the 
child  is  sufficiently  old  to  sit.  By  this  time  he  usually  has  a  second, 
larger  cradle  board.  The  board  is  wholly  discarded  when  the  child 
walks.  In  one  observed  instance  a  boy,  the  first  child  of  the  family, 
13  months  old,  was  still  kept  part  of  the  time  on  the  cradle  board. 

The  confinement  of  the  child  in  the  cradle  board  or  swing  varies 
with  tribes  and  families.  In  cases  in  which  the  cradle  board  is  used, 
the  child  is  usually  kept  strapped  in  it  day  and  night,  being  freed  for  a 
while  only  when  it  is  to  be  cleaned.  When  the  child  is  old  enough 
to  begin  to  sit,  the  intervals  spent  outside  the  cradle  during  the  day 
are  longer.  The  time  of  complete  abandonment  of  the  cradle  board 
is  regulated  in  no  way,  and  usually  coincides  with  the  period  at  which 
the  child  learns  to  walk.  Where  nets  and  other  swings  are  used,  the 
child  has  more  freedom. 

Besides  the  attentions  connected  with  the  cradle  board,  nursing, 
and  feeding,  the  growing  infant  receives  but  little  care.  It  is  washed 
infrequently,  except  in  some  of  the  more  civilized  families.  On  jour- 
neys it  is  carried  in  its  cradle  board  or  in  a  blanket  on  the  back  of 
the  mother.  At  the  proper  time  the  babe  is  encouraged  to  sit,  and 
later  on  to  walk.  Though  not  less  loved,  it  is  generally  played  with 
and  especially  talked  to  somewhat  less  than  among  the  whites.  As 
it  grows  it  is  left  largely  to  the  attention  of  the  older  children. 

Tribal  details. — Among  most  of  the  Apache,  Maricopa,  Mohave,  and 
Yuma  the  cradle  board  consists  of  a  reed  frame,  to  which  are  fast- 
ened numerous  flat  crosspieces  of  light  wood  and  a  hood.  The  base 
is  covered  with  a  specially  made  mat  of  soft  cedar  bark,  overlaid 
with  cloth,  or  with  several  layers  of  old  calico,  some  cotton  wad- 
ding, or  only  a  layer  of  excelsior.  Under  the  head  is  placed  an 
additional  fold  of  calico  or  a  special  pad,  and  a  similar  pad  may  be 
used  under  the  shoulders  to  keep  the  child's  body  straight.  The 
infant  is  covered  with  two  or  three  layers  of  cahco  or  cotton  cloth, 
and  over  these  are  folded  the  cradle  flaps,  laced  or  bound  together. 
The  bow  is  covered  on  the  back  with  a  larger  piece  of  cotton  cloth 
to  protect  the  -head  of  the  child  from  \yind  and  dust ;  from  the  fore 
part  of  it  are  suspended  rattles  or  other  playthings  to  amuse,  the 
infant,  and  perhaps  an  amulet  to  protect  it. 

Occipital  flattening  in  various  degrees  is  very  common  among 
Apache  children,  much  more  so  than  among  the  adults.  The  cause 
of  this  is  not  apparent,  though  it  must  result  from  some  change  of 

3452— Bull.  34—08 6 


82  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

habits.  Possibly  in  former  years  the  children,  brought  up  in  times 
of  unrest,  were  carried  about  much  more  than  they  are  to-day,  being 
thus  less  likely  to  acquire  the  deformation. 

The  Navaho  and  Pueblo  "  infants  also  are  carried  on  cradle  boards. 
The  Navaho  appliance  consists  of  one  or  more,  frequently  two,  boards, 
to  the  sides  of  which  are  attached  leather  strings,  with  which  the 
child,  wrapped  in  cloths  or  a  buckskin,  is  fastened.  A  layer  of  cedar 
bark  or  of  other  soft  substances  and  pieces  of  fabric  cover  the 
boards.  Under  the  shoulders  of  the  child  is  placed  by  some  a  soft, 
oblong  cushion  or  fold  'Ho  make  the  child  straight."  Under  the 
head  is  another  cushion  or  fold,  most  often  made  of  calico,  not  hard, 
yet  firmer  than  a  feather  or  a  wool  pillow.  This  somewhat  rigid  sur- 
face undoubtedly  aids  in  producing  the  occipital  flattening,  which  is 
found  frequently,  and  often  in  a  high  degree,  in  the  tribe.  The  child 
is  strapped  on  the  board  tight  enough  not  to  be  able  to  turn  on  its 
side,  with  the  result  that  whenever  the  cradle  board  is  inclined  or 
placed  horizontally  some  part  of  the  occiput  of  the  child  is  in  contact 
with  the  head  cushion.  The  infant  undoubtedly  acquires  a  habit  of 
lying  in  a  certain  position,  either  straight  on  the  occiput  or  a  little 
to  one  side,  and  a  flattening  of  the  part  habitually  compressed  results. 
Most  of  the  occipital  compressions  found  among  the  Navaho,  as  well 
as  elsewhere  are  more  or  less  unilateral.  They  are,  the  writer  is 
satisfied,  not  the  result  of  any  inherent  or  acquired  weakness  of  the 
skuU.  On  examination  no  weakness  of  the  occiput  was  detected  in 
any  case,  and  there  is  no  rachitis  as  yet  in  this  or  in  any  other  of 
the  southwestern  tribes  visited. 

As  elsewhere,  the  occipital  compression  is  found  more  frecjuently, 
and  on  the  average  more  pronounced,  in  the  male  among  the  Navaho. 

As  to  any  intentional  deformation  in  this  tribe,  most  of  the  women 
questioned  in  this  matter  did  little  more  in  response  than  laugh. 
One  older  woman  said  that  the  Navaho  ''do  not  like  a  head  that 
protrudes  behind,"  illustrating  the  words  with  her  hands. 

The  occipital  compression  of  the  Apache,  the  Navaho,  and  the 
modern  Pueblos  is  identical  with  that  found  among  other  tribes  in 
Arizona,  the  ancient  Pueblos,^  some  of  the  prehistoric  cliff-dwellers, 
and  among  the  so-called  "mound-builders."  This  characteristic 
feature  occurred  among  tribes  extending  in  prehistoric  times  over  a 
very  large  part  of  our  present  Southern  states,  almost  the  whole  of 
northern  Mexico  and  other  parts  of  North  America,  as  well  as 
over  certain  areas  in  Central  and  South  America. 

o  At  Laguna,  San  Felipe,  and  other  pueblos  the  child  is  laid  in  its  cradle  soon  after  it  is  washed 
and  is  kept  there  nearly  all  the  time  during  the  first  two  or  three  months.  After  that  it  is  taken  out 
several  times  each  day. 

''  When  some  of  the  Laguna  and  San  Felipe  Pueblos  were  questioned  as  to  the  cause  of  the  former 
frequent  occurrence  among  them  of  occipital  compression  they  replied  that  long  ago  they  used  harder 
head  cushions,  not  har  ing  materials  so  soft  as  are  availr.ble  to-day. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


83 


The  deformation  was  not  observed  in  any  instance  to  have  produced 
disease  of  the  brain  or  abnormaUty  of  its  functions.  It  is  the  only 
form  of  artificial  deformation  of  the  head  that  exists  or  ever  existed 
among  our  southwestern  Indians  or  among  the  Indians  of  northern 
Mexico. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  individuals  with  vari- 
ous forms  and  grades  of  occipital  compression  found  in  the  different 
tribes  among  those  who  were  measured  and  examined : 


Number  examined. 

Occipital  deformation. 

Tribe. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males.            1          Females. 

Number. 

Per  cent.  Number. 

Per  cent. 

Southern  Ute         

50 

52 

43 
191 
31 
42 
35 
23 
50 

123 
28 
60 

266 
50 

53 
115 
40 

85 
25 

29 
20 
31 
52 
52 
23 
40 
27 
29 
53 
50 
50 
62 
40 
54 

20 

30 

24 
201 

1 

13 

8 

89 

3 

2.0 

Apache: 

25.0 

19.0 
47.0 
10.0 

8 

4 
57 

26.0 

San  Carlos- 

17.0 

Children  

Mescalero 

28.0 

Walapai 

10 
2 
30 

45 

1 

1 

40 

43 

8 

11 

95 

3.0 
4.0 
80.0 

35.0 

Havasupai 

Navaho  .          

13 
12 

43.0 

Hopi: 

Adults 

27  0 

Children 

28.0 

Zuni 

30 
30 
30 

30 
144 
30 

41 
25 

5 
30 
22 
34 
30 
10 
15 

18.0 
36.0 

3 

6 
1 

10.0 
20.0 

Papago 

3.0 

Pima: 

Adults 

2 
11 
3 

38 
2 

16 
3 

4.0 
9.5 
7.5 

45.0 
8.0 

55.0 
15.0 

Children 

Maricopa                        

5 
2 

11 
1 

3 
2 

3.0 
7  0 

Mohave: 

Adults                          

27  0 

Children 

Yuma: 

Adults 

Children 

4.0 

60.0 
7  0 

Opata 

Yaqui 

Mayo     .   . 

6 
2 
1 

11.5 
4.0 

4.0 

2 

1 

6.0 
3  0 

Tarahumare 

Tepehuane 

Tepecano 

2 
3 
8 
2 
3 
1 
4 
9 

7.0 
10.0 
15.0 
4.0 
6.0 
2.0 
10.0 
17.0 

Huichol 

19 
11 

2 

10  5 

Cora 

Nahua 

Tarasco 

Otomi 

30 
25 

2 

7.0 

Mazahua 

Tlahuiltec 

31 

4 

13  0 

Total 

1,954 

984 

429 

22.0 

139 

14   . 

84  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  principal  physical  effects  on  the  skull  of  this  deformation  are 
as  follows:  The  antero-posterior  cranial  diameter  is  shortened,  the 
extremes  of  shortening  ranging  from  a  few  millimeters  to  about 
3  cm.  The  breadth  and  height  of  the  skull  are  augmented,  the  for- 
mer by  up  to  2  cm.,  the  latter  1^  cm.  The  size,  capacity,  weight,  and 
thickness  seem  to  be  unaffected,  or  but  slightly  altered.  The  vault, 
and  occasionally  also  the  base,  of  the  skull  show  more  or  less  asym- 
metr}" ;  in  a  few  instances  the  compression  is  wholly  unilateral  (see 
fig.  1).  The^ facial  bones  proper  suffer  but  little,  but  the  orbits  ar'e 
modified  in  the  more  pronounced  cases  of  compression. 

The  exact  effects  of  the  deformation  on  the  brain  form  and  gyra- 
tion to  a  large  extent  remain  still  to  be  determined.  Intracranial 
casts  show  mainly  a  flattening  and  spreading  of  the  occipital  lobes 
and  a  compensatory  augmentation  or  prominence  of  the  part  poste- 
rior to  the  central  fissure.  The  majority  of  the  fissures  must  be 
changed  more  or  less  in  direction. 

Physiological  Observations  on  Children 

GENERAL 

Thorough  anatomical,  physiological,  sensimetric,  and  psychological 
studies  of  the  Indian  child  are  most  desirable  and  promise  valuable 
results,  but  thus  far  contributions  to  these  subjects  are  very  limited. 
They  consist,  in  fact,  of  no  more  than  small  series  of  physical  meas- 
urements. The  writer  made  it  a  point,  especially  during  his  last 
expedition,  to  inquire  into  a  few  particulars  of  the  Indian  child's 
development  and  functions,  with  the  following  results. 

Indian  children  of,  all  ages  are,  as  a  rule,  well  nourished;  excep- 
tions are  rare,  particularly  among  nursing  infants.  Up  to  the  time 
they  begin  to  walk  the  babies  spend  much  time  in  sleeping,  and, 
being  less  subject  than  white  children  to  minor  digestive  and  other 
disturbances,  they  are  on  the  average  more  quiet  and  less  restless. 
When  they  begin  running  about,  they  are  active  at  all  times  of  the 
day.  Their  first  teeth  begin  to  cut  mostly  during  the  sixth  month, 
and  the  process  is  usually  accomplished  without  noticeable  difficulty. 
The  functions  of  crawling,  sitting,  and  walking  manifest  themselves 
nearly  as  among  whites,  though  individual  peculiarities  are  met  with. 
The  Indian  child  is  not  backward  in  talking,  although  he  does  not 
receive  quite  as  much  teaching  or  exercise  in  this  particular  as  the 
white  child. 

Growing  Indian  children  are  plump,  and  many  have  very  pleasant 
features.  When  at  home  or  alone  they  are  playful;  in  general,  how- 
ever, they  are  somewhat  more  shy  and  less  demonstrative,  exuberant, 
or  moody  than  white  children.  There  are  comparatively  little  fight- 
ing; little  feud,  and  very  little  care  or  prolonged  unhappiness  among 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  85 

them.  The  school  children  appear  on  the  average  better  nourished 
than  those  of  the  whites.  According  to  the  general  testimony  of  the 
teachers,  and  from  personal  observation,  the^^  are  easily  managed; 
but  owing  to  lack  of  attention  at  home,  they  require  considerable  care 
in  the  matter  of  cleanliness.  Like  white  children,  they  manifest  an 
organic  need  of  abundant  and  varied  physical  exercise,  without  which 
their  health  suffers. 

Mentalh',  as  a  rule,  Indian  children  appear  to  possess  somewhat 
less  initiative  and  to  be  slightly  less  bright  than  white  children,  but 
there  are  numerous  exceptions.  They  show  much  natural  patience. 
They  learn  well,  though  more  by  memory  or  imitation  than  by  the 
exercise  of  reason.  Here,  however,  there  are  again  exceptions,  and 
the  fact  that  the  Indian  children  have  to  learn  in  a  language  different 
from  that  in  which  they  are  brought  up  may  be  largely  responsible 
for  their  apparent  shortcomings.  They  are  apt  in  learning  English, 
and  those  who  are  long  in  school  speak  it  without  unusual  accent. 
Not  a  few  learn  more  than  one  language,  particularly  the  languages 
of  other  tribes.  They  generalh'  make  rapid  progress  in  drawing, 
music,  histor}',  and  geography,  and  were  it  not  for  their  peculiar  ways 
of  viewing  things,  acquired  from  their  elders,  they  would  show  apti- 
tude for  natural  science;  but  the}'  find  difficulties  with  grammar, 
and  especially  with  higher  arithmetic. 

The  school  children,  particularly  the  girls,  are  by  nature  fond  of 
dressing  nicely.  They  are  not,  in  general,  quite  as  demonstrativeh^ 
affectionate,  emotional,  impatient,  and  sentimental  as  white  children 
of  similar  age,  and  have  not  yet  to  the  same  degree  the  white  child's 
ambitions,  but  most  if  not  all  of  these  differences  are  the  result  of 
home  training  and  influence.  Really  vicious  children  seem  to  be  un- 
kno^^^l  among  the  Indians  here  dealt  with.  The  chief  transgressions 
are  untruths,  little  thefts,  and  fighting,  while  among  the  children 
attending  school  not  far  from,  their  parents'  homes  there  is  some 
truancy.  Among  the  older  pupils — those  above  16 — transgressions 
are  also  comparative!}'  rare,  although  serious  wTongdoing,  as  insub- 
ordination, violence,  loss  of  chastity,  and  other  offenses^  now  and 
then  occur.  "Bad  habits"  (self-abuse)  have  not  been  observed 
among  the  Indian  school  children  by  any  of  the  teachers  or  matrons 
questioned  on  that  point. 

The  foregoing  observations  are  applicable  to  the  children  of  all 
the  tribes  studied.  A  few  special  notes  concerning  the  Apache  and 
the  Pima  children,  particularly  those  attending  school,  were  made 
by  the  ^v^ite^  on  his  last  expedition. 

At  San  Carlos  the  children  generally  learn  to  walk  before  they  can 
speak  more  than  a  few  simple  words;  but  thereafter  they  quickly 
learn  to  talk.  Children  between  1  and  3  years  of  age  are  occasionally 
seen  to  go  about  on  the  ground  on  their  hands  and  knees.     Walking 


86  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

on  all  fours  also  occurs."  Some  children  do  not  either  crawl  or  walk 
on  the  hands  and  feet.  A  woman  told  the  writer  of  a  little  child  who 
walks,  although  only  1  3'ear  old. 

Near  one  of  the  dwellings  of  the  San  Carlos  the  writer  came  across 
a  peculiar  contrivance  put  up  for  teaching  a  little  child  to  walk.  It 
was  a  horizontal  bar,  crudely  made,  4  feet  long,  fastened  20  inches 
from  the  ground  to  thi*ee  small  vertical  posts.  The  whole  appa- 
ratus bore  the  long  name  of  ci-ma-ni-dn-co  me-^i-no-di-ta.  The 
parents  thought  that  their  baby,  who  was  about  a  year  and  a  half 
old,  was  backward  in  learning  to  walk,  so  they  put  up  this  con- 
trivance, which  is  said  to  be  used  also  by  others  under  similar  circum- 
stances. The  child  was  seen  to  grasp  one  of  the  vertical  posts  and 
lift  itself  until  it  got  hold  of  the  horizontal  bar,  when  it  walked  along. 

The  San  Carlos  Apache  children  of  from  1  to  4  years  of  age  are 
usually  quite  neglected  in  the  matter  of  cleanliness.  Even  profuse 
nasal  discharges  are  often  disregarded.'' 

The  school  children  are  an  active  and  happy  lot.  They  greatly 
enjoy  and  benefit  by  all  sorts  of  exercise  provided  for  them.  There 
is  little  trouble  in  the  San  Carlos  schools  on  account  of  quarrels. 
Occasionally  there  are  dissensions  or  fights,  but  there  are  no  brutali- 
ties, feuds,  long-lasting  bad  feeling,  or  jealousies.  The  elder  girls  are 
motherly  to  the  younger,  and  all  are  quite  unselfish.  As  a  rule  the 
children  are  not  given  to  lying,  though  in  every  class  there  will  be 
found  a  few,  especially  girls,  who  can  not  be  fully  trusted.  Some  of 
the  school  children,  particularly  girls,  will  steal  little  articles  when 
they  have  an  opportunity.  The  girls  seem  always  prone  to  take 
vaseline,  which  they  rub  into  their  scalps,  supposing  that  it  makes 
the  hair  grow  better.  Occasionally  one  will  abstract  something  of 
value.  For  this  wrongdoing,  however,  their  home  training,  which  is 
not  so  good  as  in  other  tribes,  is  responsible. 

The  children  are  not  inordinate  eaters,  even  when  the  food  supply 
is  unlimited.  A  few,  however,  habitually  take  more  than  they  can 
consume.  Under  discipline  they  are  clean.  Both  girls  and  boys 
show  aptitude  in  singing  and  declamation,  and  have  agreeable,  fairly 
strong  voices.  The  girls  are  less  shy  and  backward  than  those  in 
some  of  the  pueblos.  The  San  Carlos  children  are  not  much  afraid 
of  darkness.'  One  of  the  school  girls  ran  a  distance  of  several  miles 
at  night  from  the  school  to  her  home.     Yet  they  believe  in  spirits 

a  In  a  Yuma  hut  the  writer  saw  an  infant  of  mixed  blood  about  2  years  old  run  on  all  fours;  he  saw 
also  a  similar  case  of  a  full-blood  child  about  18  months  old  among  the  Maricopa,  and  before  that  of  an 
older  full-blood  infant  among  the  Tluichol  in  Mexico.  In  every  instance  the  child  moved  with  the  arms 
straightened  and  the  legs  bent  forward  but  slightly  at  the  knees,  much  after  the  manner  of  a  quadruped. 
A  more  common  form  is  that  in  which  the  child  moves  on  its  hands  arfd  knees.  (See  C.  Lumholtz, 
Unknown  Mexico,  ii,  90,  and  following  plate;  but  in  that  publication  the  frequency  of  the  phe- 
nomenon is  possibly  overestimated.) 

''  These  discharges  are  removed  by  the  mother  or  others,  among  all  the  Indians,  with  the  thumb  and 
forefinger,  in  a  characteristic  manner. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  87 

who  ma}^  visit  them  at  night.  They  speak  very  seldom  of  dreams. 
Nightmares  are  infrequent.  On  different  occasions  two  of  the  school 
girls  had  each  a  dream  of  spirits.  One  dreamed  of  being  carried  away 
by  a  spirit,  and  when  she  told  of  this  on  awakening  it  was  observed 
that  all  her  companions  believed  the  story  and  went  so  far  as  to  show 
to  the  matron  alleged  traces  of  the  presence  of  the  spirit,  but  there 
was  no  panic.  Among  the  children  from  about  12  years  of  age 
upward  it  was  noticed  that  they  like  to  be  up  late  in  the  evening 
and  to  stay  in  bed  late  in  the  morning.  None  of  the  healthy  children 
ever  sleep  during  the  day. 

The  Pima  school  children  are  easily  managed,  more  so  than  the 
Apache,  and  they  are  not  so  noisy.  They  are  somewhat  given  to 
falsehood,  but  very  seldom  steal,  and  are  in  general  quite  timid. 
The  school  girls  pilfer  marrow,  fat  left  in  the  pans,  and  vaseline,  and 
at  night  rub  these  substances  into  their  hair  "to  make  it  grow  thick.'' 
The  children  are  affectionate,  and  sensitive  to  slight,  neglect,  or  repri- 
mand. They  do  not  like  to  be  alone,  and  the  girls  are  easily  fright- 
ened. In  the  memory  of  the  present  teachers  (a  period  of  about  three 
years)  there  was  one  panic  in  the  Sacaton  school.  It  occurred  among 
the  girls  returning  from  evening  school.  Catching  sight  of  a  white 
dog  dying,  they  ran  screaming  all  over  the  school  grounds. 

The  children  of  the  more  primitive  tribes  (as  the  Huichol,  Cora, 
Tarahumare),  especially  those  who  seldom  see  strangers,  on  being 
approached  either  scatter  instinctively  in  all  directions  and  hide 
most  effectually  behind  plants  or  rocks,  or  lie  in  hollows;  if  caught 
before  they  can  make  their  escape,  they  burst  into  angry  crying  and 
struggling. 

The  Indian  children  usually  play  in  groups.  There  is  less  laughing 
and  screaming,  as  well  as  less  crying,  among  them  than  among 
ordinary  white  children,  though  they  are  by  no  means  stolid  or 
voiceless.     On  occasion  they  show  much  agility  and  endurance. 

Among  the  Indians  punishment  of  children  is  not  totally  abstained 
from,  as  is  usually  believed,  but  it  is  only  manual  and  light.  Scolding 
a  naughty  child  is  common.  More  severe  chastisement  of  children, 
even  stepchildren,  is  absolutely  unknown,  except  rarely  in  case  of 
drunkenness  on  the  part  of  the  parent  or  guardian,  and  no  child  is 
ever  abandoned  to  become  a  public  charge. 

SPECIAL    STUDIES    ON    CHILDREN 

Desiring  to  learn  more  precisely  the  conditions  ^of  development  of 
Indian  children,  the  writer  went  from  dwelling  to  dwelling,  among  the 
San  Carlos  Apache  and  the  Pima,  two  tribes  representing,  as  before 
mentioned,  the  most  dissimilar  physical  types,  and  into  the  schools, 
conducting  a  line  of  special  examinations.     At  the  outset  the  serious 


88 


BTTRE.ATT    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


obstacle  of  a  frequent  lack  of  proper  age  records  was  met  with,  par- 
ticularly with  older  children,  and  this  necessitated  a  division  of  the 
subjects  studied  into  two  series,  one  in  which  the  age  could  be  and  the 
other  in  which  it  could  not  be  accurately  ascertained.  The  series  in 
wliich  the  age  was  known  is  restricted  to  54  Apache  and  80  Pima 
children  of  both  sexes,  mostly  infants,  while  the  group  in  which  the 
age  was  more  or  less  uncertain  embraces  392  Apache  and  310  Pima, 
nearly  all  school  children,  ranging  from  the  earliest  school  age  to  late 
adolescence.  Owing  to  differences  in  the  stage  of  development,  the 
points  of  inquiry  differed  a  little  in  the  two  series.  In  the  first  series 
they  were  height,  pulse,  respiration,  dentition,  sitting,  standing,  walk- 
ing, speaking,  nursing,  and  food ;  in  the  second  series,  height,  weight, 
principal  head  and  face  dimensions,  pulse,  respiration  and  tempera- 
ture, dentition,  manual  strength,  puberty  (in  girls),  and  the  appear- 
ance of  beard.     The  results  of  the  investigations  follow. 

Children  of  Known  Age 


Height. — Owing  to  the  sensibilities  of  the  mothers,  it  was  not  con- 
venient to  measure  the  length  of  any  of  the  infants  under  1  year  of 
age,  and  among  the  Apache  there  were  difficulties  even  with  the 
older  children  at  home.  The  table  below  gives  the  data  secured,  and 
also  similar  observations  on  white  children  for  purposes  of  comparison 
(those  of  Bowditch  are  on  children  of  American  parentage). 

Average  height,  in  centimeters. 


Boys. 

Girls. 

White. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

White. 

Apache. 

I'ima. 

Age. 

.5? 

W 

Age. 

'i 

Age. 

Age. 

Age. 

Age. 

to 

Yeors. 

a  1 

fiO.fiO 
74.18 

79.  f;o 
S.--).  ,30 

8ri.00 
91.90 

y.  m.d. 
1  0  11 

72.0 

y.  TO.  d. 
1    8    0 

77.20 

Years. 

1 

f,9.00 

y.  m.  d. 

y.  TO.  d. 
1    0  16 
1    5  14 
16    0 
1  10    5 
1  10    5 

1  11    0 

2  3    0 
2    5  Ifi 
2    8  14 
2  10    0 

70. 60 

''  1  ."iS 

77.00 

fi2 
f>  2. 43 

2    0    0 
2    1    0 
2    2    9 
2    6  20 

2  8  14 

3  0    0 
3    0     1 
3    0    3 
3    0  12 
3     1     0 

7.';.  .50 
87.  (iO 
8(i.80 
89.30 
88.70 
89.07 
87.  .50 
84.90 
84.10 
9(1.  30 

2 
2.45 

78.00 
83.  .50 

2  11  0 

91.30 

72.  ,50 
74.80 
75. 20 
79.70 
82.50 
8.1. 80 

87.00 

1       .      . 

90.  80 

n3 

3 
3.  43 

85. 00 
89. 97 

3    0  10 
3    2    0 
3    4    0 
3  10    0 

89. 30 

''3  34 

, 

92.70 

94.50 

1 

108.  00 

"  Land 
^  Daffii. 


1  Stirling,  ITiiiiian  Pliy.siology,  4Ui  ert.,  Philadelphia,  1892, 
Das  VVafllsliim  des  Mi^liwehi-u,  2d  ed.,  I,ei]>zig,  1902,  323. 


hrdlickaJ 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 
Average  height,  in  renfimeters—i^onl'mned 


89 


Boys. 

Girls. 

White. 

Apache.                 Pima. 

White.          1        Apache.                   Pima. 

Age. 

i 

s 

Age. 

1  1  '"■ 

Age. 

■a 

Age. 

si      1 

.5P           Age. 

CD 
M 

w 

Years. 
03  34 

91.90 

93.20 
96.64 

99.00 
103. 20 
106. 00 

104.  eo 

103. 50 
112. 00 
117.  40 

117. 00 
122. 30 
132. 60 

135. 90 
141.70 

140.  30 
147.70 
172. 20 

y.  m..  d. 

y.  TO.  d. 
3    5  10 

3  7  19 

4  4    7 

93.40 
99.80 
103.  70 

Years. 

y.  m.  d. 

y.  m.  d. 

64 

4 
4.50 

91.00 
96.07 

4    4    0 
4    6    0 
4    9    7 
4  11    0 

91.80 

04.43 

104. 50 

4    4  11 
4    4  20 

4  6    0 

5  0  11 

98.40 
103.90 
101. 00 
108.  40 

103. 50 

103. 30 

65 

5 

5.40 
5-6 

6 

6.37 
6-7 
7-8 

8 

8-9 

10-11 

12 
12-13 

13 
1.3-14 

97.00 
100.  CO 
105. 30 
103.  20 
104. 92 
110. 90 
116.70 

113.90 
122. 10 
131.50 

132.  70 
14.5.20 

138.  eo 

149.  20 
1.57. 70 

4  11  20 

5  3  18 
5  10    0 

105. 70 
103. 60 

05.42 

111.30 

C5-6 

66 

6  6  20 

10.5.00     6    4    0 

117.70 

6    7    0 

llS.iiO 

a  6.  41 

e6-7 

6    9  20 

116. 00 

C7--8 

7    4    7 

7  9  15 

8  0    0 

117. 50 

68 

8    2    0 

128. 00 

118. 30 
119. 30 

<;8-9 

c 10-11 

10    6  11 
10    8    0 
12    1    8 
12    1    8 

12  9    0 

13  0    0 

136. 20 

.    6  12 

136. 10 
138.  40 

(•12-13 

140. 00 

6  13 

149.  (iO 
151. 20 

c 13-14 

Adults  b 

172.  70 

172. 10 



\ 



1.56.  50 

156. 90 

oDafEner,  F.,  Das  Wachstum  des  Menschen,  2d  ed.,  Leipzig,  1C02,  3-3. 
6  Landois  and  Stirling,  Human  Phy,«iology.  4th  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1892,  471. 

cBowditch,  H.  P.,  The  Growth  of  Children,  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Massachusetts,  Boston,  1891. 

Even  though  much  less  complete  than  desirable,  the  foregoing  table 
shows  plainly  the  surprising  fact  that  with  only  a  few  exceptions  the 
Indian  children  dealt  with  of  both  sexes,  and  at  all  ages  up  to  13 — that 
is,  up  to  or  nearly  up  to  puberty — are  somewhat  taller  than  the 
average  white  children  of  corresponding  sex  and  age.  This  fact  has 
further  significance :  as  the  stature  of  the  adults  of  the  several  groups 
of  whites  and  Indians  included  in  the  table  is  nearly  alike,  it  necessa- 
rily follows  that  either  the  growth  of  the  Indian  child  suffers  at 
some  period  in  or  during  the  whole  adolescence  a  relative  retarda- 
tion, or  that  the  adult  height  is  reached  earlier,  growth  in  stature 
stopping  sooner,  than  among  the  whites.  The  matter  resolves  itself 
into  new  problems  of  much  interest,  which  furnish  a  strong  incentive 
for  further  investigation. 

Pulse  and  respiration. — The  tests  for  pulse  in  infants  which  could 
not  yet  sit  freely  were  made  while  they  were  lying  down  and  quies- 


90  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

cent,  by  listening  directly  to  the  heart  beats;  in  the  older  children 
as  a  rule  the  radial  pulse  was  examined,  with  the  subject  invariably 
m  a  sittmg  position  and  quiet.  Respiration  was  counted  in  the  same 
position  and,  wherever  there  seemed  to  be  any  danger  of  developing 
nervousness,  before  taking  the  pulse.  In  general,  every  reasonable 
care  was  used  to  obtain  data  only  from  children  in  normal  condition, 
mentally  and  physically.  None  of  the  results  of  any  examination 
were  tabulated  or  analyzed  in  the  field,  to  avoid  the  formation  of  any 
preconception ;  most  of  the  conditions  were  learned  by  the  writer  only 
while  finishing  the  various  tables  and  comparisons. 

As  to  the  quality  of  pulse,  it  was  found  frequently  in  those  under  3 
or  4  years  of  age  to  be  slightly  irregular  in  rhythm;  later  on  such 
irregularities  are  rare.  In  a  few  instances  a  slight  systolic  hushing 
sound  was  present,  as  it  is  in  not  a  few  white  children,  without  appar- 
ently any  actual  valvular  defect.  NQ_Qrganic_l£sioHr  of  any  nature 
so-S-JnajL^h. 

Respiration  was  often  found  to  be  irregular,  the  child  holding  its 
breath  for  a  while  and  then,  to  compensate,  breathing  more  rapidly 
than  on  the  average.  This  holding  of  the  breath,  which  calls  for 
much  patience  on  the  part  of  the  examiner,  is  subconscious  and 
occurs  even  in  very  young  infants. 

The  following  table  gives  the  main  results  as  to  the  frequency  of  the 
heart  beat  and  some  comparison  with  that  in  white  children:*^ 

a  For  detail  data  see  Appendix. 


HEDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


91 


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BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


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HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS  93 

With  newborn  San  Carlos  Apache  and  Pima,  in  the  waking  state, 
the  pulse  is  somewhat  more  frequent  than  in  the  average  newborn 
white,  reaching  160  or  more  beats  per  minute;  but  the  heart  slows 
down,  especially  during  the  first  six  months,  and  the  averages  for  the 
whole  first  year  show  but  slight  differences  from  those  of  whites. 
The  children  of  the  two  tribes  are,  during  the  first  year,  in  respect 
to  pulse  ratio,  much  alike. 

In  children  above  1  year  of  age  the  Apache  show,  so  far  as  the 
limited  material  indicates  (up  to  6.55  years),  more  pulse  beats  per 
minute  than  the  Pima.  The  number  of  observations  is  small,  but 
the  fact  is  too  uniform  to  be  wholly  fortuitous.  The  average  fre- 
quency of  the  heart  beat  of  the  Apache  child  during  the  second  and 
third  year  of  life  also  exceeds  a  little  that  of  the  white,  while  among 
the  Pima  the  frequency  of  pulse  is  slightly  greater  only  during  the 
second  year,  falling  below  the  average  in  whites  after  that  age,  and 
remaining  below  it  through  all  years  thereafter.  As  will  be  seen  from 
the  data  on  the  second  series  of  children,  the  Apache  child  even- 
tually reaches  the  same  condition.  The  whole  phenomena  may  be 
summarized  thus:  Both  Apache  and  Pima  children  start  in  life  with 
a  somewhat  higher  rate  of  heart  beat  than  that  of  white  children  of 
similar  age;  this  relative  frequency  appears  to  last  during  the  first 
three  years  among  the  Apache,  but  only  up  to  the  end  of  the  second 
year  among  the  Pima;  after  this  period  the  pulse  of  the  children  in 
both  tribes  falls  and  stays  permanently  below  the  average  in  white 
children. 

The  sexual  differences  between  the  two  tribes  are  slight  and  some- 
what irregular.  At  the  same  age  the  Apache  show  a  somewhat 
higher  pulse  rate  in  the  female;  among  the  Pima  the  reverse  seems 
to  be  the  case  in  a  number  of  groups,  but  the  average  age  of  the  girls 
in  these  groups  is  greater  than  that  of  the  boys;  hence  comparison 
becomes  unsatisfactory. 

As  to  respiration  in  the  children  of  the  two  tribes,  considered  sep- 
arately and  compared  with  whites,  the  conditions  set  forth  in  the  next 
table  **  will  be  seen  to  be  related  to  those  observed  with  pulse. 

a  See  also  detail  data  in  the  Appendix. 


94 


BUKEAU    OF    AMEKICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

Respiration,  rate  per  minute 


[BULL.  34 


Whites. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Authority. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Males. 

Females. 

Age. 

>< 

m    . 

SB 

i§ 

Average  age. 

to 

6 

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s 
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s 

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IS 

Newborn 

0  to  1  year 

1  year          '..... 

Vierordt.. 
Quetelet . . 

1  Vierordt. . 

30-44 
44 

28 

11 

3 

6 
3 

0.49  year.. 
1.57  years. 
2.51  years. 
3.27  years. 

46.8 
38.7 
35.8 
28.0 

34 
30 
20 
24 

60 
44 
52 
34 

9 
6 

4 
2 
1 
1 

0.57  year.. 
1.72  years. 
2. 63  years. 
3.52  years. 
4.08  years. 
5. 67  years. 

50.8 
30.7 
31.2 
21.5 
22.0 
22.0 

c6 
24 
19 

21 

66 

1  to  2  years 

2  years 

36 

52 

2  to  3  years 

3  years      

■Vierordt.. 

25 

3  to  4  years 

4years 

22 

4  to  5  years 

5  years 

>Quetelet . . 
1 

26 
28-20 

5  to  6  years 

6  years 

1 

6. 55  years. 

34.0 

GtoTyears 

1 

Whites. 


Age. 


Authority.   R^X_ 


Newborn 

Oto  1  year 

lyear 

1  to  2  years. . . 

2  years 

2  to  3  years. . . 

3  years 

3  to  4  years 

4  years 

4  to  5  years 

5  years 

5  to  6  years 

6  years 

6  to  7  years 

7  years 

7  to  8  years 

8  years 

8  to  9  years 

9  years 

9  to  10  years 

10  years 

10  to  11  years 

11  years 

11  to  12  years 

12  years 

12  to  13  years 

13  years 


Vierordt..!    30-44 
Quetelet..'  44 

Vierordt..  28 


■Vierordt. 


Quetelet . 


25  5 
3 

26  1 

28-20  i     2 

I 

28-20    ... 


Pima. 


Males. 


28-20 

28-20 

28-20 

28-20 

28-20 
28-20 


>  ft 


40.4 


0.47  year.. 
1.48years.i  38.0 
2. 26 years.'  28.0 
3.11  years.;  27.0 
4.41  years. 
5.03  years. 
6.57  years.    21.0 


30 
36 
23 
23 
23.7  I  22 
26.0  ' 


8. 16  years. 


20 


Females. 


10 


0.51  year.. 
1.63  years. 
2. 47  years. 
2  !  3. 43  years. 

5  I  4. 69  years. 

i 
1  i  5.83 years. 

I 
I 

1  I  6. 58  years. 

2  !  7. 57  years. 
1  I  8  years 


10.59  year: 


3  I  12. 32  years 
1  I  13  years... 


44.4 
34.3 
28.7 
24.5 
25.2 
24.0 
22.0 
23.5 
23.0 


21.7 
17.0 


23 


HEDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 


95 


During  the  first  year  the  respiration  of  the  Apache  children  is 
somewhat  more  frequent  than  that  of  the  Pima,  and  in  the  infants 
of  both  tribes  it  is  more  rapid  in  the  females  than  in  the  males;  dur- 
ing the  second  year  the  frequency  is  nearly  the  same  in  the  two 
tribes,  and  in  both  it  is  greater  in  the  male,  but  the  average  age  of 
the  females  in  this  group  is  higher;  during  the  third  year  the  fre- 
quency of  respiration  is  again  greater  in  the  Apache  and  is  also 
somewhat  greater  in  the  Apache  males  than  in  the  females;  during 
the  fourth  year  the  rate  of  respiration  in  the  two  tribes  is  about 
equal  and  in  both  greater  in  the  males,  but  once  more  the  average 
age  of  the  female  subjects  is  somewhat  greater,  so  that  the  figures 
are  not  directly  comparable.  Comparison  with  whites  is  difficult 
on  account  of  a  lack  of  good  data  obtained  under  similar  regulations. 
If  the  old  Quetelet  figures  and  some  of  those  collected  by  Vierordt 
be  taken  as  representative,  then  respiration  is  more  frequent  than 
in  the  whites  until  at  least  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  among  the 
Apache  males  and  the  end  of  the  third  year  among  the  Apache 
females,  and  during  at  least  the  second  year  among  both  sexes  of  the 
Pima.  After  the  fovirth  year  the  rate  diminishes,  probably  fall- 
ing in  both  tribes  and  in  both  sexes  (see  data  of  the  second  series 
of  children)  slightly  below  the  average  in  whites,  and  thereafter 
remains  for  a  long  period  nearly  stationary.  The  relatively  higher 
rate  during  the  earlier  infancy  of  the  Indian  children  corresponds 
to  some  extent  with  their  more  frequent  pulse  rate  at  that  period. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  groups  are  not  larger  and  the  results  of 
the  investigations  more  conclusive. 

The  ratio  of  pulse  to  respiration  Ayas  found  to  vary  within  com- 
paratively wide  limits  among  the  smaller  infants,  even  though  there 
was  no  excitation  or  sickness.  There  was  no  chance  to  study  prop- 
erly the  variation  in  single  individuals.  The  following  figures  show 
the  ratio  at  different  ages  of  the  Indian  infants.  Precise  and  ample 
data  for  white  children  for  comparison  are  wanting,  but  from  the 
observations  made  it  appears  that  a  large  majority  of  cases  among 
the  whites  are  within  the  range  of  2.5  to  4.5  pulse  beats  to  1  respiration. 

Pulse-respiration  ratio,  according  to  age 
APACHE 


Male. 

Female. 

Age. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

0  to  1  year 

1  to2  years 

2  to  3  years 

3  to  4  years 

4  to  5  years 

9 
3 
6 
3 

2.89 
3.21 
3.42 
3.84 

2.00 
2.59 
2.31 

2.82 

4.94 
3.60 
4.90 
5.00 

9 
5 
4 
2 
1 
1 

2.85 
4.09 
4.03 
5.37 
5.18 
4.91 

2.18 
3.05 
2.54 
5.00 

4.44 
5.00 
4.80 
5.73 

5  to  6  years.' 

6  to  7  years., 

1 

3.18 

96 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Pulsc-rcsplruliua  ratio,  according  to  aye — ('(Mitiimed 
PIMA 


Male. 

Female. 

Age. 

Sub- 
jects. 

.\verage. 

Miniinum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

0  to  1  year 

1  to  2  years 

2  to  3  years 

3  to  4  years .'. 

4  to  5  years 

5  to  6  years 

6  to  7  years 

9 
2 
6 
5 
3 
1 
2 

3.47 
3.02 
3.82 
3.51 
4.00 
3.77 
4.16 

2.77 
2.70 
3.00 
2.91 
3.84 

4.20 
3.33 
4.95 
4.00 
4.09 

10 
6 
3 
2 
5 
1 
1 
2 
1 

2.97 
3.37 
3.30 
3.72 
3.48 
3.50 
3.27 
3.67 
3.48 

2.24 
2.79 
3.07 
3.43 
2.86 

4.12 
4.00 
3. 05 
4.00 
3.75 

3.82 

4.50 

7  to  8  years. . 

3.  CO 

3.73 

8  to  9  years 

9  to  10  years 

1 

3.70 

• 

i 

10  to  11  years. . 

t 

2 

3.39 

2.88                  3.90 

11  to  12  years 

1 

12  to  13  years. .  . 

' 

3.44 

3.13                   3.70 

The  data  show  that  up  to  the  end  of  the  fourth  or  fifth  year  the  ratio 
of  pulse  to  respiration  increases  somewhat  in  all  the  groups  with  age ; 
this  means  that  respiration  suffers  a  relatively  greater  retardation 
during  this  period  than  the  heart  beats.  Among  both  the  Apache 
and  the  Pima  the  number  of  pulse  beats  to  each  respiration  during 
the  first  year  is  higher  in  the  male  children.  After  that  age  the  con- 
ditions, with  some  exceptions,  remain  the  same  among  the  Pima,  but 
are  reversed  among  the  Apache,  the  number  of  pulse  beats  to  every 
respiration  being  greater  in  the  girls  than  in  the  boys ;  the  number  of 
cases,  however,  is  not  sufficient  to  justify  definite  conclusions.^ 

Teeth. — Among  the  San  Carlos  Apache  the  youngest  child  with  one 
or  more  teeth  was  a  girl  in  whom  both  lower  middle  incisors  appeared 
at  2^  months,  and  among  the  Pima  a  girl  who  had  both  lower  median 
incisors  fairly  developed  at  4  months  and  13  days.  Among  the 
Apache  the  oldest  infant  without  teeth  was  a  girl  of  7  months,  and 
among  the  Pima  a  boy  of  7  months  and  20  days.  In  general,  the 
appearance  of  the  first  lower  middle  incisors  takes  place  at  about  the 
same  age  as  in  whites  (5f  to  6|  months,  D.).^ 

The  upper  median  incisors  follow  the  lower  and  appear  in  whites  at 
from  7  to  7^  months  (D.) ;  among  the  Apache  the  youngest  child  in 
which  both  these  teeth  were  erupted  was  7  months  and  20  days,  among 
the  Pima  7  months  and  17  days,  but  in  both  children  the  teeth  had 
been  out  for  some  days.  Delayed  eruption  of  these  teeth  is  rare 
among  the  Apache,  but  seems  to  be  frequent  among  the  Pima;  the 
oldest  subjects  in  whom  the  eruption  of  the  upper  median  incisors  had 
not  taken  place  were  a  12 A  months  Apache  girl  and  a  Pima  girl  of 
the  same  age. 


o Compare  table  PuIse-rcspiration  ratios,  in  relation  to  stature,  p.  105. 
''PafTner  F..  D.tr  Wiiohslnm  des  Monschien,  2d  cd.,  Leipzig,  1902,  17.5-170. 
also  with  Welcker^  Arch./.  Ant,hropoL,  \,  \li. 


V>.  =  Daflner.    Compare 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  97 

Among  the  whites  the  teeth  that  appear  next  are  the  upper  lateral 
incisors,  the  eruption  of  which  takes  place  during  the  ninth  month. 
These  teeth  had  just  broken  through  in  an  Apache  girl  of  7  months 
and  20  days  and  in  a  Pima  boy  of  7  months  and  17  days,  while  the 
oldest  children  in  whom  both  were  still  lacking  were  an  Apache  girl  of 
14  months  and  a  Pima  girl  1  year  and  16  days  old.  The  average  date 
of  eruption  is  probably  very  close  to  that  in  whites.  Again  retardation 
was  more  frequent  in  the  Pima. 

The  lower  lateral  incisors,  which  in  white  children  erupt  on  the 
average  during  the  latter  part  of  the  tenth  month  (D.),  were  seen 
earliest  in  an  Apache  girl  of  8^  months  and  in  a  Pima  girl  of  9  months. 
The  oldest  Apache  child  in  whom  both  were  lacking  was  12^  months; 
the  oldest  Pima  child  18  months  and  2  days  old.  In  three  instances 
one  or  both  of  these  teeth  were  out  before  the  upper  lateral  incisors. 

Among  whites  the  teeth  which  appear  in  most  instances  next  after  the 
incisors  are  the  upper  and  then  the  lower  anterior  premolars,  and  the 
average  time  of  their  eruption  is  the  thirteenth  month.  The  canines 
follow,  appearing  on  the  average  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  month  (D.).  Among  the  Apache  children  in  two  cases  all 
the  anterior  premolars  were  out  before  the  appearance  of  any  of  the 
canines,  and  there  are  indications  of  similar  precedence  among  the 
Pima,  the  order  of  eruption  thus  agreeing  with  that  in  whites.  As 
to  the  time  of  appearance,  in  the  Apache  the  anterior  premolars  were 
not  present  in  any  child  up  to  14  months,  but  were  found  in  all 
of  16|  months  and  older,  while  in  the  Pima  the  teeth  were  not  erupted 
in  any  subject  up  to  154  months,  and  were  present  in  all  but  one 
(where  the  lower  were  still  within  the  gums)  of  the  children  of  17^ 
months  and  older.  The  eruption  of  these  teeth  appears  to  take  place 
somewhat  later  in  the  Indian  than  in  the  white  child.  The  canines 
were  seen  first  in  an  Apache  girl  of  19  months  10  days,  all  being 
present  in  every  older  child,  and  in  a  Pima  girl  of  17^  months,  being 
present  in  all  but  two  older  subjects  (of  18  months  and  18  months  and 
2  days  respectively).  Here  again  a  comparison  with  white  children 
indicates  some  retardation  in  the  Indian.  Unfortunately  the  number 
of  Indian  children  studied  is  very  limited  and  the  point  can  not  be 
considered  as  decided. 

The  posterior  premolars,  which  appear  in  whites  between  the  twen- 
tieth and  the  thirty-third  month  (D.),  were  all  present  in  an  Apache 
child  of  19  months  10  days,  and  in  another  of  20  months;  these  had 
not  all  erupted  in  three  Indian  children  of  from  22  to  23  months  of 
age  and  were  wholly  lacking  in  one  of  25  months,  but  were  all  present 
in  every  case  from  26  months  upward.  Among  the  Pima  none  of 
these  teeth  were  found  in  children  of  2  years  or  younger;  the  two 
lower  were  present  in  a  boy  of  25  months,  and  were  just  appearing  in 
another  of  26  months  and  9  days,  but  were  all  present  in  every  sub- 
3452— Bull.  34—08 7 


98  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

ject  above  this  age.  While  the  average  age  among  whites  at  which 
the  eruption  of  the  first  teeth  is  completed  is  about  2f  years  (D.),  it 
appears  that  in  the  Indian  child  this  occurs  earlier. 

The  whole  subject  of  the  first  dentition  may  be  briefly  summarized 
thus : 

All  the  teeth  of  the  first  dentition  appear  in  the  same  order  in  the 
Indian  child  as  in  the  white. 

All  the  incisors  erupt  on  the  average  at  about  the  same  age  in  the 
two  races. 

The  appearance  of  the  first  premolars  and  the  canines  seems  to  be 
somewhat  belated  in  the  Indian. 

The  eruption  of  the  posterior  premolars  and  the  completion  of  the 
first  dentition  are  accomplished  earlier  in  the  Indian  than  in  the 
Caucasian. 

Between  the  end  of  the  first  dentition  and  the  appearance  of  the  per- 
manent teeth  there  is  in  Indians  as  well  as  in  whites  a  considerable 
interval,  after  which  appears  the  first  molar.  The  eruption  of  the 
molars  takes  place  during  the  latter  part  of  the  fifth  year  (D.).  An 
Apache  girl  of  5  years  and  8  months  had  all  four  of  these  molars,  and 
the  same  is  true  of  the  next  and  last  Apache  child  of  known  age, 
namely,  6  years  6  months  and  20  days.  In  the  Pima  the  youngest 
child  with  all  four  first  permanent  molars  erupted  was  a  girl  of  4 
years  and  1 1  months ;  all  four  of  the  teeth  were  present  in  every 
child  of  6  years  and  4  months. 

The  permanent  median  incisors  appear  in  whites  at  from  6f  to  TJ 
years,  the  lateral  ones  at  from  7f  to  8^  years  (D.).  A  Pima  boy  of  6 
years  9  months  and  20  days  had  both  lower  median  incisors;  one 
of  7  years  4  months  and  7  days  had  the  left  upper  lateral  tooth,  but 
none  of  the  other  three,  and  all  the  children  from  8  years  onward 
had,  with  one  exception,  the  whole  set  of  permanent  incisors.  It  is 
plain  that  so  far  as  the  eruption  of  these  eight  teeth  is  concerned 
there  is  httle  if  any  difference  between  whites  and  Indians. 

The  permanent  canines  appear  in  whites  during  the  twelfth  year 
(D.).  Both  of  these  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  were  present  in  a  Pima 
girl  of  10  years  6  months  and  11  days,  and  all  four  were  erupted  in 
another  Pima  girl  of  10  years  and  8  months;  they  were  just  appearing 
in  a  girl  of  the  same  tribe  of  12  years  and  1  month  while  none  were  out 
in  the  case  of  her  sister,  but  these  two  children  were  twins  and  not 
robust. 

The  permanent  bicuspids  appear  in  whites,  the  anterior  during  the 
eleventh  and  the  posterior  during  the  twelfth  year  (D.).  The  ante- 
rior ones  were  all  found  in  a  Pima  girl  of  10  years  6  months  and  11 
days  and  in  another  of  10  years  and  8  months,  and  each  of  these 
children  had  also  (in  one  just  appeared)  the  left  upper  posterior 
bicuspids.     In  the  twins  before  mentioned  (of  12  years  1  month  and 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  99 

8  days)  there  were  as  yet  no  permanent  bicuspids;  while  all  eight 
were  present  in  the  two  Pima  girls  of  12  years  and  9  months  and  13 
years  of  age. 

Of  the  second  permanent  molars,  which  appear  in  whites  during 
the  fourteenth  year  (D.),  both  lower  and  left  upper  were  already 
present  in  a  Pima  girl  of  10  years  and  8  months,  the  left  lower  (just 
broken  tlirough)  in  one  of  the  twin  girls  (of  12  years  1  month  and  8 
days)  and  the  lower  right  in  the  other,  while  all  four  were  out  in  the 
girl  of  12  years  9  months  and  13  days. 

The  following  is  a  brief  resume  of  second  dentition : 

The  incisors  appear  in  the  Pima  at  about  the  same  age  as  in  whites, 
and  the  same  statement  is  probably  true  with  regard  to  the  perma- 
nent first  molars  and  both  bicuspids. 

The  canines  seem  to  appear  somewhat  earlier  in  the  Indians  than  in 
the  whites,  but  there  were  not  enough  cases  in  the  series  to  decide 
this  point. 

The  second  molars  apparently  erupt  earlier  in  the  Pima  than  in 
white  children. 

The  shedding  of  the  teeth  is  dealt  with  in  the  detail  tables  in  the 
Appendix. 

The  subject  of  dentition  will  be  considered  again  in  connection 
with  the  second  series  of  cases,  in  which  the  children  whose  exact  age 
could  not  be  ascertained  are  arranged  according  to  stature. 

Locomotion  and  speech. — Sitting:  This  particular  investigation 
relates  to  the  period  at  which  the  Indian  child  is  able  to  sit  without 
support.  From  the  data  gathered  it  appears  that  this  period  is  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighth  month  among  the  Pima  and  during  the  ninth 
month  among  the  San  Carlos  Apache.  The  difference  between  the 
tribes  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  greater  bodily  freedom  enjoyed  by  the 
Pima  child,  which  is  not  confined  to  a  cradle  board  like  that  in  use 
among  the  Apache. 

Crawhng:  This  follows  soon  after  the  child  is  able  to  sit  alone,  or 
from  about  the  ninth  month. 

Standing:  The  ability  of  the  infant  to  stand  while  holding  to  some 
support  manifests  itself  very  nearly  at  the  same  time  as  the  abiUty 
to  sit  without  assistance  and  to  crawl.  The  ability  to  stand  freely 
was  recorded  in  all  the  Apache  children  of  14  months  or  older  and  in 
all  Pima  of  15^  months  (no  subjects  between  12^  and  15 J  months 
were  examined) . 

Walking:  In  both  tribes  the  acquirement  of  the  power  to  walk  is 
nearly  contemporaneous  with  the  ability  to  stand  freely,  soon  after 
the  child  is  1  year  old.  It  appears  that  all  the  healthy  Apache  as 
well  as  the  Pima  children  of  15  or  16  months  can  walk  alone  at  least 
a  few  steps  and  that  all  run  about  quite  freely  before  the  age  of  2 
years. 


100  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  functions  just  mentioned  show  practically  no  differences  in 
the  two  tribes  selected,  and  are  very  nearly  alike  in  the  time,  order, 
and  methods  of  their  manifestation  as  in  the  case  of  normal  and 
healthy  white  infants.  Retardations,  however,  which  are  quite  fre- 
quent among  white  children  taken  at  large,  are  apparently  very  rare 
among  the  Indians. 

Talking :  The  youngest  Apache  child  seen  who  could  say  one  or  two 
simple  words  ("mama,"  "  papa  ")  was  nearly  10^  months  old;  in  infants 
older  than  1  year  the  ability  to  say  a.  few  simple  words  is  general. 
At  about  2  years  of  age,  sometimes  earlier,  the  child  begins  to  employ 
a  few  simple  combinations  of  words  and  gradually  improves  until  the 
fourth  )^ear,  when  it  talks  quite  well.  Among  the  Pima  the  youngest 
cliild  seen  able  to  say  a  few  words  was  a  girl  of  17i  months.  Twin  sisters 
of  22  months  and  5  days  could  each  say  "papa"  and  "mama"  only, 
but  a  girl  of  23  months  not  only  knew  more  words  but  already  em- 
ployed very  simple  combinations  (as  "mama,  bread ; "  "papa,  water  ") . 
After  they  are  2  years  old  the  Pima  children  in  general,  like  the 
Apache,  use  the  words  they  know  with  a  slight  idea  of  connection, 
and  thereafter  improve,  until  toward  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  they 
speak  quite  properly. 

As  compared  with  whites,  it  seems  that  in  the  beginning  of  the 
function  of  speech  and  in  the  ability  to  learn  the  Indian  child  is  in 
no  way  backward.  It  is  quite  certain,  however,  that  the  average 
white  child  gets  more  exercise  in  talking  and  that  after  the  second 
year  it  knows  a  greater  number  and  variety  of  words. 

Defects  of  speech,  as  stammering  or  stuttering,  have  never  been  met 
with  by  the  writer  in  any  of  the  tribes  visited. 

Children  Whose  Age  Could  not  be  Ascertained 

The  number  of  subjects  in  this  series  exceeds  considerably  that  in 
the  previous  category ;  the  approximate  ages  embraced  are  from  about 
the  fourth  year  to  advanced  adolescence. 

In  the  absence  of  age  records  it  is  necessary  to  choose  another  basis 
of  comparison,  and  the  most  suitable  one  for  the  present  purpose  is 
stature.  The  correlation  of  stature  and  age  in  both  sexes  among  the 
whites  being  well  known,  it  is  possible  to  assign  to  each  division  of 
the  Indian  children  also  an  approximate  age. 

The  investigation  of  this  series  of  children  was  extended  somewhat 
so  as  to  include  determinations  of  temperature  and  muscular  force, 
some  observations  as  to  puberty,  and  especially  a  number  of  meas- 
urements of  the  body  besides  stature,  which  may  be  expected  to 
throw  light  on  several  important  lines  of  development.  All  these 
data,  and  those  on  pulse  and  respiration,  are  supplemented  by  other 
data  on  the  adults  of  the  same  people,  secured  by  the  writer. 


hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS 


101 


Approximation  of  age. — For  the  sake  of  brevity  and  facility  of  ref- 
erence, classification  by  stature  and  the  probable  corresponding  ages 
of  the  Indian  children  are  given  in  the  following  table,  in  precedence 
of  other  data.  The  estimates  are  based  on  the  records  obtained  of 
children  of  the  same  tribes  of  known  age,  and  on  Bowditch's  and 
Quetelet's  measurements  of  whites;  it  may  be  added  they  are  doubt- 
less imperfect. 

Appi'oximations  of  age  to  stature  among  Apache  and  Pima  children 


Height. 

Males. 

Females. 

Height. 

Males. 

Females. 

70  to  79  9  cm                    .... 

Years. 

1  -  If 
If-  2| 
21-  4i 
4i-6i 
6i-8 
8  -10 

Years. 
1-lf 
11-3 
3  -  44 

4J-  61 

81-10 

130  to  139.9  cm 

Years. 
10  -12 
12  -14 
14  -15i 
15J-18 
18-adult. 

Years. 
10  -12J 

80  to  89  9  cm  .                      

140  to  149.9  cm 

12i-14 

90  to  99  9  cm  . 

150  to  159.9  cm 

14-adult. 

100  to  109  9  cm  . 

160  to  169.9  cm 

110  to  119.9  cm  . 

170  to  175  cm 

120  to  129  9  cm 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature. — Pulse  in  relation  to  stature: 
The  next  table  gives  the  average  pulse  rates  by  stature  as  collected 
by  Volkmann  for  whites,  and  the  average,  the  slowest,  and  the  most 
rapid  pulse  in  corresponding  groups  of  the  Indians ;  <^  and  plate  xiii 
shows  in  a  graphic  manner  the  changes  in  pulse  rate  with  age  among 
the  Indians. 

Pulse  rate  in  relation  to  stature 


Whites.  6 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Males. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Males. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Females. 

Stature. 

Average 
pulse. 

Mini- 
mum. 

Maxi- 
mum. 

Average 
pulse. 

Mini- 
mum. 

Maxi- 
mum. 

70  to  79.9  cm 

116.5 
110.9 
106.6 
101.5 
93.6 
92.2 
87.7 
85.1 
77.8 
73.2 
71.9 

1 

110 

80  to  89.9  cm 

90  to  99.9  cm 

2 
4 
5 
18 
30 
32 
23 
34 
11 

88 

88.5 

81.2 

73 

72.6 

68.6 

69.1 

66.2 

65 

84 
78 
66 
64 
58 
49 
54 
57 
58 

92 
104 
92 

84 
84 
84 
78 
78 
74 

100  to  109.9  cm 

2 
11 
21 

22 
42 
48 
13 

86.5 
86.2 
79.5 
76.3 
76.2 
71.9 
73.3 

79 
76 
66 
62 
60 
58 
56 

94 

110  to  119.9  cm 

93 

120  to  129.9  cm  .   . 

90 

130  to  139.9  cm 

90 

140  to  149.9  cm 

84 

150  to  159.9  cm 

84 

160  to  169.9  cm 

84 

170  to  179.9  cm 

a  The  examinations  of  all  the  children  were  conducted  in  an  inside  porch  or  room  of  the  schools,  during 
January  to  March,  the  weather  being  rather  rainy  and  the  outside  day  temperature  ranging  from  about 
45°  to  80°  F.,  the  average  being  slightly  less  in  the  region  occupied  by  the  Apache  than  it  is  in  the 
Pima  country. 

6  Volkmann,  A.  W.,  Die  Haemodynamili  nach  Versuchen,  1850,  431;  also  in  Vierordt's  Anatom.,  etc., 
Daten  wad  Tabellen,  2d  ed.,  Jena,  1893,  153;  the  groups  in  the  original  are  70-80,  80-90,  etc.,  hence  very 
nearly  identical  with  the  above. 


102 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

Pulse  rate  in  relation  to  stature — Continued 


[BULL.  34 


Whites. 

Pima. 

Males. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Males. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Females. 

Stature. 

Average 
pulse. 

Mini- 
mum. 

Maxi- 
mum. 

Average 
pulse. 

Mini- 
m^um. 

Maxi- 
mum. 

70  to  79.9  em 

116.5 
■  110.9 
106.6 
101.5 
93.6 
92.2 
87.7 
85.1 
77.8 
73.2 
71.9 

80  to  89.9  cm 

2 

1 

6 

8 

13 

22 

25 

13 

24 

Ill 
79 
81.5 
81.5 
77.1 
72.5 
69.6 
64.9 
66.8 

108 

114 

1 
6 
3 
7 
18 
28 
32 
36 
5 

105 
98.3 
96 

85.1 
77.8 
75.2 
72.3 
72.4 
66.0 

90  to  99.9  cm 

86 
96 
78 
70 
66 
60 
58 
60 

108 

100  to  109.9  cm  .    ... 

72 
72 
68 
60 
60 
54 
55 

96 
90 
90 

85 
78 
72 
78 

96 

110  to  119.9  cm.     . 

102 

120  to  129.9  cm 

86 

130  to  139.9  cm ". 

84 

140  to  149.9  cm. 

84 

150  to  159.9  cm 

84 

160  to  169.9  cm 

72 

170  to  179.9  cm 

The  figures  show  that  the  average  pulse  in  all  the  groups  and  in 
both  sexes  of  Indian  children  above  90  cm.  in  height  (or  about  3 
years  of  age)  is  slower  than  in  whites.  There  are,  of  course,  a  few 
exceptions  in  individuals.  In  many  of  the  subdivisions,  however, 
particularly  in  the  males,  even  the  maximum  in  the  Indians  is  less 
than*the  average  in  the  male  whites. 

The  differences  are  not  the  same  during  the  entire  period  of  growth. 
It  was  shown  in  the  first  series  (Children  of  known  age)  that  the 
Indian  child  begins  life  with  a  pulse  rate  higher  than  among  whites. 
Then  follows,  during  the  first  six  months,  a  rapid  decrease  in  the 
pulse  rate,  followed  by  a  more  moderate  diminution  (although  exceed- 
ing the  rate  of  retardation  in  whites)  until  at  least  the  third  year. 
After  this,  as  may  be  seen  to  better  advantage  in  the  figures  given 
below,  the  rate  of  retardation  in  the  Indian  child  diminishes  until  about 
the  eighth  year;  from  8  to  about  13  there  is  again  a  more  marked 
decrease  of  the  pulse  rate  in  the  Indian;  while  after  13  the  diminu- 
tion in  the  rate  progresses  decidedly  more  in  the  whites  until  nearly 
adult  life.  When  ultimately  a  relative  stability  is  attained  the  differ- 
ences in  pulse  rate  between  the  two  races  are  reduced  to  a  consider- 
able extent .« 

Differences  in  pulse,  rate  between  Indian  children  and  white  children  of  same  heights 


Stature. 

San  Carlos 
Apache. 

Pima. 

Stature. 

San  Carlos 
Apache. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

100  to  10f».9cm... 
110  to  119.9  cm... 
120  to  129.9  cm... 
1.30  to  1.39.9  cm... 

-1.3.0 
-12.4 
-19.2 
-15.1 

-15.0 
-  7.4 
-12.7 
-11.4 

-20.0 
-12.1 
-1.5.1 
-1.5.2 

-  5.5 

-  8.5 
-14.4 
- 12.  5 

140  to  149.9  cm  . . . 
1.50  to  159.9  cm  . . . 
160  to  169.9  cm  . . . 
170  to  17.5.0  cm... 

-16.5 

-  8.7 

-  7.0 

-  6.9 

-  8.9 

-  5.9 
+    .1 

-15.5 
-12.9 
-  6.4 

-12.8 

-  5.4 

-  7.2 

a  See  Pulse  in  adults. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XIII 


re  m  cm. 

Adults 

105            110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

to              to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

09.9          119.9 

129.9 

139.9 

149.9 

159.9 

169.9 

175 

Pima 


Boys Girls 


PULSE-RATE    IN    RELATION    TO    STATURE    IN    THE    INDIAN    CHILD 


HRDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


103 


The  differences  in  the  pulse  rate  as  compared  with  the  whites  are 
seen  to  be  pronounced  and  quite  similar  in  the  two  tribes.  In  the 
males  the  scale  of  differences  is  practically  the  same ;  in  the  Apache 
females  the  differences  in  most  of  the  groups  are  found  to  be  slightly 
less,  this  condition  being  due  to  the  presence  of  a  somewhat 
larger  proportion  of  cases  with  relatively  rapid  pulses,  among  the 
children  of  this  tribe. 

The  differences  in  pulse  rate  between  the  Apache  and  the  Pima  are 
quite  insignificant.  In  the  males  of  the  two  tribes  the  rate  is  nearly 
the  same ;  in  the  females  the  Apache  show  in  most  of  the  groups  a 
slightly  higher  rate  than  the  Pima.  The  reason  for  this  was  not 
detected. 

The  differences  between  the  sexes  in  pulse  rate  are  pronounced  and 
persistent  in  both  tribes.  Taking  only  the  larger  groups  into  con- 
sideration, these  differences  may  be  expressed  in  figures  as  follows : 

Excess  of  average  pulse  rate  in  females  over  that  in  males 


Stature. 

San  Car- 
los 
Apache. 

Pima. 

Stature. 

San  Car- 
los 
Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm     

+5.0 
+6.5 
+3.7 
+7.6 

+3.6 
+  .7 
+2.7 
+2.7 

150  to  159.9  cm 

+2.8 
+7.1 

+  7.5 

120  to  129.9  cm          

160  to  169.9  cm 

Approximate     average 

130  to  139.9  cm     

a  5.0 

140  to  149.9  cm 

a  3. 5 

a  Beats. 


The  condition  of  a  relatively  high  pulse  in  most  of  the  groups  of 
the  Apache  female  children  is  here  met  v/ith  again.  The  cause  is 
unknown  to  the  writer,  for  equal  care  was  taken  in  the  case  of  both 
tribes  as  to  the  exclusion  of  records  of  children  not  in  full  health,  and 
there  were  no  differences  of  moment  in  the  circumstances  of  the 
examinations.  In  the  adult  women  of  the  tribes  the  pulse  rate  is 
about  equal. 

Respiration  in  relation  to  stature:  No  records  on  respiration  in 
whites  have  been  found  that  correspond  directly  to  the  classification 
by  stature  of  the  Indian  children.  From  data  obtained  indirectly,  as 
given  in  the  table  below,  it  appears  that  between  the  ages  of  about  3 
and  5  years  there  is  little  if  any  difference  in  the  rate  of  respiration  of 
children  of  the  two  races.  From  about  6  J  to  20  years  of  age  the  condi- 
tions differ  with  respect  to  the  two  tribes  represented;  in  the  Pima 
children  of  all  groups  and  of  both  sexes  the  average  rate  of  respiration 
is  about  the  same  as  among  whites,  but  in  the  Apache  it  is  slightly 
lower  in  all  groups  and  in  both  sexes.  (See  pi.  xiv.)  The  adult 
rate  in  whites  is  nearly  equal  to  that  among  the  Indians  of  the  two 
tribes  -here  dealt  with. 


104 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Rate  of  respiration  in  relation  to  stature 
SAN  CARLOS  APACHE 


Male. 

Female. 

Stature. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
rate  per 
minute. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
rate  per 
minute. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

70  to    79.9  cm 

1 

42.0 

80  to   89.9  cm 

90  to   99.9  cm 

2 
4 
6 
20 
32 
32 
26 
33 
11 

25.0 
22.7 
20.8 
19.9 
18.7 
18.2 
18.7 
17.6 
17.5 

22 
20 
18 
16 
16 
15 
14 
14 
14 

28 
27 
24 
24 
24 
23 
24 
24 
20 

100  to  109.9  cm 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

170  to  179.9  cm 

2 
12 
22 
28 
41 
51 
13 

22.0 
21.1 
20.9 
20.0 
19.1 
18.7 
17.8 

20 
18 
17 
16 
14 
16 
14 

24 
24 
26 
24 
25 
24 
22 

80  to 

goto 

100  to 

note 

120  to 
130  to 
140  to 
150  to 
160  to 
170  to 


89.9  cm. 

99.9  cm. 
109.9  cm. 
119.9  cm. 
129.9  cm. 
139.9  cm. 
149.9  cm. 
159.9  cm. 
169.9  em. 
179.9  cm. 


2 

28.0 

1 

30.0 

6 

25.8 

9 

25.0 

14 

22.4 

26 

21.2 

26 

19.8 

16 

20.8 

24 

19.0 

2 

18.5 

1 

25.0 

6 

29.2 

4 

24.3 

8 

26.4 

19 

22.1 

32 

21.2 

35 

20.8 

39 

19.7 

5 

19.6 

Approximation  in  whites  {after  Quetelet,  Vierordt,  and  others) 

Stature,  90  to  99.9  cm.,  corresponding  to  ages  i\  to  5  years,  respectively 27  to  25  per  minute 

Stature,  110  to  150  cm.,  corresponding  to  ages  6]  to  14  years,  respectively 25  to  20  per  minute 

Stature,  150  to  170  cm.,  corresponding  to  ages  15  to  20  years,  respectively 22  to  18  per  minute 

Adults,  respectively 16  to  19  per  minute 

The  intertribal   difference  in   the  frequency  of  respiration  is   as 
follows : 

Excess  in  average  rate  of  respiration  in  Pima  over  Apache,  by  main  stature  groups 


Stature. 

Pima 
male. 

Pima 
female. 

Stature. 

Pima 
male. 

Pima 
female. 

llOto  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

+  4.2 
+  2.5 
+  2.5 

+5.3 
+  1.2 
+  1.2 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

+  1.6 
+2.1 
+  1.4 

+  1.7 
+  1.0 

130  to  139.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

These  differences  seem  to  diminish  somewhat  with  age,  but  as  will 
be  seen  from  other  data,  a  trace  of  them  persists  to  adult  life.  They 
are  too  regular  to  be  attributed  to  the  operation  of  chance,  and,  in  the 
absence  of  apparent  cause,  they  must  be  regarded  as  a  natural 
condition. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 


105 


Sex  differences  in  the  rate  of  respiration  exist  in  both  tribes. 
They  are  not  great,  ranging  only  up  to  1.3  respiration  per  minute 
among  the  Apache  and  1.4  per  minute  among  the  Pima,  in  favor  of 
the  females,  but  they  are  seen  to  exist  among  a  large  majority  of  the 
groups. 

Pulse-respiration  ratio,  by  stature:  The  average  relations  of  the 
pulse  and  the  respiratory  rates,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  follo's\dng 
table,  do  not  change  materially  in  the  Indian  child  ^viih  increase  in 
stature  after  the  age  of  5  or  6  years;  and  throughout  hfe  they  are 
probably  below  the  averages  which  commonly  prevail  among  the 
whites,  in  whom  the  ratio  is  usually  from  4  to  4|  pulse  beats  to  each 
respu'ation. 

Pulse-respiration  ratios,  in  relation  to  stature 
SAN  CARLOS  APACHE 


Male. 

Female. 

Stature. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
ratio. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
ratio. 

MiniTTiiTm, 

Maximum. 

70  to   79.9  cm 

1 

2.62 

80  to    89.9  cm 

90to    99.9cm 

2 
4 
5 

18 
29 
31 
23 
33 
11 

3.52 
3.89 
3.90 
3.65 
3.90 
3.77 
3.69 
3.76 
3.70 

3.28 
•     3.54 
2.75 
3.00 
2.92 
2.23 
3.00 
2.62 
3.20 

3.82 
4.27 
5.11 
4.50 
5.12 
4.87 
5.14 
5.57 
4.50 

100  to  109.9  cm 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

170  to  179.9  cm 

2 
11 
21 
22 
41 
48 
13 

3.93 
4.10 
3.82 
3.84 
3.99 
3.83 
4.11 

3.91 
3.17 
2.92 
3.00 
2.72 
2.91 
2.82 

3.95 
4  83 
4.72 
4.94 
5.00 
4.94 
5.12 

PIMA 


80  to    89.9  cm..... 

2 
1 
6 

3.97 
2.63 
3.15 

3.86 

4.07 

90  to    99.9  cm 

5 
3 

3.32 
3.79 

2.69 
3.43 

3.78 

100  to  109.9  cm 

2.77 

3.69 

4.00 

110  to  119.9  cm 

8 

3.31 

2.77 

4.19 

7 

3.29 

2.69 

.3.82 

120  to  129.9  cm 

13 

3.48 

2.80 

4.44 

18 

3.50 

3.13 

4.00 

130  to  139.9  cm 

22 

3.44 

2.77 

5.19 

28 

3.49 

2.20 

5.00 

140  to  149.9  cm 

24 

3.49 

2.78 

4.87 

31 

3.50 

2.50 

4.50 

150  to  159.9  cm 

13 

3.11 

2.70 

3.94 

36 

3.67 

2.42 

6.00 

160  to  169.9  cm 

24 

3.52 

2.50 

4.40 

5 

3.37 

3.00 

3.68 

170  to  179.9  cm 

The  relations  dijffer  by  tribe  and  by  sex  principally  in  conformity 
with  the  differences  in  the  rate  of  respiration.  The  mmiber  of  heart 
beats  to  every  respiration  is  perceptibly  higher  among  the  Apache  of 
both  sexes  (though  shghtly  more  among  the  males),  and  in  all  the 
stature  groups,  than  among  the  Pima,  Considering  sex  alone,  the 
ratio  is  somewhat  higher  among  the  Apache,  and  very  sHghtly  higher 


106 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


among  the  Pima  in  the  female  than  in  the  male.     These  conditions 
are  more  clearly  shown  in  the  abstract  that  follows : 

Pulse-respiration  ratios  in  relation  to  stature,  by  tribes  and  sex 


Stature. 

Excess  in  number 
of  pulse  beats  to 
each  respiration 
in  Apache  over 
Pima. 

Excess  in  number 
of  pulse  beats  to 
each  respiration 
in   females   over 
males. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm           

+0.59 
+  .17 
+  .46 
+  .28 
+  .58 
+  .24 

+0.81 
+  .32 
+  .35 
+  .49 
+  .16 

+0.20 
+  .17 
-  .06 
+  .22 
+  .14 
+  .35 

0  02 

120  to  129.9  cm                  

+    02 

130  to  139.9  cm                         

+    05 

140  to  149.9  cm                              ... 

+    01 

150  to  159.9  cm                      .        .     . 

+    56 

160  to  169.9  cm 

Average,  approximately 

+  .40 

+  .35 

+  .15 

+     10 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  foregoing  intertribal  differences 
in  the  pulse-respiration  ratio  are  due  not  to  differences  in  the  pulse 
rate,  which  are  small,  but  to  the  relatively  slower  respiration  in  the 
Apache.  It  is  difficult  to  fathom  the  cause  of  this  characteristic 
without  much  further  study.  The  condition  of  life  of  the  two  series 
of  subjects  on  whom  tests  were  made,  particularly  the  school  children, 
differed  but  little. 

Temperature  in  relation  to  stature:  The  tests  for  temperature  were 
made  mth  good  clinical  thermometers  and  invariably  under  the.  tongue. 
To  insure  greater  accuracy  two  thermometers  were  used  simultane- 
ously in  most  of  the  cases,  one  under  the  right  and  the  other  under 
the  left  side  of  the  tongue.  The  instruments  were  left  in  the  child's 
closed  mouth  for  at  least  six  minutes.  Nothing  was  done  on  the  part 
of  the  children  to  disturb  these  tests.  The  following  table  and  curves 
(pi.  xiv)  show  the  results : 

Temperature  in  relation  to  stature 
SAN  CARLOS  APACHE 


Male. 

Female. 

Stature. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
tempera- 
ture. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
tempera- 
ture. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

100  to  109.9  cm 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  em 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  150.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

3 

6 
16 
32 
32 
24 
33 
11 

99.6 
99.7 
99.0 
98.9 
98.8 
98.9 
98.8 
98.9 

99.3 
99.4 
97.6 
97.3 
97.0 
97.9 
97.3 
98.0 

99.8 
99.9 
99.7 
99.8 
99.5 
99.7 
99.5 
100.1 

2 
12 
21 
27 
40 
51 
13 

99.3 
99.9 
99.3 
99.1 
98.7 
98.7 
98.6 

98.2 
99.0 
98.2 
97.9 
97.2 
97.3 
97.8 

100.4 
100.8 
100.6 
100.1 
99.9 
99.9 
99.3 

170  to  179.9  cm 

BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XIV 


Stature  in  cm. 

105            110  120 

to              to  to 

109.9         119.9  129.9 


Adults 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

139  9 

149.9 

159.9 

169.9 

175 

Respiration 
Average  permin 


Average 

temperature 

sub  lingua 

99.5° 


Respiration 


15 
Temperature 


98.6° 


Apache 


Boys Girls 

RESPIRATION    AND    TEMPERATURE    iN     RELATION    TO    STATURE 
IN    THE    INDIAN     CHILD 


HKDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS 


107 


Temperature  in  relation  to  stature — Continued 
PIMA 


Male. 

Female. 

Stature. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
tempera- 
ture. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

Sub- 
jects. 

Average 
tempera- 
ture. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

103  to  109.9  cm 

3 
4 
12 
25 
26 
13 
24 
2 

99.8 
99.9 
99.7 
99.5 
99.5 
99.3 
98.8 
99.3 

99.2 
99.5 
99.4 
98.7 
98.9 
98.9 
98.5 
99.3 

100.3 
100.3 
99.9 
100.0 
100.1 
99.9 
99.8 
99.3 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

ISO  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

170  to  179.9  cm 

5 
18 
28 
35 
39 

6 

99.9 
99.8 
99.7 
99.5 
99.5 
99.3 

99.5 
99.1 
99.2 
98.2 
98.9 
98.8 

100.6 
100.3 
100.3 
100.4 
100.1 
99.6 

Comparisons  of  the  Indian  temperatures  obtained  with  those  of 
white  children  of  similar  statures  are  possible  to  only  a  limited  extent, 
owing  to  lack  of  suitable  data  respecting  the  latter.  According  to 
Landois  and  Stirling  "■  the  sublingual  temperature  of  white  children 
of  from  5  to  9  years  of  age  (about  99  to  123  cm.  in  stature)  averages 
37.72°  C,  equivalent  to  99.9°  F.  This  is  practically  the  same  as 
the  temperature  of  the  children  of  similar  height  among  the  Indians, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Apache  boys,  for  whom  the  records  are  slightly 
lower.  In  the  white  adult  the  temperature  in  the  mouth  averages 
37.19°  C,  or  98.9°  F.  (Landois  and  Stirling),  and  that  of  adolescent  In- 
dians is  very  nearly  the  same.  On  the  whole,  up  to  adult  life,  the  dif- 
ferences in  temperature  between  the  two  races  are  quite  insignificant. 

As  to  the  differences,  in  both  sexes  and  in  very  nearly  all  the  stature 
groups  the  temperature  in  the  Pima  exceeds  by  from  two-tenths  to 
eight-tenths  of  a  degree  that  in  the  Apache.  With  the  females  this 
difference,  as  will  be  seen  later,  extends  even  to  the  adults. 

Sex  differences  are  not  prominent,  nevertheless  there  is  a  slight 
excess  in  temperature  in  most  of  the  female  groups.  The  taller  girls 
(above  about  12  years  of  age)  among  the  Apache  make  the  excep- 
tion, showing  in  three  groups  a  very  slightly  lower  average  than  the 
boys.  This  is  probably  accidental,  for  the  minima  and  maxima  in 
these  groups  suggest  a  contrary  condition  with  regard  to  the  girls, 
and  there  is  no  -inferiority  in  this  respect  in  the  average  of  the  adult 
females  of  these  people.     The  following  table  shows — 

Tribal  and  sex  differences  in  temperature 


Stature. 

Excess  of  tempera- 
ture in  Pima  over 
Apache. 

Excess  of  tempera- 
ture in   females 
over  males. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

+0.2 
+  .7 
+  .6 
+  .7 
+  .4 
Equal. 

Equal. 
+0.5 
+  .6 
+  .8 
+  .8 
+  .7 

+0.2 
+  .3 
+  .2 

-  .1 

-  .2 

-  .2 

Equal. 

120  to  129.9  cm                                               

+0.1 

130  to  1.39.9  cm                                      

+  .2 

140to  149.9om.                 

Equal. 

ISO  to  159.9  cm 

+  .2 

160  to  169.9  cm. 

+  .5 

"  Human  Physiology,  Philadelphia,  1892,  414. 


108  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

To  recapitulate:  The  examinations  of  pulse,  respiration,  and  tem- 
perature in  San  Carlos  Apache  and  in  Pima  children  more  than  110  cm. 
in  height  (or  more  than  about  6  years  of  age)  show  the  following 
peculiarities : 

(a)  The  average  pulse  is  slower  than  in  whites  in  both  sexes  and 
in  all  the  stature  groups. 

(h)  There  are  but  minor  differences  in  the  pulse  rate  between  the 
children  of  the  two  tribes  in  groups  of  similar  height. 

(c)  In  both  of  the  above-named  tribes  and  in  all  groups  the  aver- 
age pulse  rate  in  the  female  exceeds  that  in  the  male  by  several 
beats  per  minute. 

(aO  The  average  frequency  of  respiration  is  about  the  same  among 
the  Pima  as  among  the  whites,  but  is  slightly  less  in  both  sexes  and 
all  the  groups  of  the  Apache. 

(b')  The  respiration  rate  is  higher  in  both  sexes  and  in  all  groups 
of  the  Pima  than  in  similar  divisions  of  the  Apache,  but  the  differ- 
ences diminish  with  age. 

(cO  The  rate  of  respiration  is  slightly  greater  in  the  females  of  both 
tribes  than  in  the  males. 

(d')  The  pulse-respiration  ratio  is  slightly  higher  among  the  Apache 
children  in  all  the  divisions  than  among  those  of  the  Pima  aiad  in 
both  tribes  it  is  very  slightly  higher  in  the  females  than  in  the  males. 
The  ratio  shows  no  material  or  regular  differences  accompanying 
variations  in  the  stature — that  is,  in  the  age  of  the  children — and 
throughout  is  lower  than  in  the  whites. 

(a'O  The  temperature  (sub  lingua)  differs  on  the  whole  but  little 
from  that  of  whites. 

(h")  The  temperature  is  slightly  higher  in  nearly  all  the  divisions 
of  the  Pima  than  in  the  corresponding  groups  of  the  Apache. 

(c'O  The  temperature  is  very  slightly  higher  in  the  majority  of  the 
groups  in  the  females  than  in  the  males.  ® 

Muscular  force. — All  the  tests  for  muscular  force  were  made  with 
a  Collin''  dynamometer,  the  same  instrument  being  used  through- 
out the  examinations.  The  pressure  tests  were  made  with  the  sub- 
ject in  a  standing  posture  holding  the  hand  and  forearm  free  from  the 
body,  exerting  the  maximum  pressure  on  the  instrument  by  squeez- 
ing it,  first  in  the  right  hand  and  then  in  the  left.  The  traction  force 
was  tested  by  the  subject  in  a  standing  posture,  hooking  his  medii 
into  the  ends  of  the  dynamometer  and  exerting  the  maximum  trac- 
tion, without  raising  the  instrument  above  the  chin.  *^  Repeated  trials 
for  both  pressure  and  traction  were  made  in  many  instances.     There 

a  For  further  details  consult  general  table  at  the  end  of  the  chapter,  and  for  individual  variations 
and  sfts  of  observations  see  tables  in  Appendix. 
b  The  instrument  is  identical  with  that  made  by  Mathieu,  of  Paris. 
c  If  raised  above  this  height,  it  is  possible  to  augment  the  record. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS 


109 


was  but  little  misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  the  children  of  what 
was  desired;  usually  the  testing  was  soon  looked  on  by  them  as  a 
sport;  this  attitude  assured  the  best  exertions  of  every  individual. 
Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  instruments,  the  records  probably  do  not 
represent  the  force  in  kilograms  with  absolute  accuracy,'^  and  they 
should  not  be  compared  with  data  obtained  with  dynamometers  of 
other  construction.  These  records  are  of  value,  however,  when 
compared  with  records  of  tests  secured  by  the  use  of  instruments  of 
the  same  make  and  by  the  same  method. 

The  average  results  of  the  tests  outlined  above  of  the  Indian  chil- 
dren are  as  follows: 

Pressure  and  traction  force  in  Indian  children  arid  adolescents  in  relation  to  stature 


Stature. 


Pressure. 


Right  hand. 


Left  hand. 


Traction. 


Apache. 


Apache. 


Male-!  i.i  ^^-I^.  M^l«-!  mate. 


Pima. 


M^l^-  JaTe. 


110  to  119.9  cm 
120  to  129.9  cm 
130  to  139.9  cm 
140  to  149.9  cm 
150  to  159.9  cm 
160  to  169.9  cm 
170  to  175.0  cm 


kg. 

kg. 

kg. 

kg. 

kg. 

7.0 

9.3 

4.4 

3.75 

6.0 

12.5 

11.1 

13.4 

9.8 

11.0 

14.8 

13.8 

15.9 

13.4 

13.8 

18.9 

19.6 

19.4 

17.2 

16.5 

25.9 

24.8 

28.6 

22.7 

23.7 

36.4 

27.9 

38.5 

29.3 

33.9 

44.0 

46.3 



39.3 

kg. 

7.9 
9.5 
11.9 
17.5 
21.9 
25.0 


kg. 

3.8 
12.3 
14.6 
17.0 
24.2 
34.2 
39.0 


kg. 
4.0 
8.9 
11.7 
14.9 
19.9 
25.8 


Apache. 


Pima. 


Male,  ^^^fe   Male.  ^;«;_ 


kg. 

1.0 

3.5 

5.6 

9.2 

15.1 

22.7 

26.6 


kg. 
1.4 
2.1 
3.9 
9.4 
14.6 
18.7 


kg. 

1.0 

3.1 

5.4 

8.4 

14.2 

22.6 

24.7 


1.5 
1.4 
2.4 

5.8 
11.5 
16.3 


Data  on  whites  for  comparison  with  these  interesting  results  are 
very  meager.  There  are  certain  dynamometric  observations  on  white 
children  recorded  in  literature,''  but  either  the  manner  of  presentation 
or  the  method  used  does  not  quite  agree  with  that  of  the  present 
author  or  there  is  some  doubt  about  the  instrument  employed,  so 
that  the  data  can  not  well  be  utilized  in  this  connection.  In  1897-98 
the  writer  made  dynamometric  determinations  on  908  white  children 
of  both  sexes,  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum,""  the  instrument  and 
the  method  employed  being  similar  to  those  used  by  him  with  the 
Indians.  The  results  embodied  in  comparative  form  are  given  in 
the  following;  table: 


a  As  to  accuracy  of  the  Mathieu  and  Collin  instruments,  see  Manouvr.er,  Sur  quelques  erreurs  dyna- 
mometriques,  Bull.  Soc.  d'Antkropol.  de  Pans,  3  ser.,  vn,  1884,  271  et  seq. 

b  Of  particular  value  are  those  of  Dementj'eff,  in  Razvitie  mishechnoi  sili  chelovieka,  etc.  (Develop- 
ment of  Muscular  Force  in  Man  in  connection  with  his  General  Physical  Development),  1  vol.,  8°,  Moskva, 
1889,  with  bibhography.  See  also  Kotelmann,  messungen  an  Hamburger  gymnasisten,  Zeitschr.  d. 
Konigl.  preuss.  statist.  Bureaus,  1877;  and  Riccardi,  P.,  Intorno  a  la  forzamuscolare  di  compressione, 
(mano  diritta  e  mano  sinistra)  studiata  in  una  serie  di  maschi  Bolognesi,  Rassegna  di  sc.  med.,  Modena, 
1887, 11,  206-214.    The  data  obtained  by  Riccardi  are  abnormally  high. 

c Hrdlicka,  A.,  Anthropological  Investigations  on  One  Thousand  White  and  Colored  Children  of 
Both  Sexfes,  New  York  and  Albany,  Wynkoop-Hallenbeck-Crawford  Co.,  1899,  45-47. 


110 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Comparison  as  to  force  between  the  Indian  children  and  the  white  children  of  the  New 

York  Juvenile  Asylum 


Pressure,  right  hand. 

Traction. 

stature. 

White  chil- 
dren, New 
York  Juve- 
nile Asy- 
lum. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

White  chil- 
dren, New 
York  Juve- 
nile Asy- 
lum. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

MALES. 

120  to  129  9  cm                                       .   . 

kg. 
11.0-15.0 
15.0-17.0 
17.0-24.0 
24.0-32.0 

10.0-12.5 
12.5-17.0 
17.0-21.0 

kg. 
12.5 
14.8 
18.9 
25.9 

11.1 
13.8 
19.6 

kg. 
13.4 
15.9 
19.4 
28.6 

9.5 
11.9 

17.2 

kg. 
7.0-12.0 
12.0-14.0 
14.0-16.0 
16.0-21.0 

6.5-  9.0 
9.0-10.5 
10.5-13.0 

kg. 
3.5 
5.6 
9.2 
15.1 

2.1 
3.9 
9.4 

kg. 
3  1 

130  to  139.9  cm                             

5  4 

140  to  149.9  cm 

8  4 

150  to  159.9  cm 

14  2 

FEMALES. 
120  to  129.9  em 

1.4 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

2.4 
5.8 

The  white  children  of  both  sexes  within  the  heights  included  are  on 
the  average  slightly  superior  in  pressure  force  to  the  Indians  of 
similar  stature  and  markedly  superior  in  traction  force.  The  height 
groups  of  the  somewhat  retarded  Juvenile  Asylum  children  represent 
an  .average  age  probably  from  one  to  two  years  greater  than  that  of 
the  children  in  corresponding  stature  groups  of  the  Indians,  and  on 
this  account  the  series  is  not  satisfactory. 

Tests  on  older  adolescents  have  shown  the  persistence  in  the 
Indian  of  a  somewhat  inferior  pressure  force;  the  traction  power, 
how^ever,  increases  rapidly  in  the  Indian  subjects  after  they  have 
been  employed  in  physical  labor  and  may  equal  that  of  whites  of 
similar  ages  or  statures  and  occupations.  °' 

The  differences  in  force  between  the  subjects  of  the  two  tribes 
under  comparison  are  very  clear  and  in  the  females  quite  marked. 
The  Apache  children  on  the  whole  seem  the  more  vigorous;  they  are 
in  all  the  groups  superior  in  traction,  and  the  females  surpass  the 
Pima  females  in  every  particular.  Curiously,  however,  the  Pima 
boys  show  in  all  the  groups  and  in  both  hands  a  slightly  greater  aver- 
age pressure.  Possibly  this  feature  has  been  developed  by  differences 
in  occupation  afforded  the  school  boys  on  the  two  reservations. 

Force  in  Pima  boys  contrasted  with  that  in  Apache  boys,  main  groups 


stature. 

Average  excess  in 
Pima  boys  in  pressure. 

Average 
deficiency 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

boys  in 
traction. 

120  to  129.9  cm . 

kg. 
+0.9 
+  1.1 
+   .5 
+  2.7 
+  2.1 

kg. 

+  1.3 
+   .8 
+  .5 
+  .5 
+   .3 

kg. 
-0.4 

130  to  139.9  cm 

-   .2 

140  to  149.9  cm 

-   .8 

150  to  159.9  cm 

-   .9 

160  to  169.9  em 

-   .1 

a  See  the  subject  under  Adults,  p.  143. 


HBDLICKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 

Force  in  Pima  girls  contrasted  with  that  in  Apache  girls 


111 


Stature. 


120  to  129.9  cm 
130  to  139.9  cm 
140  to  149.9  cm 
150  to  159.9  cm 


Average  deficiency  in 
Pima  girls  in  pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


kg. 
-1.3 
-   .4 
-2.4 
-2.1 


kg. 
-0.6 
-   .2 
-2.6 
-2.0 


Average 
deficiency 
in  Pima 
girls  in 
traction. 


kg. 


-0.7 

-1.5 
-3.5 
-3.1 


The  sex  diflferences  in  both  tribes  under  consideration  are  pro- 
nounced, particularly  between  the  taller  girls  and  the  young  men  of 
corresponding  size. 

Another  class  of  observations  of  value  which,  were  there  sufficient 
data  on  other  children,  would  make  possible  very  interesting  com- 
parisons, is  on  the  pressure  force  of  the  hands  and  the  arms  witla 
relation  to  the  weight  of  the  body.  Dividing  each  of  the  force  records 
by  the  weight  gives  the  fraction  of  kilogram  of  the  former  to  each 
kilogram  of  the  latter.  The  average  results  of  this  class  obtained 
from  the  data  on  the  Indian  children  examined  by  the  writer  are 
given  in  the  succeeding  table,  and  in  the  curves  to  be  found  on  plates 
XV  and  xvi). 

Average  force,  in  grams,  for  each  kilogram  of  iveight,  in  the  principal  stature  groups 

■   APACHE 


Male. 

f'emale. 

Stature. 

Pressure. 

Traction. 

Pressure. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Traction. 

120  to  129.9  cm 

422 
446 
475 
536 
621 
699 

372 
416 
415 
491 
578 
625 

118 
169 
231 
312 
387 
423 

402 
419 

477 
477 
471 

344 
362 
426 
421 
422 

76 

130  to  139.9  cm 

118 

140  to  149.9  cm 

228 

150  to  159.9  cm 

281 

160  to  169.9  cm . 

316 

170  to  179.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm. 
130  to  139.9  cm. 
140  to  149.9  cm. 
150  to  159.9  ctn. 
160  to  169.9  cm . 
170  to  179.9  cm. 


480 

441 

111 

369 

336 

486 

446 

165 

409 

357 

491 

430 

213 

401 

347 

584 

494 

289 

425 

372 

669 

595 

393 

472 

416 

707 

595 

378 

53 

73 

135 

215 

271 


The  main  features  brought  out  by  these  force-weight  comparisons 
(pis.  XV,  xvi)  are  much  like  those  obtained  by  contrasting  force 
with  stature.  There  are  seen  again  the  preponderance  of  male  over 
female  and  the  somewhat  greater  strength  of  the  Apache  of  both 


112 


BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  .34 


sexes  in  all  respects  except  in  so  far  as  pressure  force  among  the 
boys  is  concerned ;  in  this  last-named  characteristic  the  Pima  youth 
are  superior. 

Of  special  interest  are  the  hand-pressure  results  obtained  from  left- 
handed  individuals.  It  was  found  that  among  the  13  left-handed 
Apache  the  right  hand  was  stronger  in  5,  the  left  hand  in  8,  and 
among  the  9  left-handed  Pima  children  the  right  hand  was  stronger 
in  2,  the  left  in  7.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were  a  number  of  right- 
handed  children  in  whom  the  pressure  force  in  the  two  hands  was 
equal,  and  in  12  right-handed  Apache  and  7  Pima  the  left  hand  was 
the  stronger.  The  cases  are  given  in  detail  below.  The  irregulari- 
ties agree  with  what  was  before  observed  by  the  writer  as  the  result 
of  investigations  among  the  white  children  of  the  New  York  Juvenile 
Asylum.'^ 

Pressure  force  in  left-handed  and  in  exceptional  right-handed  individuals 


Left-handed  individuals. 

Right-handed  individuals 
(exceptional) . 

No 

Pressure  force 
(in  kilograms) . 

No. 

Pressure  force 
(in  iiilograms). 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

524 

13.0 
16.0 
22.0 
23.5 
32.0 
42.0 
43.5 
44.0 
41.5 
15.5 
16.0 
29.5 
21.5 
11.0 
13.5 
15.5 
24.5 
23.5 
35.0 
37.5 
9.5 
13.0 

17.0 
18.0 
22.5 
24.5 
34.0 
42.5 
39.0 
43.5 
35.5 
14.0 
16.5 
27.0 
23.0 
12.0 
15.0 
13.5 
23.5 
25.0 
36.0 
38.0 
12.0 
20.0 

541 
548 
553 
568 
577 
590 
601 
612 
622 
624 
719 
737 
758 
105 
110 
114 
119 
238 
351 
371 

Apache  boy 

19.0 
17.5 
20.0 
24.0 
23.0 
32.5 
39.0 
30.5 
31.5 
31.0 
12.5 
19.5 
17.5 
15.0 
14.5 
15.0 
15.0 
5.0 
Hi. 5 
25.0 

20.0 

529 
591 

do 

do  '        

do 

do 

18.0 
20.5 

592 
597 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

25.0 
26.0 

618 
633 

do 

do                     .... 

do 

do 

37.5 
40.0 

639 
642 

do 

do 

do 

.do. 

35.0 
35.0 

707 
731 

Apache  girl, 

do 

do 

Apache  girl 

34.0 
13.0 

782 

do              

do 

20.0 

788 

•  do 

do 

19.0 

137 

Pinia  boy .  . 

16.0 

139 

do 

do 

16.0 

154 

do                     .... 

.  ..do 

15.5 

168 

do     

do 

Pima  girl 

16.0 

180 

.   ..do 

6.0 

197 

do 

.do 

17.0 

204 

.do     . 

do 

25.5 

244 

Pima  girl 

328 

do 

Growth. — The  lack  of  records  of  actual  age  makes  all  determina- 
tions based  on  this  criterion  impossible,  which  is  particularly  regret- 
able  in  so  far  as  it  concerns  the  period  near  puberty;  it  is  known 
that,  at  this  time,  white  girls  surpass  the  boys  in  both  stature  and 
weight.  * 

HeigJit  suh-  and  supra-ischia. — The  average  percentages  of  the  height 
above  ischia  (height  sitting)  in  the  children  of  the  two  tribes  were 
as  follows  (see  also  pi.  xvii) : 

a  Anthropological  Investigations  on  One  Thousand  White  and  Colored  Children  of  Both  Sexes,  New 
Yorli  and  Albany,  Wynltoop-Hallenbeclc-Crawford  Co.,  1899,  44-47. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XV 


Stature  in  cm. 

105     110 

120 

130 

140 

to      to 

to 

to 

to 

109.9    119.9 

129.9 

139.9 

149.9 

Adults 
150  160         170 

to  to  to 

159.9  169.9         175 


Dynamometer 
records,  in  kg, 


Apadte, 
male 


Apache, 
female 


■  Pressure  (maximum)  in  right  hand Pressure  (maximum)  in  left  hand     Traction 


MUSCULAR    FORCE    IN    HANDS   AND    ARMS    IN    RELATION    TO    STATURE 
IN    THE    INDIAN    CHILD 


BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 

Stature  in  cm. 

105             110  120 

to              to  to 

109.9          119.9  129.9 


130 

140 

to 

to 

39.9 

149.9 

BULLETIN   34     PLATE   XVI 

Adults 
1.50  160  170 

to  to  to 

159.9  169.9         175 


Dynamometer    [7 
records,  in  kg. 


45 


/'\ 


Pima, 
male 


35 


Pima, 

female 


45 


35 


25 


—  Pressure  (maximum)  in  right  iiand Pressure  (maximum)  in  left  liand      Traction 

MUSCULAR    FORCE    IN    HANDS    AND    ARMS    IN    RELATION    TO    STATURE 
IN    THE    INDIAN     CHILD 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 

Height  {sitting)  supra  ischia  in  relation  to  stature 


113 


stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Excess  of  Apache 
over  Pima. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

110  to  119.9  cm                  

cm. 
55.1 
54.6 
53.8 
52.3 
52.1 
52.3 
53.2 

cm. 
55.8 
54.2 
53.8 
53.3 
53.5 
52.4 
52.8 

cm. 
55.6 
53.7 
52.8 
52.3 
52.4 
52.3 
52.9 

cm. 
54.5 
54.0 
52.9 
52.8 
53.3 
52.6 
52.3 

cm. 
-0.5 
+  .9 
+  1.0 

0 
-  .3 

0 
+  .3 

cm. 
+  1.3 

120  to  129.9  cm                    

+  .2 

130  to  139.9  cm                     

+  .9 

140  to  149.9  cm                    

+  .5 

150  to  159.9  em  .             

+  .2 

160  to  169.9  cm  .             

-  .2 

Adults 

■     +  .5 

The  height  of  the  Apache  above  the  ischia,  it  is  seen,  exceeds  that 
of  the  Pima  in  both  sexes  and  in  most  of  the  stature  groups,  but  the 
differences  are  too  small  to  be  of  much  importance.  It  is  difficult 
to  account  for  this  peculiarity,  which  extends  to  the  adults;  it  is 
possibly  connected  with  former  differences  in  nutrition  in  the  two 
tribes,  which  were  in  favor  of  the  Pima.  The  thickness  of  clothing 
worn  by  the  school  children  was  practically  the  same,  and  a  like 
statement  may  be  made  regarding  the  conditions  under  which  the 
measurements  were  taken. 

Rate  of  increase  of  height  above  ischia  for  each  10  cm.  increase  in  stature 


stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

120  to  129.9  cm.' 

cm. 
+  5.4 
+  3.0 
+  3.6 
+  4.7 
+  5.9 
+  4.3 

cm. 
+3.9 
+4.3 
+  4.7 
+  4.8 
+2.9 

cm. 
+5.6 
+  3.4 
+  4.3 
+  5.3 
+  5.3 
+  4.7 

cm. 
+  5.0 

130  to  139.9  em                                   .  .                      

+  4.1 

140  to  149.9  em                                   .                 

+  5.2 

150  to  159.9  em                           .                                   

+  5.1 

160  to  169.9  cm                                                                  

+  3.3 

170  cm.  to  adult                                      

There  is  noticeable  slowness  in  growth  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body 
in  all  divisions  between  the  heights  of  130  and  139.9  cm.;  there  is  a 
period  of  relatively  rapid  growth  from  140  to  159.9  cm.  of  stature  in 
the  females  and  from  150  to  169.9  cm.  in  the  males;  then  a  decrease, 
particularly  in  the  females,  is  again  apparent. 

The  percentage  of  the  height  supra  ischia  to  the  total  height,  as 
shown  by  the  accompanying  figures,  diminishes  in  both  sexes  and  in 
all  the  groups  up  to  the  stature  of  150  cm.,  corresponding  to  about  14 
years  of  age,  a  condition  which  points  to  a  relative  preponderance  up 
to  that  age  of  the  growth  of  the  lower  limbs.  Thereafter  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  shows  in  most  of  the  groups  a  slight  augmentation  in 
its  relation  to  the  whole  stature,  in  other  words  a  condition  which 
3452— Bull.  34—08 8 


114 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BXJLL.  34 


clearly  indicates  at  these  periods  a  relatively  diminished  growth  of 
the  lower  limbs. 

Variations  in  percentage  of  height  supra  ischia  to  total  height  in  10-cm.  groups  of  latter 


Stature  groups. 

Between  stat- 
ure groups. 

Apacbe. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

A.  110  to  119.9  cm 

A  and  B 

B  andC 

C  and  D 

U  and  E 

E  and  F 

Fand  G..\... 

Per  cent. 
-0.5 

-  .8 
-1.5 

-  .2 
+  .2 

+  .9 

Per  cent. 
-1.6 

-  .4 

-  .5 
+  .2 
-1.1 

+  .4 

Per  cent. 
-1.9 

-  .9 

-  .5 
+  .1 

-  .1 

+  .6 

Per  cent. 
—0.5 

B    120  to  129.9  cm                                     

—  1.1 

C.  130  to  139.9  cm 

-  .1 

D.  140  to  149.9  cm 

+  .5 

E.  150  to  159.9  cm 

-  .7 

F.  160  to  169.9  cm.  (or  adult  in  females) 

G.  170  cm.  to  adult  in  males 

-  .3 

As  to  the  percentage  of  the  body  above  the  ischia  to  the  whole 
stature  in  the  male  and  the  female  children,  the  following  differences 
appear : 

Excess  of  females  over  males  in  ratio  to  height  of  body  above  ischia 


Stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

Per  cent. 

+0.7 

-  .4 

0 

+  1.0 

Per  cent. 
-0.9 
+  .3 
+  .1 
+  .5 

150  to  159.9  cm 

Per  cent. 
+  .4 
+  .1 

Per  cent. 
+0.9 

120  to  129  9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

+  .3 

Adults 

130  to  139.9  cm 

-  .4 

140  to  149.9  cm.. 

In  most  of  the  groups,  in  the  females  the  percentage  of  the  height 
of  the  body  supra  ischia  is  slightly  greater,  and  that  of  the  lower 
limbs  slightly  less,  than  it  is  in  the  males.  This  condition  is  especially 
marked  in  the  stature  divisions  of  140  to  149.9  and  150  to  159.9  cm., 
or  in  children  from  a  little  more  than  12  to  a  little  more  than  15 
years  of  age.  These  statures  and  years  embrace  in  the  Indian  girls 
of  the  tribes  included  in  the  present  studies  almost  the  entire  period 
of  puberty. 

Weight. — All  the  children  were  weighed  bareheaded  and  in  their 
ordinary  school  clothing,  of  moderate  weight,  not  exceeding  at  the 
maximum  about  4  kilograms."  The  average  results  in  the  main 
stature  groups  are  given  in  the  following  table,  accompanied  by  the 
weights  of  white  children  of  similar  statures.  The  data  for  the  latter 
were  obtained  from  Professor  Bowditch's  tables'*  on  Boston  school 
children  of  all  nationalities. 


a  The  stature  of  the  subject  was  invariably  mt^asured  with  the  shoes  off  and  the  weight  with  the 
shoes  on. 

b  Bowditch,  H.  P.,  The  Growth  of  Children,  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  State  Board  of  Health,  Massa- 
chusetts, Boston,  1877,  40-47.    This  valuable  work  contains  references  to  German  and  English  children. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XVII 


Stature  in  cm. 

Adults 

105     110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

to      to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

109.9    119.9 

129.9 

139.9 

149.9 

159.9 

169.9 

175 

blfc 


f&i 


bB-fc 


55^ 


52< 


bM 


bifc 


55<''t 


560 


Ajxiche 

52^ 


53fs 


55?J 


Pima 

524 


mi 


54/0 


55/. 


56f. 


Boys Girls 


HEIGHT   SITTING    IN    RELATION    TO   STATURE   IN    THE    INDIAN    CHILD 


HBDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 


115 


Average  weights  of  white  and  Indian  children  by  stature  groups 


Stature. 


Whites. 


Male. 


Female. 


San  Carlos  Apache. 


Male. 


Female. 


Pima. 


Male.      Female. 


120  to  129.9  cm 
130  to  139.9  cm 
140  to  149.9  cm 
150  to  159.9  cm 
160  to  169.9  cm 


kg. 
24. 0-29. 0 
29. 0-34. 9 
34. 9-42. 0 
42. 0-50. 0 
50. 0-60.  5 


23.  4-28. 2 
28. 2-34. 5 
34.  5-41. 5 
41.  5-52.  5 


kg. 
29.6 
33.2 
39.8 

'48.3 
58.6 


kg. 
27.6 
32.9 
41.1 
52.0 


kg. 


27.9 
32.7 
39.5 
49.0 
57.5 


26.5 
32.8 
42.9 
53.4 


The  weight  of  the  Indian  children  of  both  tribes  and  both  sexes, 
and  of  all  the  stature  groups,  compares  favorably  with  that  of  the 
whites;  it  is,  in  fact,  almost  throughout  greater  than  would  be  the 
mean  in  the  various  groups  of  whites.  It  was  seen  that  the  younger 
Indian  children  also  exceeded  in  weight  white  children  of  similar 
ages.  This  excess  consists  probably  in  a  larger  amount  of  the 
reserve  elements,  mainly  fat;  the  force  tests,  which  have  shown 
results  rather  unfavorable  to  the  Indian,  do  not  indicate  any  excess 
in  musculature  on  their  part. 

There  are  certain  differences  in  weight  between  the  children  of  the 
two  tribes  (pi.  xviii) : 

Average  excesses  and  deficiencies  of  weight  in  grams  to  each  centimeter  of  stature  in  the 
San  Carlos  Apache  compared  with  the  Pima  children 


Stature. 

Male. 

Female. 

Stature. 

Male. 

Female. 

120  to  129.9  cm 

+13 
+  6 
+  6 

+11 
+  2 
-13 

150  to  159.9  cm.. 

-3 

+  6 

—10 

130  to  139.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

-17 

140  to  149.9  cm 

The  table  shows  that  at  almost  all  stages  the  Apache  boys  are  the 
heavier.  Up  to  about  12^  years  of  age  the  Apache  girls  are  slightly 
heavier,  but  from  then  on,  even  into  adult  life,  they  are  exceeded 
in  weight  by  the  Pima.  This  agrees  well  with  general  observations, 
which  reveal  among  the  latter  a  larger  proportion  than  among  the 
Apache  of  stout  girls  among  those  in  whom  the  period  of  puberty 
has  been  passed,  up  to  full  womanhood. 

It  may  be  observed,  by  reference  to  the  force  tests,  that  muscular 
power,  especially  hand  pressure,  does  not  stand  in  close  relation  to 
the  weight  of  the  body.  This  suggests  that  the  intertribal  differ- 
ences in  weight  in  the  same  stature  groups,  like  those  between  Indian 
and  white  children,  are  due  in  the  main  to  differences  in  fat  deposits. 

Sex  differences  in  weight  show  (see  Average  weights,  etc.,  table, 
above)  that,  as  among  whites,  there  is  reached  in  the  Indian  children 
a  period  when  the  average  weight  of  the  girls  exceeds  that  of  the  boys 


116 


BUKEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


of  the  same  stature;  but  this  period  in  both  the  Apache  and  the 
Pima  is  reached  earher  than  in  the  whites  by  approximately  one 
decimal  stature  group,  or  about  two  years.  This  corresponds,  as  will 
be  seen  later  (under  Menstruation,  pp.  .126-127),  with  the  earlier 
pubert}^  in  the  Indian  girl. 

The  data  on  weight  were  fiu"ther  utilized  to  obtain  a  view  of  the 
relation  between  the  increase  in  weight  and  the  increase  in  stature, 
^\^th  the  following  results: 

Gain  in  weight  in  grams  for  each  centimeter  {  =  gc.)  of  stature 


Excess  over  preceding  stature  group. 

Stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache.  1              Pima. 

Male. 

Female.       Male. 

Female. 

120  to  129.9  cm. 

gc. 
+33 
+14 
+28 
+  36 
+  46 

gc- 

+21 
+22 
+  38 
+  55 
+28 

gc. 

+38 
+22 
+28 
+  45 
+  37 

gc. 
+38 

130  to  139.9  cm 

+  31 

140  to  149.9  cm 

+53 

150  to  159.9  cm 

+  52 

160  to  169.9  cm 

+  35 

The  figures  show  that  there  is  a  fair  increase  in  relative  weight 
between  the  statures  of  120  and  129.9  cm.  (about  8  to  10  years), 
followed  in  all  the  children  by  a  diminution  in  the  increase  in  the 
next  group  (130  to  139.9  cm.  equals  about  10  to  12  years  in  age) 
and  rising  again  thereafter.  The  maximum  augmentation  in  relative 
weight  is  attained  in  the  females  of  both  tribes  in  the  two  stature 
groups  of  from  140  to  159.9  cm.  (approximately  12  years  and  older) 
and  in  the  males  of  both  tribes  in  the  two  stature  groups  of  from 
150  to  169.9  cm.  (approximately  14  to  18  years),  that  is,  about  at,  or 
more  likely  after,  puberty. 

Growth  of  the  head. — In  absolute  measurements  the  three  principal 
diameters  of  the  head  increase  in  the  Indian  child  through  the  vari- 
ous stature  groups  as  follows: 

Diameter  antero-jwsterior  maximum  (glabello-occipital),  average 


Stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Excess  in  Pima 
over  Apache. 

Excess  in  males 
over  females. 

Male.      Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  1.59.9  cm 

100  to  169.9  cm 

cm. 
17.0 
17.3 
17.5 
17.4 
17.8 
18.0 

cm. 
17.0 
16.8 
17.1 
17.4 
17.  5 

cm. 
17.7 
17.7 
18.1 
18.3 
18.4 
18.  G 

cm. 
17.2 
17.4 
17.6 
17.8 
17.9 

cm. 
+0.7 
+  .4 
+  .6 
+  .9 
+  .6 
+  .6 

cm. 
+0.2 
+  .6 
+  .5 
+  .4 
+  .4 

cm. 

0 
+  .5 
+  .4 

0 
+  .3 
+  .4 

cm. 
+0.5 
+  .3 
+  .5 
+  .5 
+  .5 

Adults 

18.7  1           17.  ."i 

19.2  1           18.3 

+  .5 

+  .8 

+  1.2 

+  .9 

BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XVIII 


Stature  in  cm. 

Adults 

105            110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

to             to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

109.9          119.9 

129.9 

139.9 

149.9 

159.9 

169.9 

175 

Grams  of  weight 
per  cm.  of  stature 


Apache 


Pima 


Boys Girls 


WEIGHT    IN    RELATION    TO    STATURE    IN    THE    INDIAN    CHILD 


HRPLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


117 


The  increase  of  the  length  of  the  head  continues,  it  is  seen,  without 
much  irregularity  throughout  cliildhood  and  adolescence.  The  most 
pronounced  augmentation  occurs  in  the  males  between  the  period  of 
later  adolescence  and  that  of  adult  age;  this  change  is  undoubtedly 
due  to  the  development  of  the  region  of  the  frontal  sinuses  and  the 
glabella. 

In  the  Pima  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  the  stature  groups  the  antero- 
posterior diameter  of  the  head  is  longer  than  in  the  Apache,  but  this 
is  a  result  of  a  difference  in  shape  of  the  head  and  not  in  its  size  as  a 
whole. 

In  the  males  the  length  of  the  head  at  nearly  every  stage  is  a  little 
greater  than  in  the  females  of  the  same  stature.  The  difference  is 
quite  uniform  during  childhood  and  earlier  adolescence,  but  becomes 
more  marked  at  the  completion  of  growth,  owing  in  the  case  of  the 
adult  males  to  excess  of  development  in  the  region  of  the  frontal 
sinuses. 

Data  bearing  on  the  subject,  arranged  by  stature  groups,  is  here 
set  forth: 

Diameter  lateral  viaximum 


Stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Defect  in  Pima  to 
Apache. 

Excess  in  males 
over  females. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache.       Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

cm. 
15.2 
15.1 
15.1 
15.2 
15.6 
15.9 

cm. 
14.7 
14.9. 
15.0 
15.1 
15.3 

cm. 
14.0 
14.0 
13.8 
13.9 
14.2 
14.4 

cm. 
13.5 
13.4 
13.7 
13.9 
14.2 

cm. 
-1.2 
-1.1 
-1.3 
-1.3 
-1.4 
-1.5 

cm. 
-1.2 
-1.5 
-1.3 
-1.2 
-1.1 

cm. 
+0.5 
+  .2 
+  .1 
+  .1 
+  .3 

cm. 
+0.5 
+  .6 
+  .1 

0 

Q 

Adults 

15.8 

15.5 

14.7 

14.4 

-1.1 

-1.1 

+  .3 

+  .3 

The  maximum  horizontal  breadth  of  the  head  follows  the  growth 
of  the  body  somewhat  less  regularly  than  does  the  length.  There  is, 
apparently,  but  little  advance  in  this  dimension  in  the  lower  stature 
groups,  the  main  increase  taking  place  after  the  children  have  reached 
the  height  of  150  cm.  This  condition  may  be  observed  in  all  the 
divisions. 

As  to  differences  between  the  two  tribes,  the  conditions  are  the 
reverse  of  what  they  are  with  respect  to  the  length  of  the  head.  As 
to  sex,  in  males  the  breadth  of  the  head,  like  its  length,  is  at  nearly 
every  point  in  growth  a  little  greater  than  in  the  females  of  the  same 
height.  In  both  the  tribes  dealt  with  in  this  paper  the  differences  are 
least  in  the  case  of  children  ranging  from  140  to  150  cm.  in  stature. 


118 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 
Height  of  head  {biauricular  line-hregma)a 


[BULL.  34 


Stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Excess  in  Pima 
over  Apache. 

Excess  in  males 
over  females. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  1B9.9  cm 

cm. 
12.7 
12.8 
12.8 
13.0 
13.3 
1.3.4 

cm. 
12.5 
12.6 
12.3 
12.8 
12.9 

cm. 
12.8 
12.8 
13.1 
13.2 
13.3 
13.5 

cm. 
12.4 
12.5 
12.6 
12.9 
13.1 

cm. 
+0.1 

0 
+  .3 
+  .2 

0 
+  .1 

cm. 
-0.1 
-  .1 
+  .3 

+  .1 
+  .2 

cm. 
+0.2 
+  .2 
+  .5 
+  .2 
+  .4 

cm. 
+0.4 
+  .3 
+  .5 
+  .3 
+  .2 

Adults 

13.5 

13.0 

13.8 

13.4 

+  .3 

+   .4 

+  .5 

+  .4 

a  Obtained  by  a  spreading  and  a  sliding  compass.  The  branches  of  a  suitable  compass  d'epaisseur 
are  introduced  well  into  the  auditory  meati  and  allowed  to  rest  on  their  floor.  The  expansion  of  the 
instrument  is  noted,  wth  the  scale  held  over  the  bregma  region;  the  distance  from  the  bregma  region 
to  the  lower  edge  of  the  scale  is  measured  by  the  rod  of  the  compas  glissifere,  and  a  simple  arithmetical 
process  gives  the  biauricular  hne-bregma  height.  With  practice  the  measurement  becomes  easy,  rapid, 
and  at  least  as  reliable  as  the  measure  of  the  same  height  by  any  other  method.  With  due  care,  par- 
ticularly as  to  the  temperature  of  the  instrument,  the  branches  of  the  compass  in  the  ears  cause  but  very 
Uttle  discomfort.    The  writer  has  used  this  method  for  many  years  with  satisfactory  results. 

The  preceding  tables  show  that  the  height  of  the  head  increases 
slowly  and  quite  regularly  up  to  full  adult  age.  In  nearly  all  cases 
it  is  slightly  greater  in  the  Pima  than  in  the  Apache,  the  difference 
being  most  marked  in  the  adults.  In  the  several  stature  groups  this 
measurement  is  found  to  be  greater  also  in  the  males  than  it  is  in  the 
females. 

To  sumonarize:  (1)  It  is  found  that  in  the  Apache  and  the  Pima 
the  three  principal  diameters  of  the  head  increase  slowly  and  without 
much  irregularity  throughout  childhood  and  adolescence  until  full 
adult  life.  In  this  important  phase  of  development  there  is  no  radical 
difference  as  compared  with  the  whites. 

(2)  The  proportion  between  the  three  diameters  differs  in  the  two 
tribes.  The  Apache  children  and  the  adolescents  of  both  sexes  and  of 
all  stature  groups  show  less  length,  decidedly  greater  breadth,  and 
less  height  of  the  head,  than  the  Pima. 

(3)  Sex  differences  in  the  two  tribes  are  uniform,  showing  through- 
out the  period  of  growth  and  into  adult  life  a  slight  excess  for  the 
males  in  all  the  diameters. 

The  relation  of  the  tln-ee  head  diameters  to  one  another  may  be 
showm  to  advantage  throughout  the  different  stature  groups  by  rep- 
resenting the  measurements  in  their  relation  to  their  mass  taken  as 
100,  as  in  the  succeeding  table.  These  measurements  show  how  small 
are  the  changes  in  the  relative  values  of  the  three  dimensions  through- 
out a  large  part  of  the  period  of  growth.  Tliis  is  manifest  also  in  the 
indexes  calculated  from  the  measurements  (see  general  tables  at  end 
of  chapter) . 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN  34    PLATE  XIX 


Stature  in  cm.  Adults 

105            110  120  130  140  150  160  170 

to             to  to  to  to  to  to  to 

109.9         119.9  129.9  139.9  149.9  159.9  169.9  175 


1400/00 


130% 


1200/00 


1100/00 


lOOO/f 


900/00 


1300/or, 


1200/^, 


1100,f 


90"/c 


1200/00 


1100/00 


1000/00 


900/00 


' 

N                        .                           •                                                  1 

■     •;        ;"^ 

;                                             i                                            '                   . 

1300/00 


1200/00 


1100/00 


1000/00 


900/00 


Boys Girls 


MEAN    CEPHALIC    DIAMETER    (CEPHALIC    MODULE)    IN    RELATION    TO 
STATURE    (S  =  1,000)    IN    THE    INDIAN    CHILD 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


119 


Per  centum  relations  of  the  three  principal  cephalic  diameters,  by  stature  groups 
(The  three  measurements  combined =100) 


Diamieter  antero-poste- 
rior  maxim. 

Diameter  lateral 
m.axim. 

Height  of  the  head. 

Stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

M-l«-  mala 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

Male. 

Fe- 
m.ale. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

37.9 

38.3  . 

38.5 

38.2 

38.1 

38.1 

38.4 
37.9 
38.5 
38.4 
38.3 

39.8 
39.8 
40.2 
40.3 
40.1 
40.0 

39.9 
40.2 
40.1 
39.9 
39.6 

33.8 
33.4 
33.3 
33.3 
33.4 
33.6 

33.2 
33.6 
33.8 
33.3 
33.5 

31.4 
31.4 
30.7 
30.6 
30.9 
30.9 

31.3 
30.9 
31.2 
31.1 
31.4 

28.3 
28.3 
28.2 
28.5 
28.5 
28.3 

28.4 
28.5 
27.7 
28.3 

28.2 



28.8 
28.8 
29.1 
29.1 
29.0 
29.1 

28  8 

120  to  129.9  cm 

28  9 

130  to  139.9  cm 

28  7 

140  to  149.9  cm        

9g  0 

150  to  159.9  cm 

29  0 

160  to  169.9  cm 

Adults 

38.95 

38.0 

40.2 

39.7 

32.9 

33.7 

30.8 

31.2 

28. 15 

28.3 

29.0 

29.1 

The  mean  of  the  three  principal  diameters  of  the  head  is  known  as 
the  cephahc  module.  This  indicates  the  size  of  the  head  and  is  of 
much  use  as  a  concrete  figure  in  the  study  of  head  growth.  It  is  con- 
venient further  in  contrasting  the  size  of  the  head  with  the  stature. 

The  module  and  its  relations  to  stature  are  given  in  the  following 
table  and  curves  (pi.  xix) .  Of  the  conditions  which  these  data  reveal 
the  continuous  growth  of  the  head  until  full  adult  life,  the  slight 
excess  in  the  size  of  the  Apache  head  as  compared  with  the  Pima  head, 
and  of  the  male  head  as  compared  with  that  of  the  female,  have 
already  been  shown. 

The  module-in-relation-to-stature  figures  show  that  the  head  in 
relation  to  the  height  of  the  body  is  largest  in  the  smallest — that  is, 
in  the  youngest — children,  the  proportion  decreasing  steadily  with  age. 
In  adult  and  in  some  of  the  groups  of  adolescent  females  the  proportion 
of  head  to  stature  rises  and  finally  exceeds  considerably  that  found 
among  adult  males,  a  fact  wliich  shows  that  head  growth  in  the  young 
women  continues  even  after  the  cessation  of  growth  in  height. 

Size  of  the  head,  as  expressed  by  the  mean  diameter  of  the  head,  or  cephalic  module,  by 

stature  groups 


•a 

Cephalic  module. 

Cephalic  module  in  relation  to  stature 
(statu^e=  1,000). 

Stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

/ 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Femiale. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  cm 

130  to  139.9  cm 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

160  to  169.9cm 

170  to  175.0  cm... 

cm. 
14.9 
15.1 
15.1 
15.3 
15.0 
15.8 
15.9 

cm. 
14.6 
14.8 
14.6 
15.1 
15.2 
15.5 

cm. 
14.8 
14.8 
15.0 
15.1 
15.3 
15.5 
15.7 

cm. 
14.9 
15.1 
14.6 

14.8 
15.1 
15.4 

128 
118 
112 
105 
100 
96 
93 

126 

118 

111 

104 
98.9 
95.6 

.131 

117 

110 

104 
97.9 
93.7 
91.7 

130 

120 

108 

102 
98,1 
94.9 

Adults 

16.0 

15.35            15.9 

15.35 

94 

97.9 

92.3 

98.1 

120 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Size  of  the  head,  as  expressed  by  the  mean  diameter  of  the  head,  or  cephalic  module,  by 

stature  groups — Continued 


Apache  compared  with  Pima. 

Males  compared  with  females. 

Stature. 

Cephalic  module. 

Module  in  relation 
to  stature. 

Cephalic  module. 

Module  in  relation 
to  stature. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

120  to  129.9  em 

130  to  139.9cm....... 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9cm 

160  to  169.9  cm 

170  to  175  0  cm 

cm. 
+0.1 
+  .3 
+  .1 
+   .2 
+   .3 
+   .3 
+   .2 

cm. 
-0.3 
-   .3 
±   .0 
+   .3 
+   .1 
+   .1 

-3 
+  1 
+  2 
+  1 
+  2.1 
+2.3 
+  1.3 

-4 
_2 
+3 
+2 
+   .8 
+   .7 

cm. 
+0.3 
+  .3 
+   .5 
+   .2 
+   .4 
+   .3 

cm. 
-0.1 
-  .3 
+   .4 
+   .3 
+   .2 
+    .1 

+2.0 
±0.0 
+  1.0 
+  1.0 
+  1.1 
+   .4 

+  1.0 
-3.0 
+  2.0 
+  2.0 
-    .2 
-1.2 

Adults 

+   .1 

±  .0 

+  1.7 

-   .2 

+   .65 

+   .55 

-3.9 

-5.8 

Growth  of  the  face. — -The  measurement  of  the  face  was  restricted  to 
its  two  principal  dimensions,  namely,  height  and  maximum  breadth. 
The  height,  measured  with  the  compass  d'epaisseur  (Mathieu),  is 
the  distance  from  the  lowest  point  of  the  chin  in  the  median  line, 
the  compass  being  applied  with  some  firmness,  to  a  point  corre- 
sponding to  the  nasion.  The  location  of  this  point  is  not  difficult  to 
determine  with  fair  accuracy  if  the  investigator  has  a  working- 
acquaintance  with  the  location  of  the  naso-frontal  suture  in  cliil- 
dren's  as  well  as  in  adults'  skulls.^ 

The  breadth  is  the  maximum  bizygomatic  diameter,  measured  also 
with  the  compass  d'epaisseur.  This  measurement  offers  no  special 
difficulty  in  subjects  of  any  age. 

The  data  obtained  are  arranged  in  the  succeeding  form: 


Growth  of  face,  hy  stature  groups 


Height 

of  face. 

Diameter  bizygomatic  maximum. 

Stature. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

.     cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

110  to  119.9  cm 

9.4 

9.3 

9.4 

9.1 

12.8 

12.6 

12.0 

11.7 

120  to  129.9  cm 

9.8 

9.7 

10.0 

9.9 

13.1 

12.9 

12.3 

12.2 

130  to  139.9  cm 

10.0 

10.0 

10.4 

10.2 

13.3 

13.2 

12.8 

12.5 

140  to  149.9  cm 

10.5 

10.5 

10.7 

10.8 

13.7 

13.0 

13.0 

13.0 

150  to  159.9cm....... 

11.1 

10.9 

11.3 

11.2 

14.1 

14.0 

13.5 

13.5 

IGOto  169.9  cm 

11.0 

11.4 

11.9 

11.5 

14.0 

14.4 

13.9 

13.8 

170  to  175  0  em 

11.8 

12.2 

14.6 

14.2 

Adults 

"■' 

10.8 

12.3 

11.5 

14.9 

14.1 

14.5 

13.8 

o  The  writer  prefers  the  nasion  point  as  the  superior  tenninus  of  the  facial  height  measurement  to 
either  the  obolion  or  crinion  (hair  line).  The  former  is  always  uncertain  and  the  latter  is  particularly 
difficult  to  determine  in  the  younger  children,  in  some  of  whom  much  of  the  forehead  is  covered  by  a 
rather  long  hair-like  down. 


hedlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AXD    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


121 


Growth  of  face,  by  stature  groups — Continued 


Apache  compared  -with  Pima. 


Males  com.pared  with  females. 


Height  of  face. 


Diameter  bizvgo- 
matic  max. 


Height  of  fac-e. 


Male. 


Diameter  bizrgo- 
matic  max. 


Female.       Male.     ■  Female.  ,  Apache.      Pima,    j  Apache.       Pima, 


110  to  119.9  cm. 
120  to  129.9  cm. 
130  to  139.9  cm. 
140  to  149.9  cm. 
150  to  159.9  cm. 
160  to  169.9  cm. 
170  to  175.0  cm. 

Adults... 


em. 
±0.0 


cm. 
+0.2 
.—  .2 
2 

3 
3 

1 


em. 
-!-0.9 


cm. 
+0.1 

+  .1 
=0 
+0 


cm. 
+0.3 

-  .1 

_u   .2 

-  .1 


cm. 
+0.2 


cm. 
+0.3 
+  .1 
+   .3 
+0 
-+0 


+  1.0 


The  foregoing  measurements  demonstrate,  as  do  those  of  the  head, 
gradual  growth  of  the  face  among  both  the  Apache  and  the  Pima, 
without  much  irregularity  in  both  principal  dimensions,  up  to  a  fully 
adult  age. 

Except  in  the  youngest  children,  the  Apache  face  is  somewhat 
lower  and  especially  broader  than  the  Pima  face,  characteristics  which 
agree  with  the  difference  in  the  length  and  the  breadth  of  the  head 
in  the  two  tribes. 

In  most  of  the  groups  of  the  children  both  dimensions  of  the  face 
in  mtales  are  greater  than  in  the  females,  but  the  differences  are 
shght — ^much  shghter  than  in  adults.  It  is  seen  from  the  figures 
in  the  foregoing  table  that,  in  the  two  tribes  under  discussion,  the 
gro^rth  of  the  face  in  the  males  continues  longer  than  that  of  the 
statiu-e.  though  perhaps  not  beyond  the  age  at  which  it  ceases  in  the 
females. 

An  interesting  comparison  is  that  between  the  cephahc  and  the 
facial  index  °  during  the  growth  period.  The  cephahc  index  in  the 
males  decreases  shghtly  ^vith  age,  but  not  in  the  females:  the  facial 
index  in  both  sexes  increases  with  age,  in  all  probabihty  by  reason 
of  the  growth  of  the  alveolar  processes  and  teeth,  the  face  becoming 
relatively  higher  with  the  increase  in  stature.  As  to  sex  differences, 
the  cephahc  index,  on  account  of  the  development  of  the  frontal 
sinuses,  becomes  eventually  lower  in  the  males,  while  the  facial  index, 
on  accoimt  of  the  greater  development  in  the  males  of  the  lower 
jaw.  becomes  higher  in  this  sex  in  adolescence  Cfor  graphic  illustra- 
tion, see  pi.  xx). 


o  Cephahc  index= 


Facial  uidex= 


diam.  lateral  max.  of  headXlOO. 
diam^.  ant.  post.  max. 
facial  heightXlOO 


diam.  bizygomatie  Tns^nc. 


122 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAjS!'    ETHNOLOGY 
Relation  inform  between  head  and  face,  by  stature 


[BtTLL.  34 


Cephalic  index. 

Facial  index. 

Males  compared  with 
females. 

Stature. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Cephalic  in- 
dex (in  males;. 

Facial  in- 
dex (in  males). 

P4 

1 
9 

1 

< 

c3 

ft 

03 

s 

P. 

a 

05 

ft 

os' 

a 

110  to  119.9  cm 

89.7 
86.9 
86.5 
87.5 
87.6 
80.9 
85.3 

79.5 
79.5 
76.2 
76.4 

77.2 
77.3 

87.1 
88.4 
87.7 
86.5 
87.5 
87.8 

78.6 
76.9 
77.5 
76.4 
79.2 
78.0 

73.3 
74.9 
75.6 
76.6 
78.9 
80.0 
80.9 

78.3 
80.2 
81.9 
81.6 
83.7 
85.3 

73.7 
74.8 
75.7 
77.4 
77.8 
79.4 

77.8 
81.0 
82.3 
83.2 
83.1 
83.5 

+2.6 
-1.5 
-1.2 
+  1.0 
+  .1 
-  .9 

+0.9 

+2.6 

-1.3 

±0 

-2.0 

-  .7 

-0.4 

+  .1 

-  .1 

-  .8 
+  1.1 
+  .6 

+  0  5 

120  to  12.J.9cni 

8 

130  to  139.9  em. 

4 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm. 

-.1.0 

+     6 

160  to  169.9  cm. 

+  1  8 

170  to  175cm 

Adults 

84.9 

76.4 

88.7 

78.8 

78.8 

84.6 

76.4 

83.7 

-3.8 

-2.4 

+2.4 

+  .9 

Dentition  considered  in  relation  to  stature. — Dentition  in  Indian  chil- 
dren was  considered  to  some  extent  with  the  records  of  subjects  of 
known  age.  In  the  series  now  under  consideration  we  can  follow  the 
eruption  of  the  permanent  teeth,  but,  as  accurate  ages  could  not  be 
determined,  the  progress  of  second  dentition  must  be  compared  with 
stature.  Tliis  procedure  is  not  illogical,  but  has  the  disadvantage  of 
a  lack  of  similar  data  for  white  children,  while  records  on  the  progress 
of  dentition  by  age  in  whites  are  plentiful. 

On  the  basis  of  what  is  known  of  the  height  of  white  cliildren  at 
different  ages  it  is  possible  to  convert  the  records  by  age  into  those 
by  stature,  and  the  author  has  followed  that  course,  utilizing  Bow- 
ditch's  and  Daffner's  data,  but  the  resulting  figures  can  not  claim  to 
be  more  than  approximations  to  accuracy. 

The  following  table  affords  some  basis  for  comparison: 

Second  dentition  in  relation  to  stature 


Permanent  teeth. 

Whites,a  ap- 
pear in  aver- 
age at  about— 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Height. 

Height. 

Height. 

Height. 

Height. 

Fir.st  molars 

105  cm 

106  cm 

106.6  cm 

104-116  cm... 

108  cm. 

Median  incisor.s 

115-120  cm.... 

110-123  cm 

106.6-122  cm. . . 

110-125  cm.... 

108-122  cm. 

Lateral  inei.sors 

120-123  cm 

117-129  cm 

115-124  cm 

115-129  cm.... 

117-126  cm. 

First  Ijicuspids 

1.33  cm 

118-145  cm 

115-142  cm 

125-141  cm.... 

129-144  cm. 

Second  l)icu.spids 

1,35.5-142  cm... 

123-150  cm 

117-141  cm 

125-153  cm 

129-144  cm. 

Canines 

1.35.,5-142cm... 

125.5-141  cm... 

117-142  cm 

127-145  cm 

125-145  cm. 

Second  molars 

146-152  cm 

130-145  cm 

126-145  cm 

127-145  cm 

127-148  cm. 

Third  molars 

When  nearly 

165.1    cm.    to 

157.3  cm.  and 

104.2  cm.  and 

150.2  cm.  and 

full  grown. 

full  grown. 

upwards. 

upwards. 

upwards. 

"Approximations  from  data  of  Daffncr  (average  ages  of  dentition)  and  Bowditch  (average  statures 
of  Boston  white  .school  children  of  all  nationalities) . 


re  in  cm. 

Adults 

105           110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

09.9        119.9 

129.9 

139.9 

149.9 

159.9 

ir>9.9 

175 

BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


95 

Cephalic 

90 


85 


BULLETIN  34     PLATE  XX 


75 


Facial 


85 


90 


Apache 

86 

80 

Pima 

75 

70 


75 

Apache 

80 

Pima 

85 
90 


Bovs Girls 


CEPHALIC    AND    FACIAL    INDEXES    IN     RELATION    TO    STATURE 
IN    THE    INDIAN     CHILD 


hedliCkaJ  physiological    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  123 

The  figures  in  the  column  of  whites  are  not  exactly  the  same  as 
those  for  the  Apache  or  the  Pima  children;  they  represent  the  average 
approximate  stature  at  which  the  various  teeth  appear  (the  smaller 
stature  corresponding  to  the  earlier,  the  greater  stature  to  the  later, 
teeth  of  the  same  kind),  while  the  figures  relating  to  the  Indians  deal 
with  the  presence  of  the  teeth,  the  smaller  stature  being  that  at  which 
one  or  more  of  the  teeth  concerned  were  observed  for  the  first  time, 
and  the  greater  that  after  which  all  the  teeth  of  the  kind  dealt  with 
were  present  regularly. 

Notwithstanding  the  difficulties  of  proper  comparison,  the  pre- 
ceding table  is  quite  instructive.  ■  With  one  or  two  exceptions  there 
appear  to  be  no  great  discrepancies  between  the  whites  and  the  In- 
dians. The  eruption  of  the  first  permanent  molars  seems  to  occur  a 
little  earlier  in  the  whites^  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  num- 
ber of  the  Indian  children  available  for  comparison  was  small.  The 
incisors  and  the  bicuspids  appear  at  nearly  the  same  statures  in  both 
races.  The  canines  erupt  possibly  a  little  earlier  in  the  Indians,  and 
the  second  molars  are  decidedly  earlier  in  both  of  the  tribes  than  in 
white  children.  The  appearance  of  the  last  molars  is  by  no  means 
retarded  in  the  Indians — rather  the  reverse — but  here  comparison  by 
stature  must  be  given  up,  for  the  heights  touch  a  point  where  inclu- 
sion of  adults  is  possible.  Retardation  and  nonappearance  of  the  last 
molars  occur  also  among  the  Indians,  but  are  decidedly  less  frequent 
than  among  the  American  whites. 

The  differences  in  second  dentition  in  the  two  tribes  are  insignifi- 
cant. As  to  sex,  there  appears  to  be  a  little  advantage  as  to  prompt- 
ness with  the  females.  This  is  natural  in  view  of  the  fact  that  certain 
statures  for  this  sex  represent  slightly  older  individuals  than  they  do 
for  boys. 

Dental  anomalies. — Two  instances  only  of  a  dental  anomaly  were 
met  with  in  the  first  dentition,  but  quite  a  large  number  were  noticed 
in  the  second.  A  great  majority  of  the  abnormalities  (all  but  two) 
were  in  the  upper  jaw  and  the  pre-canine  region,  consisting  mostly 
of  supernumerary  cusps  or  teeth. 

The  anomalies  attending  first  dentition  were  in  one  case  the  pres- 
ence of  six  instead  of  four  incisors  (case  464,  p.  124)  and  in  the  other 
(case  659,  p.  124)  a  partial  confluence  of  a  lateral  incisor  and  a  canine. 
With  these  may  be  mentioned  persistence  of  the  left  lateral  lower 
milk  incisor  and  absence  of  the  tooth  of  the  second  dentition, 
observed  in  one  instance  in  advanced  adolescence  (case  626,  p.  125). 

The  anomalies  connected  with  the  second  dentition,  besides  that 
just  mentioned  in  case  626,  were  of  two  varieties,  both  characteristic 
and  of  more  than  common  interest.     The  first  variety,  occurring  in 


124  BUREAU    OF    AMEETCAlsr    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

more  than  5  per  cent  of  the  cases  in  both  tribes,  consists  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  additional  cusp  on  one  or  both  the  upper  lateral  incisors. 
In  the  Indians  the  upper  incisors  of  the  second  dentition  are  ventrally 
deeply  concave  and  shovel-like,  differing  in  this  respect  from  the  form 
usually  found  in  whites.  With  this  character  (thus  far  apparently 
ignored)  it  is  occasionally  found  that  the  median  point  ventrally  on 
one  or  both  the  lateral  (very  rarely  median)  incisors  develops  into  a 
cusp,  which  when  more  pronounced  gives  the  tooth  nearly  the  appear- 
ance of  a  bicuspid. 

The  second  variety  of  anomaly  is  a  characteristic  supernumerary 
dental  element  between  or  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  upper  median  incisors.  This  tooth,  designated 
''x"  in  the  author's  notes,  presents  in  a  large  majority 
of  cases  a  typical  form  (fig.  2).  It  has  only  a  mod- 
erately long  root  and  a  regularly  conical,  more  or  less 
sharp,  enamel-covered,  free  extremity.  It  erupts 
seemingly  about  or  slightly  after  the  appearance  of 
the  median  incisors,  and  may  be  displaced  forward, 
^     „    ,  backward,  or  laterally.      It  is  found  in  children  of 

Fig.  2.  A  supernu-  '  -^ 

marytooth(a;)oc-     both  tribcs  and  both  sexes,  and  occurs  also  among 
curring  with  some     ^^^^^  Indians.     In  one  instance  (case  831)  there  were 

frequency   among 

the  Apache  and     two  of  these  strauge  teeth.      There  is  very  little,  if 
the  Pima.  ^^^^  chaucc  of  this  auomalous  tooth  being  confounded 

with  a  persistent  first  incisor. 

The  writer  has  arrived  at  no  definite  explanation  respecting  either 
the  supernumerary  incisor  cusps  or  the  "x"  dental  element.  Very 
rarely  one  or  the  other  is  observed  in  whites.  The  cusps  may  be 
regarded  as  in  line  of  further  specialization,  while  the  "x"  tooth 
seems  to  be  a  reversion  to  an  ancient  (carnivora,  or  more  remote) 
feature,  perpetuated  and  perhaps  to  a  certain  extent  locally  multi- 
plied through  heredity. 

The  following  list  gives  in  detail  the  cases  of  all  except  the  cusp 
anomalies.  The  percentage  of  occurrence  of  "x"  in  the  two  tribes 
examined  is  even  somewhat  larger,  for  undoubtedly  in  a  number  of 
instances  not  detected  or  otherwise  learned  of  the  displaced  extra 
tooth  had  been  removed  before  an  opportunity  was  had  to  examine 
the  child. 

Dental  anomalies,  by  individuals 

464.  Mescalero  boy,  112.6  cm.  tall  (approximately  6  years  old):  Has  in  the  upper  jaw 
fi  teeth  anterior  to  the  canines,  4  being  first  dentition  incisors  and  2  supernu- 
merary. The  extra  tooth  on  each  side  is  small  and  so  much  like  the  lateral 
incisors,  also  smaller  than  usual,  that  it  was  impossible  to  say  which  was  which. 

659.  San  Carlos  girl,  118.3  cm.  tall  (approximately  7  years  old):  The  right  lower 
lateral  incisor  and  thf;  neighl)oring  canine,  both  of  first  dentition,  are  smaller 
than  those;  of  the  opposite  side  and  so  close  together  that  they  appear  like  one 
tooth.     All  tlic  upper  front  teeth  are  in  a  symmetrical  arch  and  not  crowded. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  125 

661.  Mescalero  girl,  119.4  cm.  tall  (7  to  8  years  old):  In  the  place  of  the  right  upper 
median  incisor  and  in  front  of  the  canine  there  is  a  not-fully-developed  (quite 
recently  erupted)  conical  tooth  (x);  in  appearance  this  tooth  is  exactly  like 
the  supernumerary  elements  observed  in  corresponding  locations  in  other 
examples. 

676.  Mescalero  girl,  126  cm.  tall  (approximately  9  years  old):  A  supernumerary, 
somewhat  conical  dental  element  (x)  erupted  about  two  months  ago,  ventrad 
to  the  median  incisors  and  near  the  median  line. 

507.  San  Carlos  girl,  133.4  cm.  tall  (approximately  10  years  old):  A  supernumerary 
conical  tooth  (x)  exactly  between  the  upper  median  incisors. 

738.  San  Carlos  girl,  143.7  cm.  tall  (approximately  12  years  old):  A  supernumerary 
conical  dental  element  (x)  ventrad  of  the  upper  median  incisors  and  near  the 
median  line. 

313.  Pima  girl,  144.3  cm.  tall  (12  to  13  years  old):  In  the  place  of  the  right  upper 
lateral  incisor  is  a  small  conical  tooth  (probably  x). 

546.  San  Carlos  boy,  145.3  cm.  tall  (12  to  13  years  old):  A  supernumerary  conica 
tooth  (x),  which  was  found  ventrad  of  upper  median  incisors  and  near  the 
median  line. 

558.  San  Carlos  boy,  148.5  cm.  tall  (approximately  13  years  old):  A  supernumerary, 
somewhat  conical  tooth  (x)  in  front,  just  above  the  two  upper  median  incisors; 
it  points  forward  and  downward. 

167.  Pima  boy,  148.6  cm.  tall  (approximately  13  years  old):  A  typical  conical  super- 
numerary tooth  (x),  just  ventrad  to  the  right  upper  median  incisor  and  partially 
displacing  it. 

785.  San  Carlos  girl,  151.4  cm.  tall  (13  to  14  years  old):  A  supernumerary  conical  tooth 
(x)  between  and  slightly  ventrad  to  the  upper  median  incisor. 

359.  Pima  girl,  153.8  cm.  tall  (approximately  14  years  old):  A  supernumerary,  some- 
what conical  tooth  (x),  which  was  wedged  in  obliquely  between  the  upper 
incisors. 

827.  San  Carlos  girl,  158.3  cm.  tall:  A  supernumerary,  somewhat  conical  tooth  (x) 
situated  between  the  upper  median  incisors,  and  displacing  the  left  one  back- 
ward. 

586.  San  Carlos  boy,  158.3  cm.  tall:  A  supernumeraiy  tooth  (not  remaining  from  first 
dentition),  incisor-like  but  somewhat  smaller  (x?)  between  the  left  median 
and  the  lateral  upper  incisors. 

592.  San  Carlos  boy,  159.1  cm.  tall:  A  supernumerary,  irregularly  conical  dental 
element  (x)  ventrad  of  the  left  median  upper  incisor. 

831.  San  Carlos  girl,  159.7  cm.  tall:  Two  quite  conical  supernumerary  teeth  (x,  x) 
between  the  upper  median  incisors;  all  incisors  and  canines  were  partially  dis- 
placed. 

833.  Mescalero  girl,  160  cm.  tall:  A  supernumeraiy  conical  tooth  (x)  in  the  place  of 
the  left  lateral  upper  incisor,  which  had  been  lost  as  the  result  of  caries  some 
months  before. 

205.  Pima  boy,  165.3  cm.  tall:  A  supernumerary  conical  tooth  (x)  in  place  of  the  left 
median  upper  incisor,  which  had  been  lost  as  the  result  of  caries  several  years 
before. 

626.  San  Carlos  boy,  167.6  cm.  tall:  A  persistent  first  dentition  incisor  in  place  of  the 
left  lateral  lower  incisor. 

Puberty. — Investigations  on  this  subject  were  restricted  to  girls  and 
of  necessity  were  reduced  to  the  mere  facts  of  the  state  of  develop- 
ment of  the  breasts  and  of  the  existence  or  nonexistence  of  men- 
struation. 


126 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


The  earliest  signs  of  the  development  of  the  mammse,  appreciable 
in  children  when  dressed,  were  noticed  in  girls  of  135  cm.  and  above 
in  height  among  the  Pima,  and  in  those  of  140  cm.  and  above  in  the 
Apache,  these  statures  representing  approximately  the  age  of  from 
11  to  12  years.  From  this  period  (see  detail  tables  in  the  Appendix) 
the  breasts  grow  slowly  until  in  later  adolescence  they  reach  propor- 
tions which,  in  whites,  would  be  termed  moderate,  and  in  general 
the}^  remain  thus  throughout  life.  Mammae  of  excessive  size  have 
not  been  met  with  among  the  Indians. 

The  data  concerning  the  establishment  of  the  monthly  periods  were 
furnished  by  the  school  matrons,  nearly  all  of  whom  keep  a  written 
record  of  the  menstruating  girls.  Where  any  doubts  arose  they  were 
easily  settled  with  the  aid  of  the  matrons  and  of  some  of  the  older 
pupils.  In  a  few  instances,  in  which  the  function  manifested  itself 
first  during  school  life  and  during  the  service  of  the  present  matron, 
the  exact  date  of  its  beginning  and  the  circumstances  attending  this 
occasion  could  be  learned.  In  most  cases,  however,  all  that  could 
be  found  out  was  that  the  girl  in  question  had  been  menstruating  for 
at  least  so  long,  the  term  named  being  generally  that  of  the  personal 
acquaintance  of  the  matron  with  the  pupil.  In  consequence  of  these 
conditions,  and  of  the  total  absence  of  accurate  age  records,  compar- 
isons with  white  girls,  the  data  pertaining  to  whom  deal  with  the 
age  at  which  menstruation  begins,  can  not  be  direct  or  fully  satisfac- 
tory. Any  greater  difference  that  may  exist  should,  however,  be 
significant. 

The  conditions  found  in  the  two  tribes  are  set  forth  in  the  follow*- 
ing  table: 

Menstruation  (established) 


Approximate  cor- 
responding age 
in  the  Indians. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Stature. 

Num- 
ber of 
girls. 

Number 

menstru- 

ous. 

Per  cent. 

Num- 
ber of 
girls. 

Number 

menstru- 

ous. 

Per  cent. 

Up  to  11  years  . . . 

11  to  12  years 

12  to  13  years 

13  to  14  years 

> Above  14  years... 

57 

I       ^^ 
I        19 
34 
37 
j        19 
1        13 

56 
21 
13 
20 
27 
9 
5 

135  1  to  140  cm 

a2 
6 
15 
25 
9 
5 

9.5 

140.1  to  145  cm 

&2 
11 
29 
19 
12 

10.5 
32.4 
78.4 
100.0 
92.3 

46.2 

145.1  to  150  cm 

75.0 

150.1  to  155  cm 

92.6 

155.1  to  160  cm 

100.0 

160.1  to  166  cm 

100.0 

a  Earliest  at  142.2  cm. 


b  Earliest  at  138.4  cm. 


It  is  seen  that  the  conditions  are  not  alike  among  the  San  Carlos 
Apache  and  the  Pima,  a  larger  proportion  of  the  Pima  girls  menstru- 
ating early.  This  indicates  that  on  the  whole  the  function  is  estab- 
lished earlier  among  the  Pima,  a  condition  which  may  be  due  to 
differences  in  climate,  present  and  past,  in  the  habitats  of  the  peoples, 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIONS  127 

the  present  and  probably  also  the  former  regions  inhabited  by  the 
Apache  being  the  higher  and  cooler. 

As  to  comparisons  with  whites,  we  can  utilize  Dr.  J.  R.  Chad  wick's 
data  on  a  large  series  (575)  of  American-born  white  women  living  in 
Boston.'^  From  these  data  it  appears  that  the  American  girl  in 
Boston  commences  to  menstruate  in  nearly  four-fifths  of  the  cases 
between  13  and  17,  which,  according  to  Bowditch's  measurements, 
correspond  to  heights  of  149  and  157  cm.,  respectively.  .  The  maxi- 
mum frequency  of  commencement  of  the  periods,  as  well  as  the 
average  of  the  setting  in  of  the  function,  falls  between  the  fourteenth 
and  fifteenth  years,  this  age  corresponding  to  155.9  cm.  of  average 
stature.  In  more  than  40  pjer  cent  of  the  Boston  young  women 
menstruation  had  not  begun  until  after  the  fifteenth  year  or  the  155.9 
cm.  stature  mark  (average)  had  been  passed.  If  attention  is  now 
directed  to  the  table  dealing  with  the  Indians,  it  is  seen  that  in  the 
stature  group  of  from  145.1  to  150  cm.,  corresponding  to  about  the 
thirteenth  year  of  life,  in  one-third  of  the  Apache  and  in  three-fourths 
of  the  Pima  girls  examined  menstruation  had  already  become  estab- 
lished; in  the  next  group,  statures  of  from  150.1  to  155  cm.,  or 
thirteenth  to  fourteenth  year  of  age,  puberty  was  fully  established  in 
nearly  four-fifths  of  the  Apache  and  in  more  than  nine-tenths  of  the 
Pima  female  pupils;  and  in  subjects  above  155.1  cm.  in  stature,  or 
approximately  14  years  of  age,  only  a  single  girl  out  of  46  as  yet  did 
not  menstruate.  The  figures  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  fact  that 
menstruation  in  the  Apache,  and  especially  in  the  Pima,  commences 
earlier  than  it  does  in  the  American-born  white  girls  of  Boston.^  A 
more  desirable  comparison  would  be  that  of  the  Apache  and  the 
Pima  with  white  girls  born  in  Arizona,  but  no  suitable  observations 
on  white  children  have  been  made  thus  far  in  that  region.  Reports 
on  some  of  the  southern  races  in  the  Old  World,  though  differing 
with  various  authors,  indicate  an  earlier  average  beginning  of  men- 
struation than  is  encountered  in  the  temperate  zone,  and  especially 
in  the  colder  regions.'^ 

Once  well  established,  the  menstruation  in  the  Indian  woman  is 
generally  regular.  Neither  its  beginning  (puberty)  nor  its  monthly 
recurrence,  with  rare  exceptions,  occasions  much  difficulty.  The 
periodicity  and  duration,  as  well  as  other  characteristics,  correspond 
closely  with  those  commonly  met  with  in  healthy  white  women. 
The  notes  on  the  recurrence  of  menses  which  appear  in  the  follow- 
ing table  were  taken  in  1901  among  the  Mohave  school  children  by 
the  matron: 

oin  H.  P.  Bowditch's  The  Growth  of  Children,  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Massachusetts,  Boston,  1877,  12.  •  See  also  Charles  Roberts,  The  Physical  Maturity  of  Women,  The 
Lancet,  July  25, 1885. 

6  Among  the  Yuma  a  school  girl  menstruated  at  6  and  another  at  8  years  of  age.  A  menstruating 
Hopi  girl  was  seen  who  could  not  have  been  more  than  9  or  at  most  10  years  old. 

cSee  H.  Vierordt's  Daten  und  Tabellen,  2d  ed.,  Jena,  1893,  328-329. 


128 


BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


Menstruation  {commencing  days)  of  Mohave  girls,  at  Fort  Mohave  school,  in  the  first 

half  of  1901 


Numbers  designating  pupils. 

Age. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

1 

Yrs.. 
10 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 
17 

2 

8 
22 

2 
2 

S 
14 
16 

27 

7 

3-28 

21 
7 

24 

21 

21 
8 

4 

2 

12 
29 

26 
23 

10-26 

26 

19 
26 
29 

24 

27 
27 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

•  29 

27 
17 

25 
12 

20 

12 

7 '. 

8 

24 

10 
24 
9 

27 
22 
2 

21 

9 

13 

10 

10 

11 1   . 

21 

12 

23 

17 
25 

17 

6 

13 

22 

14 

13 

8 

15 

6 
7 
15 

5 
1-28 

7 

11 
31 
12 
22 
12 
29 

16 
10 

1 

16 

12 

17 

15 

1-23 

24 

11 

15 

17 

4 

15 

19 

12 

'  14 

13-30 

17 

2 

10 
19 
31 
24 

3-29 
8 
10 

3-30 

23 

23 

10-24 

10 

19 
3 

2 

18 

24 

19 

6 
11 
11 
16 
29 

5 

5-28 

6 

16 

7 

10 

21 
27 
10 
17 
9 

20 

oi 

21 

26 

22 

4 

23 

10 

24 

25 

18 

2 

21 

9 

10 

10 

28 

4 

20 
10 
19 
14 
19 
10 

18 
16 

16 
26 

26 

21 

27 

19 

28 

12 

29 

12 

30 

31 

4 

32 

33 

18 

3 

31 
27 

13 

34 

22 

35 

As  to  changes  in  the  form  of  the  body,  it  was  observed  among  the 
noncivihzed  tribes  that,  for  several  years  after  puberty,  up  to  the 
apparent  age  of  from  15  to  17,  the  bodies  of  the  girls  remain  lithe  and 
of  somewhat  masculine  form,  with  small  legs  and  thighs,  small  pel  vises 
and  in  general  with  but  little  development  of  adipose  tissue.  Above 
18  years  the  women  are  generally  married,  and  often  mothers,  and  the 
feminine  characters  of  the  body  approach  more  closely  those  in  aver- 
age white  women  of  similar  age.  Among  the  more  civilized  tribes, 
particularly  on  United  States  Indian  reservations  and  in  schools,  the 
girls  often  begin  to  grow  stout  and  rather  shapeless  soon  after  puberty. 
The  Pima  offer  here  a  good  example. 

Adolescence  in  male;  heard. — The  male  adolescent  shows  generally 
fair  development  of  musculature,  symmetry  and  plasticity  of  form, 


HRDLTCKAj  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  129 

and  a  state  of  good  nutrition.  Stout  individuals  have  not  been  seen 
among  the  males  in  any  tribe  before  fully  adult  age.  The  youth,  par- 
ticularly in  the  uncivilized  tribes,  develop  high  capacity  for  walking 
and  running,  as  well  as  for  other  exercise;  and  they  augment  their 
natural  endurance  by  training. 

Beginnings  of  beard  appear  first  on  the  upper  lip,  and  then  on  the 
chin,  during  about  the  fifteenth  to  the  sixteenth  year;  hair  on  the 
sides  of  the  face,  usually  very  scarce,  appears  much  later  and  may 
remain  absent. 

Special  examination  as  to  the  appearance  of  the  mustache  among 
the  Pima  showed  (see  detail  tables.  Appendix)  down  in  a  few  indi- 
viduals below  the  stature  of  160  cm.  (corresponding  to  about  the  end 
of  the  fifteenth  year) ,  and  readily  perceptible  down  to  slight  mustache 
in  all  above  that  stature. 

From  the  first  the  beard  is  more  scanty,  there  being  less  hair  for  a 
given  area,  especially  on  the  sides  of  the  face,  than  among  the  whites, 
and  its  growth  is  very  slow.  It  is  like  the  typical  beard  of  the 
Malay  and  the  Mongolian.  The  majority  of  the  young  men  eradicate 
with  tweezers  every  hair  that  appears  on  the  face  and,  continuing  to 
do  so,  appear  glabrous  to  an  advanced  age  or  even  throughout  life.'* 
This  condition  is  never  wholly  natural.  If  not  interfered  with,  the 
mustache  attains  the  length  of  from  about  H  to  2  inches  (3  to  5 
cm.),  and  the  chin  whiskers  2^  to  3  inches  (6  to  8  cm.).  The  former 
is  usually  shorter  and  scanty  mesially,  acquiring  the  greatest  length 
above  the  corners  of  the  mouth. 

GENERAL  RESUME  OF  PHYSIOLOGICAL    OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    INDIAN 

CHILD 

In  order  to  facilitate  a  review  of  the  results  of  the  physiological 
investigation  on  the  Indian,  particularly  the  San  Carlos  Apache  and 
the  Pima  children  of  all  stages  of  growth,  a  recapitulation  of  the  main 
facts  is  here  appended. 

Locomotion  and  talking 

The  functions  of  locomotion  and  talking  manifest  themselves  in 
the  Indian  child  (Apache  and  Pima)  on  the  average  about  as  follows: 

Sitting  free,  eight  to  nine  months. 
Crawling,  nine  months. 
Standing  free,  fourteen  months. 
Walking,  fifteen  months. 

^  Talking :  Commencement  (single  words)  at  about  1  year ;  some  con- 
nection, toward  end  of  second  year ;  talking  well  at  4  years ;  excep- 
tions more  in  direction  of  precocity  than  of  marked  retardation. 

a  The  reason  sometimes  given  for  this  is  that  the  hair  is  ugly,  or  that  it  is  not  liked  by  the  women 
because  it  scratches,  but  the  men  for  the  most  part  merely  follow  the  tribal  custom  without  knowing 
the  cause  of  it.    It  is  with  them  a  deep-rooted  fashion. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 9 


130  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Heart  action,  lung  action,  heat  production 

Pulse:  The  average  heart  beat  was  found  more  frequent  in  the 
newly  born  and  in  the  very  young  Indian  children  than  in  white 
infants  of  similar  age;  but  after  the  third  year  it  is  invariably  slower 
than  in  the  whites. 

There  are  some  tribal  differences,  but  they  are  of  minor  character. 

Sex  differences  were  found  to  be  not  pronounced  during  the  earlier 
years  of  the  Indian  children,  but  after  these  reach  the  age  of  5  or  6 
years  the  pulse  in  the  female  is  slightly  quicker  than  in  the  male. 

Respiration:  Racial,  tribal,  and  sex  differences  are  not  pronounced 
during  the  earlier  years. 

From  the  age  of  about  6  years  and  onward  there  are  only  slight  dif- 
ferences between  the  respiratory  rate  of  the  Indian  and  that  of  the 
white  child. 

Between  the  tribes  the  Apache  show  a  slightly  slower  respiration 
than  the  Piiiia,  but  the  difference  diminishes  with  age. 

In  females  more  than  6  years  old  the  rate  of  respiration  is  through- 
out slightly  in  excess  of  that  in  males. 

The  pulse-respiration  ratio  increases  up  to  about  the  fifth  year;  in 
older  children  it  is  throughout  lower  than  in  the  whites;  it  is  lower  in 
the  Pima  than  in  the  Apache  children ;  and,  except  during  the  first 
year  of  life,  is  slightly  lower  in  the  males  than  in  the  females. 

Temperature :  The  mouth  (sub  lingua)  temperature  of  the  Indian 
children  of  school  age  and  of  adolescents  was  found  to  differ  but  little 
from  that  in  children  and  adolescents  among  the  whites.'^ 

There  are  slight  tribal  and  sex  differences;  in  most  of  the  stature 
groups  the  females  show  a  little  higher  average  temperature  than 
the  males  of  corresponding  divisions. 

Muscular  'potency 

Muscular  force :  The  pressure  force  and,  in  younger  subjects,  also  the 
traction  appear  on  the  average  slightly  inferior  to  those  in  whites. 

There  are  some  tribal  differences. 

Sex  differences  are  pronounced,  especially  among  the  adolescents, 
the  males  being  in  all  three  tests  the  stronger. 

The  right  hand  in  right-handed  persons,  the  left  hand  in  left-handed 
persons,  is  generally  the  stronger.'' 

Growth 

Body,  height  sub-  and  supra-ischia:  The  proportion  of  height  above 
the  ischia  to  total  height  diminishes  up  to  about  the  fourteenth  year 
of  age ;  in  subsequent  years  it  shows  a  slight  augmentation. 

Tribal  differences  are  quite  insignificant. 

a  See  Temperature  in  axiults,  p.  142.  b  See  Muscular  force  in  adults,  pp.  140  ct  scq. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  131 

In  females  above  130  cm.  in  stature  the  percentage  of  the  height 
above  ischia  in  total  height  is  on  the  average  slightly  greater  and  that 
of  the  length  of  the  lower  limbs  slightly  less  than  the  same  in  the 
males  of  corresponding  statures. 

Weight :  The  weight  of  Indian  children  and  adolescents  is  in  general 
slightly  greater  than  that  of  whites  of  corresponding  statures. 

There  are  some  tribal  differences  in  both  sexes. 

The  boys  are  the  heavier  for  all  statures  up  to  the  approach  of  the 
period  of  puberty,  when  they  are  overtaken  by  the  girls. 

Growth  of  the  head  and  face:  The  growth  of  the  head  and  face  in 
all  principal  dimensions  proceeds  without  any  marked  diminution  at 
any  period  throughout  childhood  and  adolescence,  ending  only  at  some 
time  in  the  adult  life. 

The  absolute  proportions  of  the  principal  head  and  face  diameters 
differ  much  in  the  tribes;  they  are  all  larger  in  the  males  than  in  the 
females. 

The  size  of  the  head  and  also  of  the  face,  as  compared  with  stature, 
diminishes  with  growth,  as  in  the  other  races. 

Cephalic  index  decreases  slightly  (the  head  becoming  relatively 
longer)  with  growth  in  the  males,  but  not  in  the  females;  facial  index 
increases  (the  face  becoming  relatively  higher)  with  growth  in  both 
sexes. 

Teeth 

First  dentition :  All  the  teeth  of  the  first  dentition  appear  in  the 
same  order  in  the  Indian  child  as  in  the  white. 

All  the  incisors  erupt  on  the  average  at  about  the  same  age  in  the 
two  races. 

The  appearance  of  the  first  premolars  and  canines  seems  to  be  some- 
what belated  in  the  Indians. 

The  eruption  of  the  posterior  premolars  and  the  completion  of  the 
first  dentition  are  accomplished  earlier  in  the  Indians. 

Second  dentition:  The  incisors,  both  bicuspids,  and  the  first  molars 
appear  at  about  the  same  age  as  in  whites. 

The  canines  seem  to  appear  a  little  earlier  in  the  Indians. 

The  second  molars  erupt  decidedly  earlier  and  the  third  possibly  a 
little  earlier  in  the  Indians.  Retardation  in  the  eruption  and  the 
nonappearance  of  the  last  molar  are  less  frequent  in  the  Indians  than 
in  the  whites. 

There  are  no  pronounced  tribal  or  sex  differences. 

Puberty 

Breasts:  Development  of  the  breasts  commences  in  the  Apache  and 
Pima  girls  during  the  twelfth  year. 
There  are  some  tribal  differences. 


132 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Menstruation  commences  earlier  in  the  Indian  than  in  New  England 
white  girls,  and  retardation  is  less  frequent. 

Tribal  differences  exist. 

In  the  males  the  beard  begins  to  appear  on  the  upper  lip  and  soon 
afterward  on  the  chin,  from  the  fifteenth  to  the  sixteenth  year;  on  the 
sides  of  the  face  much  later.  It  is  more  scanty  than  in  the  whites, 
especially  on  the  sides  of  the  face. 

Children  and  adolescents  of  the  other  Southwestern  tribes,  so  far 
as  examined,  correspond  in  all  essentials,  except  in  the  absolute 
measurements  of  the  body,  with  the  Pima  and  Apache. 

Physiological  Observations  on  Adults 

The  observations  that  it  was  possible  to  secure  on  adults  may  be 
divided  into  those  obtained  by  the  aid  of  instruments  and  those 
gathered  in  other  ways.  The  former,  which  receive  precedence  in  the 
text,  included  many  measurements  that  will  be  more  properly  treated 
of  in  other  publications.  All  the  data  relate  only  to  normal,  full-blood 
individuals,  others  having  been  excluded. 


STATURE 

The  growth  of  the  body  is  a  definite  function  of  the  organism  and 
adult  stature  is  its  culmination  The  subject  of  growth  will  here  be 
dealt  with  from  this  viewpoint  only. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  the  writer's  measurements 
of  normal  and  healthy  adults  between  about  20  and  60  years  of  age 
in  38  tribally  or  geographically  distinct  groups.  All  the  heights  were 
taken  with  the  subjects  barefooted  and  bareheaded,  by  means  of 
a  square  and  Broca's  graduated  plane,  suspended  1  meter  above  a 
soHd,  level  surface.  The  numbers  of  subjects,  though  too  small 
in  some  instances,  may  be  considered  on  the  whole  as  fairly  suffi- 
cient; and  the  results  of  measurements  agree  in  every  case  with  the 
more  extensive  visual  observations. 

Average  statures 


Males. 

Females. 

Differ- 
ence 
(in  centi- 
meters). 

Ratio 

(female 

stature= 

100). 

Tribe. 

Cases. 

Centi- 
meters. 

Cases. 

Centi- 
meters. 

40 
37 
53 
45 
40 
50 
62 
50 
10 
40 

174.9 

172.2 

171.8 

171.  (i 

171.35 

171.3 

171.1 

170.9 

170.6 

170.4 

30 
5 

30 
25 

160.4 
161.7 
157.4 
158.5 

14.5 
10.5 
14.4 
13.1 

108.4 

Yuma 

106.5 

Pima 

109.1 

Mohave  (Needles  and  Fort  Mohavo) 

108.3 

Navaho 

White  River  Apache 

Papago ■ 

llavasupai 

Yavapai  Mohave  (San  Carlos) 

30 
30 
30 

157.3 
157.2 
155.9 

14.0 
13.9 
15.0 

108.9 
108.8 
109.6 

15 

159.9 

10.5 

106.6 

BRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

Average  staiures— Continued 


13B 


Males. 

Females. 

Differ- 
ence 
(in  centi- 
meters). 

Ratio 

(female 

stature= 

100). 

Tribe. 

Cases. 

Centi- 
meters. 

Cases. 

Centi- 
meters. 

San  Carlos  Apache 

43 
50 
35 
30 
25 
53 
30 
50 
29 
40 
40 
14 
50 
23 
38 
S3 
60 
65 
60 
30 
50 
12 
40 
7 
50 
41 
25 
50 

169.6 

169.6 

168.6 

168.3 

167.5 

167.3 

167.0 

166. 85 

165. 9 

165. 6 

165.3 

165.^0 

164. 35 

164.2 

164.1 

164.1 

163.8 

163.7 

163.5 

163.4 

163.1 

162.8 

162.7 

162.4 

161.0 

160.9 

160.2 

158.5 

20 
33 
10 

157.1 
154.2 
159. 6 

12.5 
15.4 
9.0 

108.0 

Yaqui  .                                            .        

110.0 

Walapai 

105.6 

! 

30 
20 
20 

155.2 
155.0 
153.7 

11.1 
12.0 
13.15 

107.8 

107.7 

Southern  Ute 

108.  6 

1 

Tepehuane  (southern) 

15 

151.6 

13.7 

109.0 

Nahua  .    . .                       

10 

152.7 

11.5 

107.5 

10 
29 
30 
30 
19 
30 

152.2 
150.7 
153.8 
150.4 
154.  3 
1.50. 8 

11.9 
12.1 

9.9 
13.1 

9.1 
12.3 

107.8 

108.7 

Laguna  Pueblos 

106.4 

Zufli  Pueblos 

108.7 

Huichol 

105.9 

Tarasco 

108.2 

Otomi  (Mexico)         ...                      

30 

148.9 

12.1 

108.1 

Otomi  ( Hidalgo) 

25 

147.3 

11.2 

107.6 

The  tribes  have  been  arranged  by  the  average  stature  of  the  men, 
beginning  with  the  tallest,  and  this  adjustment  brings  out  remarkable 
features. 

The  tallest  four  tribes  are  those  of  the  hottest  and  lowest  portion 
of  the  Southwest,  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Gila  and  Colorado.  Other 
tribes  of  these  lowlands,  the  Cocopa  as  well  as  the  Seri,  are  tall  people, 
and,  as  the  table  shows,  the  Papago  and  Yaqui  (among  the  latter  of 
whom  are  many  tall  individuals)  are  not  much  shorter.  The  tribes 
do  not  all  belong  to  one  physical  type.  The  Maricopa,  Yuma,  and 
Mohave,  with  probably  the  Cocopa,  form  one  group  (moderate  brachy- 
cephals) ,  while  the  Pima  and  to  a  certain  extent  also  the  Papago  and 
Yaqui  belong  to  another  (moderate  to  pronounced  dolichocephals) , 
with  Seri  uncertain.  A  tribe  with  whom  the  Mohave  claim  blood 
relationship,  the  California  Diegueiios,  also  consists  of  rather  tall 
people. 

The  next  groups  in  point  of  height  are  the  Apache,  with  the  closely 
related  Havasupai  and  Walapai.  These  are  all  highly  brachycephalic 
people.     Of  these  only  the  Havasupai  and  most  of  the  San  Carlos 


134  BUEEAtr    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Apache  live  and  have  Hved  for  a  considerable  time  in  what  approaches 
a  hot  climate.  The  present  Jicarilla  and  Mescalero  reservations  are 
situated  in  comparatively  cold  regions;  but  forty  years  ago  both 
these  branches  of  the  Apache  lived  almost  free  of  restraint  in  New 
Mexico  and  probably  selected  warmer  localities.  The  majority  of  the 
White  Mountain  Apache  since  known  have  lived  in  the  elevated 
temperate-to-cold  region  in  wliich  they  are  found  to-day.  The 
countrj^  of  the  Walapai  is  warm,  but  not  excessively  so. 

The  remaining  group  of  tall  people  is  the  Navaho.  This  tribe,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  their  language  is  closely  allied  to  that  of 
the  Apache,  are  much  more  directly  related  in  blood  on  one  side  to 
the  Pueblos  and  on  the  other  possibly  to  the  Yuma-Mohave.  The 
Navaho  occupy  the  more  habitable  parts  of  an  extensive  region  of 
liigh  plateaus  with  a  climate  quite  moderate  in  summer  and  cold  in 
winter.  It  is  practically  the  same  climate  as  that  in  which  most  of 
the  Pueblos  live. 

The  shortest  four  tribes  are  all  Mexican.  Of  these  the  Tlahuiltec 
live  in  an  excessively  hot  region,  the  other  three  in  moderately  hot  areas. 
The  Tepecano  are  brachycephalic  the  other  three  dolichocephalic. 
Two  other  short  Mexican  tribes,  not  otherwise  physically  related, 
are  the  Tarasco  and  Huichol;  the  former  live  in  an  elevated  region 
with  a  moderate  climate,  the  latter  in  warm  valleys,  but  also  in  cold 
spots,  of  a  high,  very  mountainous  region. 

Immediately  above  the  shortest  Mexican  tribes  come  several  of  the 
Pueblos  of  the  United  States.  The  tallest  of  the  Pueblos  are  the 
Isletas,  who  live  but  a  short  distance  from  the  decidedly  shorter 
Lagunas,  but  occupy  the  river  valley.  The  Hopi,  on  the  other  hand, 
who  live  on  high,  windy,  and  comparatively  cold,  isolated  mesas, 
are  of  quite  the  same  stature  as  the  Zuiii  (to  whom  they  are  other- 
wise closely  related  physically),  although  the  villages  of'  the  latter 
are  farther  south  and  in  a  relatively  low  basin  with  shallow  neigh- 
boring valleys.  None  of  these  tribes  have  been  affected  by  recent 
migration,  though  some  of  the  accessions  to  the  Hopi  were  received 
in  the  historic  period. 

The  facts  presented  above  point  to  the  conclusion  that  blood 
affinity,  hence  heredity,  is  a  more  potent  agent  in  determining  stat- 
ure than  climatic  influence  of  moderate  duration  and  intensity. 
The  only  group  of  the  tribes  on  which  the  action  of  climate  seems 
perceptible  are  those  on  the  lower  Gila  and  Colorado.  In  other  parts 
of  the  United  States,  however,  equally  tall  statures  are  attained 
under  totally  different  conditions.  As  to  food,  occupation,  etc.,  it  was 
seen  in  the  chapters  on  environment  and  food  that  probably  there  is, 
or  used  to  be,  greater  abundance  of  food,  with  addition  of  sea  food, 
on  the  lower  Gila,  Colorado,  and  in  the  Yaqui  region.  As  to  other 
localities,  there  is  nothing  so  characteristic  in  this  respect  with  any 


urdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


135 


other  tribe  or  group  of  tribes  as  would  be  apt  greatly  to  influence 
the  growth  of  the  people. 

The  difi^erence  in  stature  between  man  and  woman  among  the 
whites  amounts  to  yV  of  the  male  height  (Gatschet),  or  8-16  cm. 
(Vierordt),  or  12  cm.  (Topinard),  being  greater  in  the  tall  than  in  the 
short  peoples  (Tenon);'*  it  amounts  to  a  little  more  than  12  cm.,  on 
an  average,  among  the  Indians,  ranging  from  9  to  15.4  cm.,  and,  with 
some  exceptions,  it  is  appreciably  greater  among  the  taller  tribes. 

The  ratio  of  male  to  female  height  (the  latter  being  considered 
100)  is  an  interesting  but  generally  neglected  item.  It  averages  for 
the  tribes  studied  here  about  108.  The  difference  between  its 
minimum  (105.6)  and  maximum  (110.0)  is  a  little  more  than  4^  units 
(6.4  cm.),  but  in  all  probability  this  would  be  reduced  were  a  larger 
number  of  measurements  of  the  females  of  some  of  the  tribes  avail- 
able. Nine  separate  series  of  measurements  of  whites  by  different 
observers  give  the  above  sex  ratio  as  ranging  from  106.5  (Italians) 
to  108.3  (Russians),  with  the  mean  of  approximately  107.5,  which  is 
very  nearly  that  of  the  Indians. 

The  succeeding  two  tables  show  the  amount  of  variation  in  stature 
within  the  tribes.  It  ranges  from  20  to  30  cm.  in  the  larger  groups 
of  men  and  similarly  in  women.  Were  the  number  of  measured 
individuals  much  increased,  the  limits  of  variation  would  very  likely 
rise  to  35  cm.,  while  restrictions  as  to  age  of  those  measured  would 
have  an  opposite  effect.  There  seems  to  be  no  exceptional  range  of 
variation  in  any  particular  group  of  statures  studied. 

Variations , in  stature  (males)  by  stature  groups 


S 

§ 

. 

IS  o 

1 

ft 

03 

S 
a 
% 

Absolute 

• 

"f 

< 

o 

o 

ft 

measurements. 

o 

:^^ 

ft 

u 

^ 

— • 

c 

2? 

'~^ 

p 

^ 

!S 

<5 

■o 

03 

Vl 

o 

p> 

J3 

« 

p^ 

c3 

O 

« 

"S 

'3 

o 
o 

c6 

03 

o 

^ 

o 

M 

> 

O 

-^ 

ft 

cS 

g 

o 

o3 

.c! 

& 

% 

^ 

m 

^ 

■3 

^ 

>* 

f^ 

s 

^ 

:2; 

^ 

Ph 

w 

s 

> 

ps 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.  ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

187.5  to  185.1  cm 

2.5 
20.0 
30.0 

2.2 
2.2 
17.8 

185  to  180.1  em 

5.4 
27.0 

7.5 
26.4 

5.9 
25.1 

2.0 
30.0 

10.0 

2.5 
12.5 

9.3 

2.0 
20.0 

180  to  175.1  em 

32.5 

22.0 

17.1 

175  to  170.1  em 

27.5 

35.1 

32.1 

40.0 

22.5 

42.0 

23.2 

32.0 

60.0 

40.0 

34.8 

32.0 

22.8 

170  to  165.1cm 

10.0 

24.3 

22.6 

28.9 

32.5 

26.0 

26.9 

16.0 

10.0 

35.0 

39.6 

18.0 

31.5 

165  to  160.1  cm 

10.0 

5.4 

11.3 

8.8 

IQ.O 

10.0 

17.3 

14.0 

20.0 

7.5 

16.2 

18.0 

20.0 

160  to  155.1  cm 

2.7 

2.5 

1.9 

6.0 

2.5 

10.0 

8  6 

155  to  150.1cm 

Average  stature  of 

the  tribe 

174.9 

172.2 

171.8 

171.6 

171.3 

171.3 

171.1 

170.9 

170.6 

170.4 

169.6 

169.6 

168.6 

a.  See  especially  Topinard,  elements  d'anthropologie  generale,  1885,  4.58-460. 


136 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 
Variations  in  stature  {males)  by  stature  groups 


■  [BULL.  34 


'^ 

o 

S 

a> 

o 

3 

g 

S 

o 

3 

J3 

00 

Absolute 

<D 

a 

% 

3 

o 

O 

nie;isurements. 

< 

^ 

P 

3 

s" 

% 

A 

o 
2 

3 

^ 

K 

3 

6 

OS 

Ph 

3 

3 

5 

c3 

I— 1 

1 

o 

t 
ft 

O 

o 

3 

d 

CO 

ft 

tD 

i 

0 

1 

M 

o 

&H 

OJ 

o 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.  ft. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.<:^ 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.  ct. 

P.ci. 

p.  rt. 

P.(«. 

187.5  to  185.1  cm 

1.9 

185  to  180.1  cm            ! 

3.3 

3.4 

6.8 

180  to  175.1  cm 

3.3 

8.0 

7.5 

6.7 

8.0 

2.5 

2.0 

5.3 

1.9 

175  to  170.1cm 

26.8 

24.0 

28.3 

16.6 

16.0 

20.7 

12.5 

5.0 

0.0 

13.0 

10.5 

11,4 

170  to  1(55.1  cm 

50.0 

28.0 

33.9 

30.0 

38.0 

24.2 

45.0 

42.5 

SI. 2 

32.0 

43.4 

15.8 

35.9 

165  to  160.1cm 

17.7 

32.0 

15.1 

33.3 

28.0 

18.2 

^2.5 

30.0 

28.5 

46.0 

17.4 

.34.  3 

35.9 

160  to  155.1  cm 

3.3 

8.0 

9.4 

10.0 

6.0 

17.2 

10.0 

17.5 

14.3 

14.0 

17.4 

34.2 

13.2 

155  to  150.1  cm 

3.8 

4.0 

10.3 

8.7 

1.9 

Average  stature  of 

the  tribe 

168.  3 

167.5 

167.3 

167.0    166.8 

I 

165.9 

16,5.  6 

165.3 

165.0 

164.  3 

164.2 

164.1 

164.1 

fj 

c 

o 

s  ■ 

Absolute 

p 

o 

g 

o 

o 

p 

^ 

a 

measurements. 

3 

o 

§ 

s 

•A 

OJ 

o 

M 

■^9* 

S- 

■o 

a 

3 

.     o 

^ 

3 
Pm 

S 

3 

w 

^ 

s 

Ph 

f. 

o 

B 

cu 

3 

Ph 

S 

^ 

S 

s 

o 

^ 

>3 

3 

M 

o 

H 

o3 

N 

oj 

ft 

o 

4^ 

M 

i-:i 

N 

K 

■    H 

O 

p.  ct. 

M 

<1 

;^ 

&- 

o 

P.  a. 

P.  ct. 

P.ct. 

P.  ct.    !   P.   Ct. 

P.  ct. 

P.  C<. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.fi. 

P.ct. 

187.5  to  185.1  cm 

185  to  180.1cm 

\ 

180  to  175.1  cm 

2.0 
10.0 
20.0 

1 

4.9 

9.8 

26.9 

12.0 

175  to  170.1  cm 

15.0 
23.4 

6.1 
40.0 

11.7 
33.3 

6.7 
33.3 

12.5 
22.5 

14.3 

2.0 
18.0 

170  to  165.1  cm 

33.3 

8.0 

165  to  160.1  cm 

38.3 

29.2 

26.6 

40.0 

38.0 

50.0 

27.6 

57.2 

26.0 

29.3 

40.0 

36.0 

160  to  155.1  cm 

16.7 

18.4 

23.3 

16.7 

30.0 

16.6 

35.0 

28.6 

46.0 

17.1 

36.0 

32.0 

155  to  150.1  cm 

6.7 

6.2 

5.0 

3.3 

2.5 

8.0 

14.6 

12.0 

24.0 

Average  stature  of 

the  tribe 

163.8 

163.7 

163.  5 

163.4 

163.1 

162.8  ! 

162.7 

162.4 

161.0 

160.9 

160.2 

1,58.5 

1 

hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIOKS 


137 


Variations  in  stature  {females)  by  stature  groups 


Absolute  measure- 
ments. 

1 

ft 
O 
o 

a 

o 

S 

a5 

1 
P. 
< 

_o 

o 

o 

Iz; 

IS 

1 
a 
<^ 

2 

i 

OS 

c 

P. 

m 

03 
> 

o3 

O 

O 

1^ 

Ph 

IS 

O 

§ 
05 

0 

172.5  to  170.1  cm... 

P.ct. 
3.3 
10.0 
43.4 
33.3 
6.7 
3.3 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.rf. 

P.ci. 

P.c«. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ci. 

P.ct. 

P.ci. 
10  0 

170  to  165.1  cm 

20.0 
60.0 
20.0 

,    3.3 
33.3 
26.7 
30.0 
6.7 

20.0 
20.0 
28.0 
24.0 
8.0 

3.3 
23.4 
50.0 
16.7 

6.7 

3.3 
33.3 
33.3 
20.0 
10.0 

6.7 
40.0 
46.7 

6.7 

5.0 
20.0 
40.0 
35.0 

165  to  160.1  cm 

160  to  1.55.1cm 

1.55  to  150.1  cm 

150  to  145.1cm 

20.0 
40.0 
26.7 
13.3 

9.1 
33.4 
45.5 
12.1 

30.0 
60.0 

145  to  140.1  cm 

140  to  1.37.6  cm 

Average  stature. 

160.4 

161.  7 

157.4    158.5 

157.3 

157.2 

155.9 

159.9 

157.1    154.2     159.6 

i            1 

Absolute  measure- 
ments. 

0 
1 

3 
Ph 

6 
ft 

2 

oj 

i 
0 

0 

ft 
0 

J 

g 

0 

3 
P^ 

« 
03 
3 
>-> 

c 

1 

p. 

Ph 
0 
bO 
B 

1 

d 
m 

0   . 

ft 
a) 

0 

IB 

3 

Ph 
o3 

e 

0 

o3 
3 

"A 

0" 

0) 

a 

1 

0 
S 

0 

cS 

0 

0 

0 

172.5  to  170.1  cm 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ci. 

P.ct. 

P.ci. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.rf. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

170  to  165.1cm 

6.7 

6.7 

40.0 

33.3 

13.3 

165  to  160.1cm 

5.0 
55.0 
20.0 
15.0 

5.0 

4.0 
28.0 
20.0 
24.0 

4.0 

160  to  155.1cm 

13.3 
53.3 
33.4 

20.0 
60.0 
20.0 

10  0 

155  to  150.1cm 

70  0 

150  to  145.1cm 

20  0 

145  to  140.1cm 

140  to  137.0  cm 

Average  stature. 

155.2 

155.0 

153.7 

151.6 

152.7 

152  2 

Absolute  measure- 
ments. 

0 

0) 

3 
Ph 

'ft 

0 

a 

§ 

0 

1 
3 
Ph 

i 

0 

3 

(O 

3 
Ph 

N 

0? 

0 
0 
3 

M 

0 

i 

0 
a 

'>< 

at 

1 
0 

0 

3 
3 

fM 
SI 

Ol 

a 

0 
3 

a 
3 

PL, 

■  2 

'm 

I 

3 
.3 

03 

s 

< 

SI 

3 
.3 
03 
i>] 
o3 

0 

a 

03 

& 

1 
0 

M 

■a 
M 

a 

0 
+J 

0 

172.5  to  170.1  cm  ... . 

p.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

P.ct. 

p.ct. 

170  to  165.1cm 

3.3 
13.4 
16.7 
40.0 
23.3 

3:3 

3.3 
3.3 
13.4 
20.0 
56.6 
3.3 

165  to  160.1cm 

6.8 
13.8 
31.0 
38.0 
10.4 

20.0 

26.7 

43.3 

6.7 

3.3 

10.5 
21.1 
57.9 
10.6 

3.3 

3.3 

36.7 

36.7 

16.7 

3.3 

160  to  155.1cm 

155  to  150.1cm 

16.0 

150  to  145.1cm 

56.0 

145  to  140.1cm 

24.0 

140  to  137.6  cm 

4.0 

Average  stature. 

150.7 

153.  8     150. 4 

154.3 

150.8 

148.9 

147.3 

138 


BtTBEAlJ   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


PULSE,  RESPIRATION,  AND    TEMPERATURE 

The  subjects  of  pulse,  respiration,  temperature,  and  muscular 
strength  in  adults  received  special  attention  in  most  of  the  tribes 
visited.  The  methods  of  examination  and  the  instruments  used  were 
the  same  as  in  similar  studies  on  children  and  were  described  in  that 
connection. 

Special  care  was  taken  to  segregate  the  data  for  entirely  healthy 
and  normal  individuals  from  observations  on  those  who  were  not 
in  full  health  or  wholly  normal.  The  chief  guide  in  this  process  of 
separation  was  the  condition  of  the  tongue,"  only  those  individuals 
being  classed  as  healthy  in  whom  the  organ  was  normal.  Records 
secured  on  other  than  fully  healthy  and  normal  persons,  though 
not  always  exceptional,  were  kept  and  are  given  separately  (see 
detail  tables.  Appendix). 

The  following  tables  give  the  principal  data  on  pulse  and  respira- 
tion, as  well  as  temperature,  arranged  on  the  basis  of  stature,  the 
tallest  heading  the  columns.  In  the  more  analytic  tables  only  those 
tribes  are  included  that  gave  the  larger  numbers  of  healthy  individuals 
suitable  for  that  particular  comparison. 

Average,  minimum,  and  ■maxitnum  pulse,  I'espiration,  and  temperature  in  adults  in  good 

health 


Males. 

Females. 

Tribes,  arranged  by 
stature,  beginning 
with  the  tallest. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Pulse. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Res- 
pira- 
tion. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Pulse. 

Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Res- 
pira- 
tion. 

Niun- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Maricopa: 

°F. 

°F. 

Average. . ,  ., 

Mininnim 

Ko 

[■      65 
1       56 

1,0 

f      16 
1       ^* 

1     ^° 

f  98.6 
1  97.2 

1      ^ 

(.73 
\  72 

1   ' 

f  ^^ 
1  ^^ 

1      ^ 

f    98.  S 
\     98.3 

Maximum 

J 

I      72 

1 

'       18 

1  99.2 

|76 

) 

1  18 

I    98.7 

Yuma: 

Average 

12 

54 

}., 

f      ^^ 
1       ^^ 

l. 

1  98.1 
1  96.3 

[      1 

(  66 
1 

I   . 

I:":: 

[ 

Minimum 

Maximum 

1      72 

J 

1       22 

1 

[  99.1 

J 

J 

Pima: 

Average 

1 

(      (i3 

[       ^^ 

1 

r  98.5 

f  67.5 

1 

f  17.5 

I 

f    99.2 

Minimum 

24 

1       48 

[    23 

1       ^'' 

24 

\  97.3 

1      * 

]  60 

1* 

16 

' 

\     98.9 

Maximum,  i 

J 

1       78 

1       21 

J 

I  99.4 

I72 

[19 

1 

I    99.5 

Mohave: 

Average 

1 

f      61 

1 

f      18 

1 

(  98.6 

f  62 

1 

1  19 

1 

f    08. 4 

Minimmn 

13 

1       54 

13 

1       '^ 

i      1 

1      ^ 

5, 

' 

,. 

^ 

Maximum 

J 

m 

1 

I       22 

1 

1 

I70 

1 

u 

] 

Apache: 

Average   .    . 

1      62 

1 

f      16 

I  98.8 

f  65 

1 

f  17 

] 

f    98.8 

Minimum 

20 

.M 

i    20 

1       '^ 

20 

J  98.4 

f      ^ 

J  60 

7 

'■'• 

7 

I     98.6 

Maximum 

1       72 

1       18 

1  99.4 

[72 

1 

lis 

1 

I     98.9 

a  The  Indians,  even  the  children,  are  not  given  to  complaining.  In  many  instances  they  say  they  feel 
well  when  there  are  plain  signs  of  a  different  condition.  This  characteristic,  which  has  often  lieen 
mistaken  for  a  lack  of  feeling  of  physical  pain,  is  due  to  the  naturally  healthful  nervous  system, 
capable  of  much  endurance,  and  to  tuition.  Owing  to  this  peculiarity,  mere  questioning  of  the 
Indian  as  to  his  health  can  not  be  depended  on. 


HRULICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


139 


Average,  minimum,  and  maximum  -pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  adults  in  good 

health — Continued 


Tribes,  arranged  by 
stature,  beginning 
with  the  tallest. 


Navaho: 

Average . . . 
Minimum. . 
Maximum . 


Average 

Minimum 

Maximum . . . 

Yaqui: 

Average 

Minimum 

Maximum. . . 

Tarahumare: 

Average 

Minimum 

Maximum . . . 

Hopi: 

Average 

Minimum 

Maximum . . . 

Laguna  Pueblos: 


Minimum.. 

Maximum . 
Zufli: 

Average . . . 

Minimum. . 

Maximum . 
Huichol: 

Average . . . 

Minimum.. 

Maximum . 
Tarasco: 

Average . . 

Minimum.. 

Maximum . 
Otomi: 

Average . . . 

Minimum.. 

Maximum . 


Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


Males. 


Niun-i 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


30 


32 


25 


Res- 
pira- 
tion. 


Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


18 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


°F. 
98.6 
97.6 
99.4 


97.8 
99.8 

99.3 
98.3 
99.9 

98.2 
96.2 
99.2 

98.6 
96.9 
99.6 

98.6 
97.1 
99.1 

98.5 
97.4 
99.3 


98.9 


Females. 


Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


Pulse. 


Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


Res- 
pira- 
tion. 


Num- 
ber 
of 
sub- 
jects. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


°F. 
98.9 
97.3 
99.4 

99.2 
98.2 
99.9 


98.8 
97.7 
99.4 


99.1 
99.0 
99.2 

98.7 
98.3 
99.3 


140 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHlSfOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  relation  to  stature  in  adult  males 


Tallest  6  individuals. 

Shortest  6  individuals. 

Tallest       compared 
with  shortest  in- 
dividuals. 

Tribe. 

Aver- 
age 
height. 

Aver- 
age 
pulse. 

Aver- 
age 
respi- 
ration. 

Aver- 
age 
tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Aver- 
age 
height. 

Aver- 
age 
pulse. 

Aver- 
age 
respi- 
ration. 

Aver- 
age 
tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Pima 

C7n. 

178.4 

178.3 
177.1 
176.3 
171.2 
169.4 

C5.0 

63.0 
66.5 
62.0 
62.0 
60.0 

18.0 

17.0 
17.0 
18.0 
17.5 
17.0 

°F. 
98.4 

98.8 
98.7 
98.7 
98.6 
98.6 

cm. 
166.1 

166.  65 

164.9 

160.4 

156.4 

154.4 

63.0 

69.0 
64.5 
67.0 
64.0 
53.0 

18.0 

16.6 
18.0 
19.0 
18.0 
18.0 

°F. 

98.2 

98.7 
98.6 
98.9 
98.4 
98.3 

+2 

+  4 
+  2 
+  5 
-1-8 
+  7 

±0.0 

-1-  .5 
-1.0 
-1.0 
-  .5 
-1.0 

°F. 
+  0.2 

Apache   (White 

River) 

Navaho 

+  .1 
+  .1 

Papago 

-  .2 

Hopi 

+  .2 

Zufli 

-1-  .3 

Excess  of  average  pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  females  over  males 


Trilie. 


Pulse  per 

minute 

(sitting). 


Respira- 
tion per 

minute 
(sitting). 


Tempera- 
ture sub 
hngua. 


Navaho 

Papago 

Tarahumare 

Hopi.. 

Huichol 


+6 

-1-8 
+8 
+  7 
+  4 


+  2.0 
±  .0 
-  .5 
+  2.0 
+  1.0 


°F. 
+  0.3 
+  .4 
-t-  .6 
+  .8 
+  .6 


Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  connection  with  time  of  day,  in  males 


Earliest  6  in  the  day  in  each  tribe. 

Latest  6  in  the  day  in  each  tribe. 

Early  compared 
with  late  tests. 

Tribe. 

Average  pulse. 

m 

li 

< 

Is 
< 

Time. 

1 

0) 
M 

<1 

g.fa 
$  ft 

a  . 

an  3 
< 

6 

i 

£ 

f 

p< 

a 

8.30-9.45 A.M..'  65.0 

7.30-10  A.M....    60.5 

7-9  A.  M 68.0 

8-9  A.  M 61.0 

9-9.30  A.  M 57.0 

1 

18.0 

16.0 
16.0 
17.6 
17.0 

98.5 

98.7 
98.7 
98.4 
98.6 

3.30-5  p.  M 

1-5.15  P.  M 

3-5  P.  M 

4-5.20P.M 

2.30-5.15  P.M... 

63.0 

63.6 
67.0 
64.0 
61.0 

18 

16 
18 
18 
17 

98.2 

98.9 
98.8 
98.6 
98.7 

+  2 

-3 

+  1 
+  7 
-4 

±0.0 

±  .0 
-2.0 
-  .5 
±  .0 

+0.3 

Apache(White 

River) 

Navaho 

Hopi 

Zurii 

_   _  2 

-  .1 

-  .2 

-  .2 

HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  relation  to  age 


141 


Youngest  6  adults  in  each 
tribe. 

Eldest  6  adults  in  each  tribe. 

Young  compared  with 
aged. 

Tribe. 

Aver- 
age age 

(ap- 
proxi- 
mate) . 

Aver- 
age 
pulse. 

Aver- 
age 
respi- 
ration. 

Aver- 
age 
tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Aver- 
age age 

(ap- 
proxi- 
mate). 

Aver- 
age 
pulse. 

Aver- 
age 
respi- 
ration. 

Aver- 
age 
tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 

Pima 

Years. 
28 
23 
25 
26 
26 

61.0 
69.0 
62.0 
62.5 
58.0 

18 
18 
19 
18 
18 

°F. 
98.2 
98.7 
98.3 
98.6 
98.8 

Years. 
61 
57 
60 
57 
52 

68.0 
68.0 
67.7 
57.0 
61.0 

18.0 
17.0 
18.5 
16.5 

°F. 
98.1 
98.5 
97.7 
98.6 

-7 
+  1 
-5.7 
+  5.5 

±0.0 
+  1 
+  .5 
-1-1.5 
-1-2.0 

°F. 
+0.1 

Navaho 

Tarahumare . . . 
Hopi     .        

+  .2 
+  .6 
±   .0 

Znni 

16.0         98.6  1     -3.0 

+  .2 

Resume  of  the  data  shown  in  the  preceding  tables,  and  comparison 
with  whites.— Tulse :  The  average  pulse  rate  in  healthy  adult  whites 
between  the  ages  of  15  and  50  is  from  "70  to  72  in  the  male  and 
about  75  to  80  in  the  female"  (Landois  and  Stirling,  Vierordt,  and 
other  authorities).  It  is  higher  in  the  young  and  rises  again  some- 
what in  those  above  50.  It  is  slightly  more  rapid  in  those  of  very 
tall  stature  (Volkmann)  and  is  more  rapid  in  the  forenoon  than  later 
in  the  day. 

The  average  pulse  rate  in  healthy  adult  Indians,  in  the  sitting 
position,  is  seen  from  the  preceding  tables  to  range  in  the  different 
tribes  in  men  from  57  to  67  (extremes  44  to  78)  and  in  the  women 
from  62  to  73  (extremes  51  to  78).  The  heart  beat  is,  therefore, 
decidedly  slower  in  the  Indian  "■  than  in  the  white  man. 

The  differences  between  tribes  are  not  marked  enough  to  be  of 
much  significance.  The  lowest  averages,  however,  were  obtained  in 
some  of  the  shortest  peoples. 

In  the  females  the  pulse  was  found  generally  somewhat  quicker 
than  in  the  males,  the  average  difference  amounting  to  about  6  beats. 

In  the  same  tribes  the  tallest  individuals  show,  on  the  average,  a 
somewhat  quicker  pulse  than  the  shortest  ones.  No  regular  pecul- 
iarity of  heart  action  was  observed  at  any  particular  time  of  day. 

As  to  age,  in  two  of  five  tribes  the  average  pulse  is  greater  in  the 
young;  in  three,  in  the  old.     The  two  groups  of  the  oldest  indi- 

aln  1869,  in  his  Investigations  in  the  Military  and  Anthropological  Statistics  of  American  Soldiers, 
Gould  states  the  average  pulse  in  503  "Indians"  to  have  been  76.31  per  minute.  This  figure  must  be 
erroneous  either  through  misprint  (there  are  no  details  in  the  book)  or  through  faulty  observation.  The 
data  utilized  by  Gould  were  obtained  from  various  sources,  as  recruiting  posts,  where  accuracy 
and  discrimination  were  hardly  possible.  No  indication  is  given  as  to  how  many  mixed-bloods  or 
unhealthy  persons  were  comprised  in  the  503  individuals,  nor  as  to  the  position  of  the  body  in  which 
the  pulse  was  counted.  The  data  should  not  be  utilized  as  representative  of  the  actual  conditions  of 
the  pulse  in  the  Indians. 

That  the  relative  slowness  of  heart  action  is  not  restricted  to  the  Indians  of  the  Southwest  or  to  those 
who  are  not  civilized  is  shown  by  the  following  records  obtained  during  the  last  two  years  on  male 
Indians  of  various  delegations  visiting  Washington.  The  average  pulse  rate  was:  In  3  Creeks,  66;  2 
Menominee,  67;  1  Mohican,  69;  2  Muscogee  Creeks,  68;  3  Navaho,  63;  4  Osage,  61.5;  2  Pawnee,  70;  1 
Pueblo  (Isleta),  63;  1  Seneca,  68;  1  Ute,  64;  1  Wenatchee,  68;  1  Yakima,  64;  7  Yankton  Sioux,  69. 


142  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

vitluals  in  the  series  (Pima  and  Tarahumare)  showed  the  highest  pulse 
rate. 

Respiration:  The  number  of  respirations  per  minute  in  healthy 
wliites,  in  a  sitting  position,  is  from  15  to  20.  The  averages  in  the 
Indian  males  as  well  as  females  ranged  from  16  to  19,  much  as  in 
whites;  the  extremes  observed  in  males  were  from  12  to  22  and  in 
the  females  from  13  to  23.'* 

There  seemed  to  be  no  regular  difference  between  the  tallest  and  the 
shortest  tribes,  but  in  the  same  tribe  the  frequency  of  breathing 
was  found  to  be  slightly  less  in  the  tallest  than  in  the  shortest  indi- 
viduals. 

As  to  the  sexes,  in  four  of  the  five  tribes  with  larger  groups  of 
individuals  the  frequency  of  respiration  was  slightly  greater  in  the 
females,  and  in  all  probability  this  is  generally  the  normal  condition 
in  the  Indians. 

As  with  pulse,  there  were  no  regular  variations  of  respiration  with 
different  times  of  day,  but  this  may  have  been  in  both  instances  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  extremes  were  not  sufficient  or  identical. 

In  the  3^oung  adult  Indians,  as  contrasted  with  the  aged,  the 
rate  of  respiration  is  quite  regularly  a  little  higher. 

On  account  of  the  slower  pulse  in  the  Indian  the  pulse-respiration 
ratio,  with  about  equal  respiration  frequency,  is  generally  lower  than 
in  whites  (that  is,  less  than  4  to  1). 

Temperature :  The  temperature  under  the  tongue  in  healthy  adult 
whites  ranges  from  98.8°  to  99°  F.  In  the  Indians  it  averages  appre- 
ciably less,  ranging  in  males  from  98.1°  to  98.8°  F.  (extremes  96.2°  to 
99.9°  F.)  and  in  the  females  from  98.5°  to  99.4°  F.  (extremes  97.7°  to 
99.9°  F.). 

There  is  apparent  a  closer  correspondence  between  temperature  and 
pulse  than  between  pulse  and  respiration. 

No  regular  difference  was  found  between  the  tallest  and  the  shortest 
tribes;  but  in  the  same  tribe  the  temperature  of  the  tallest  indi- 
viduals averages  quite  generally  slightly  higher  than  that  of  the 
shortest  persons. 

In  females  it  is  a  little  higher  than  in  the  males. 

In  the  morning  the  temperature  (in  the  males)  is  mostly  slightly 
lower  than  in  the  afternoon. 

Finally,  in  the  youngest  adults  in  the  tribe  the  temperature  was 
found  to  average  a  little  higher  than  in  the  oldest  ones. 

The  most  noteworthy  results  of  the  above  tests  are  the  generally 
lower  pulse  and  temperature  in  the  Indians  as  compared  with  whites. 

a  Observations  securer!  in  the  National  Museum  on  healthy  male  full-blood  Indians  visiting  that 
institution  show  the  following  averages-  2  Creeks,  17.5;  2  Menominee,  17;  1  Mohican,  20;  2  Muscogee 
Creeks,  18;  3  Navaho,  18;  4  Osage,  17.5;  2  Pawnee,  20;  1  Pueblo  (Isieta),  20;  1  Seneca,  15;  1  Ute,  19; 
1  Yakima,  21;  7  Yankton  Sioux,  20. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  143 

The  simple  life,  prevalence  of  vegetable  food,  and  less  abundance  in 
diet  suggest  themselves,  with  other  agencies,  as  the  possible  causes 
of  this.  But  whatever  the  actual  causes  may  be,  they  must  lie  far 
in  the  past  of  the  people,  for  the  slowness  of  the  pulse,  at  least,  is  so 
general  as  to  constitute  already  a  racial  character,  appearing  early 
in  life  (see  chapter  on  Children)  and  strong  enough  to  persist  under 
changing  conditions.'* 

MUSCULAR    FORCE 

The  tests  for  muscular  force  in  adults  included  the  maximum 
pressure  in  each  hand  and  the  greatest  possible  traction,  all  in  stand- 
ing position;  they  were  secured  with  Mathieu's  dynamometer  of 
recent  make.  The  instrument  was  of  the  same  type  and  the  methods 
were  the  same  as  those  in  similar  tests  on  children  (see  chapter  deal- 
ing with  children),  and  no  special  difficulties  that  might  mar  the 
accuracy  of  the  results  were  encountered.'' 

Numerous  tests  made  with  the  same  instrument  and  with  similar 
precautions  on  adult  American-born  whites  gave  the  writer  records 
ranging,  for  pressure  in  the  right  hand,  in  males  from  35  to  60,  in 
females  from  25  to  38  kg. ;  for  pressure  in  the  left  hand,  in  males  30 
to  50,  in  females  20  to  30  kg.,  and  for  traction,  in  males  from  20  to 
35,  in  females  from  12  to  20  kg.  A  healthy  right-handed  white 
man,  of  from  25  to  40  years  of  age,  used  to  some  muscular  work  or 
exercise,  will  press  with  the  right  hand  50  to  55,  with  the  left  40  to 
45,  and  pull  25  to  30  kg.;  a  healthy  right-handed  white  woman 
between  similar  limits  of  age  and  with  a  good  muscular  tone,  can 
press  with  the  right  hand  30  to  35,  with  the  left  20  to"  30,  and  pull  15 
to'  20  kg.  As  age  advances  the  muscular  force  in  general  becomes 
gradually  less. 

The  conditions  in  the  Indian  adults  of  the  various  tribes  studied  are 
represented  in  the  succeeding  tables,  in  which  the  tribes  are  ranged 
from  the  tallest  to  the  shortest  (masculine  stature),  while  the  indi- 
viduals are  grouped  by  approximate  ages. 

The  figures  show  that  the  male  Indian,  even  at  his  best,  does 
not  quite  equal,  so  far  as  the  strength  in  his  hands  and  arms  is  con- 
cerned, a  strong  white  American;  with  the  women  of  several  of  the 
tribes  and  white  working  women  of  similar  ages  the  relation  would 
probably  be  closer. 

Muscular  force  diminishes,  particularly  in  the  males,  with  decrease 
in  height  in  the  tribes.  Tall  individuals  in  the  same  tribe  are  also 
the  stronger,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  next  figures,  though  there  are 
some  exceptions  to  this  rule. 


oFor  detail  data  on  pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  see  Appendix. 

b  All  cases  that  might  have  been  affected  by  any  injury  were  excluded.    The  lack  of  a  larger  part  of 
any  finger  was  seen  to  diminish  the  power  of  pressure  in  the  hand  having  the  defect. 


144 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


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HEDLICK.\] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


147 


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148 


BUREAU    OF   AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


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HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  149 

Additional  force  measurements  {males  only),  taken  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  « 


20  to  30  years. 

30  to  40  years. 

Tribe. 

Sub- 
ject. 

Pressure. 

Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Sub- 
ject. 

Pressure. 

Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Coeopa 

1 

kg. 
41.5 

t:g. 

34.5 

Jcg. 

18.5 

kg. 

kg. 

kg- 

Muscogee  Creeks -. _ 

1 

1 
2 

57.0 
48.0 
46.5 

49.0 
44.0 
40.3 

31.0 
24.0 
22.0 

1 

47.0 

44.5 

29.0 

Omaha 

Osage 

Pueblos 

3 
3 

41.2 
43.3 

35.3 
37.0 

20.7 
21.7 

Seneca 

2 

41.0  1      38.0 

24.7 

Sioux 

Wenatchee  * 

1 

46.5  !      51.0 

25.5 

40  to  50  years. 

50  to  60  years. 

Tribe. 

Sub- 
ject. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Sub- 
ject. 

Pressure. 

Right      Left 
hand,  i  hand. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Coeopa 

kg. 

kg. 

kg. 

kg.          kg. 

kg. 

Menominee 

1 
1 

45.0 
42.0 

42.0 
35.5 

20.0 
21.0 

Muscogee  Creeks 

2 

39  5  '       ^P,  0 

24  5 

Omaha '. 

Osage 

2 

1 

44.0 
38.0 

37.5 
32.5 

25.7 
22.0 

3 
2 

43.0 
28.5 

37.3 
24.5 

24  7 

Pueblos 

16  3 

Seneca 

Sioux 

5 

35.8 

31.3 

17  1 

Wenatchee  b 

Yakima  b 

1 

39.5 

41.0 

22  0 

a  See  also  L.  Manouvrier,  sur  les  Peaux-Rouges  du  jardin  d'acclimatation,  Bull.  Soc.  d'Anthropol.  de 
Paris,  3  s6r.,  vni,  1885,  313. 
b  Left-handed. 

Differences  in  muscular  force  in  the  tallest  and  shortest  men  in  certain  tribes 


Tribe. 


Tallest  5  individuals  in 

Bach  tribe. 

Shortest  6  individuals  in 

each  tribe. 

Sub-  ^Ifr 

Aver- 
age 
height. 

Average 
pressure. 

Aver- 
age 
trac- 
tion. 

Sub- 
ject. 

Aver- 
age 
age. 

Aver- 
age 
height. 

Average    ■ 
pressure.     Aver- 
age 

jeet. 

age 

age. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left    t;'^^- 
hand.  *'^°- 

cm. 

kg. 

kg. 

kg. 

cm. 

kg. 

kg.]    kg. 

■5 

28 

170.3 

42.9 

40.4 

24.1 

5 

27 

158.3 

35.2 

33.6       20.2 

5 

27 

179.5 

48.8 

44.9 

30.5 

5 

27 

166.0 

42.1 

40.4       27.6 

5 

24 

177.6 

39.6 

34.0 

25.7 

5 

.28 

162.7 

34.6 

33.0  1     25.6 

5 

29 

170.1 

38.7 

34.2 

24.3 

5 

24 

158.5. 

34.0 

29.5  j     16.7 

5 

28 

166.1 

32.7 

31.0 

23.0 

5 

28 

156.2 

29.3 

25.9  '    20.5 

Pueblos 

Apache 

Papago 

Tarasco 

Aztec  (Morelos) . 


Sex  differences  are  pronounced  in  all  the  tribes  and  at  all  ages. 
TKe  following  table  gives  the  differences  in  12  of  the  tribes  arranged 
by  average  stature,  beginning  with  the  tallest: 


150 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Average  female  force  in  relation  to  male  force  {;))iale  force  =  100) 
[Adults  of  all  ages] 


Pressure. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Tribe. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Tribe. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Per  a. 

Per  a. 

Per  (t. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  (t. 

Maricopa 

54.8  1      57.  G 

48.7 

Hopi 

C3.9 

65.4 

G3.4 

Kma 

56.  G 

il.l 

43.1 

Pueblos  ( Laguna ) 

58.3 

58.4 

66.9 

Mohave 

62.7 

55.1 

52.3 

Zuni 

04.2 

65.9 

65.5 

Apache  (White  Mountain) 

56.6 

56.1 

G2.7 

Tarasco ' 

59.4 

56.2 

28.8 

Papago 

54.2 

53.0 

41.8 

Aztec 

55.4 

54.8 

28.6 

Cora 

65.7 

72.9 

52.0 

Otomi -. 

60.2 

56.8 

40.0 

The  figures  show  no  characteristic  difference  in  the  relation  of 
force  in  women  to  that  in  men  in  tribes  of  widely  diverging  average 
statures. 

The  pressure  force  in  the  females  equals,  it  is  seen,  in  the  right  hand 
from  54  to  66,  in  the  left  hand  from  53  to  73,  per  cent  of  that  in  the 
males  in  the  same  hands.  In  half  of  the  tribes  the  differences  in  the 
left  hand  are  less  than  those  in  the  right,  pointing  to  a  relatively 
greater  strength  in  the  left  hand  in  the  women  of  these  tribes.  This 
point  w^ilt  be  brought  out  more  clearly  in  a  subsequent  paragraph. 

There  is  a  much  greater  difference  between  the  two  sexes  in  traction 
force  than  in  pressure,  owing  to  a  greater  variation  in  this  respect  in 
the  women.  This  test  gave  abnormally  low  results  in  the  Tarasco 
and  the  Aztec  women. 

It  might  be  objected  to  the  above  table  that,  since  in  some  tribes 
more  of  the  older  individuals  were  examined  than  in  others,  it  includes 
groups  of  varying  average  age,  to  which  fact  may  be  due  some  of  the 
variation.  In  consequence,  a  similar  table  was  made  of  individuals 
of  the  same  tribes,  but  ranging  only  between  20  and  30  years  of  age: 

Average  female  force  in  relation  to  male  force  {male  force=100)in  subjects   between  20 

and  30  years  of  age 


Maricopa 

Pima 

Mohave 

Apache  (White  Mountain) 

Papago 

Cora 


Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

01.3 

66.9 

.57.  3 

56.6 

.53.9 

43.  3 

65.4 

71.4 

42.9 

58.  5 

fiO.  1 

05.8 

(a  9 

57.3 

40.4 

02.9 

09.  2 

.59.  0 

Hopi 

Pueblos  (Laguna) 

Zuni 

Tarasco 

Aztec 

Otomi 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Per  ct.    Per  ct. 
63.4  !      60.8 


59.5 
6(i.  7 
59.1 


58.8 
06.7 
55.8 
56.7 
64.4 


Trac- 
tion. 


Per  ct. 
61.8 
67.8 
69.5 
27.7 
22.2 
62.9 


It  will  be  noticed  that  there  are  only  a  few  differences,  in  compari- 
son with  th(^  data  shown  in  the  preceding  ta))le;  and  that  in  a  num- 


HRDLICKA  I 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


151 


ber  of  the  groups  the  female  strength  shows  to  better  advantage, 
but  in  general  the  results  are  related.'*  With  observations  on  a 
much  larger  series  of  individuals  the  irregularities  throughout  would 
undoubtedly  diminish  somewhat. 

Muscular  force  also  varies  very  noticeably  with  age,  declining  in 
general  after  40,  and  occasionally  even  before  that  period  (see  table, 
pp.  144-148). 

The  relation  of  the  force  in  the  left  to  that  in  the  right  hand  should 
present  in  most  of  the  Indian  tribes  examined  and  particularly  in  the 
men,  who  do  little  manual  labor  of  any  kind  except  some  farming, 
more  natural  conditions  than  in  the  whites,  w^here  the  hands  are  sub- 
jected to  many  widely  varying  forms  of  exercise.  The  actual  condi- 
tions in  the  Indian  children  and  adults  are  as  follows: 

Pressure  in  left  hand  covipared  with  that  in  right  hand  {right-hand   -pressure^^lOO)  in 

children 


Stature. 

San  Carlos  Apache. 

Pima. 

Males  compared 
with  fem.ales.  & 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Apache. 

Pima. 

120  to  129.9  cm 

Per  cent. 
88.0 
93.2 
87.3 
91.5 
93.1 

Per  cent. 
85.6 
86.2 
89.3 
88.3 
89.0 

Per  cent. 
91.8 
91.8 
87.6 
84.6 
88.8 

Per  cent. 
90.8 
87.3 
86.6 
87.7 
88.1 

Per  cent. 
+  2.4 
+  7.0 
-2.0 
+  3.2 
+3.5 

Per  cent. 
+  1.0 

130  to  139.9  cm 

+  4.5 

140  to  149.9  cm 

150  to  159.9  cm 

IGO  to  169.9  cm 

+  1.0 
-3.1 
+0.7 

Pressure  in   left  hand  compared  with  that  in  right  hand  (right-hand  pressure - 

adults  (all  ages  combined) 


--100)  in 


Maricopa 

Pima 

Mohave 

Apache     (W  h  i  t  e 

Mountain) 

'apa 
Cora 


Males.      Females. 


Males 
com- 
pared 
with  fe- 
males, b 


Per  cent. 
86.0 
87.5 

87.7 

95.2 
91.7 
86.4 


Per  cent.  I  Per  cent. 
91.3  I  -4.7 
89.7  I  -2.7 
84.0  ■        +3.1 


95.4 
88.9 
95.5 


-0.2 


Hopi 

Pueblos  (Laguna) 

Zuai 

Tarasco 

Aztec 

Otomi 


Males. 


Per  cent. 
87.8 
94.1 
95.7 
88.0 
92.9 
90.5 


Females. 


Males 
com- 
pared 
with  fe- 
males, b 


Per  cent. 
89.3 
92.7 
94.9 
81.1 
90.7 
89.0 


Per  cent. 
-1.5 
+1.4 
+  0.8 

+  7.5 
+  2.2 
+  1.5 


The  figures  indicate  that  differences  in  this  respect  between  chil- 
dren and  adults,  and  between  tribe  and  tribe,  are  not  great   (within 


a  See  also  detail  cases  in  the  Appendix. 

6 Differences  in  the  percentage  of  the  left-hand  force  compared  with  that  in  the  right  hand,  in  the 
two  sexes.  The  males  show  in  most  groups  a  larger  percentage,  or  less  difference,  in  the  power  in 
the  two  hands  than  the  females,  the  left  hand  in  the  male  being  in  such  instances  stronger  than 
in  the  female,  both  absolutely  and  In  comparison  with  the  right  hand. 


152  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull. 34 

11  per  cent).  The  relatively  strongest  left  hand  is  met  with  among 
the  White  Mountain  Apache  and  the  Laguna  Pueblos.  In  the  chil- 
dren, particularly  the  Apache,  is  traceable  a  slight  relative  gain  in  the 
force  of  the  left  hand  with  increase  in  stature  (i.  e.,  in  age).  No 
characteristic  difference  is  perceptible  between  the  tallest  and  the 
shortest  people.  As  to  sex  differences,  it  is  seen  that  the  left  hand  is 
relatively,  as  well  as  absolutely,  stronger  in  the  males,  in  both  the 
Apache  and  the  Pima  children,  in  every  stature  group  but  one.  Among 
the  adults,  however,  in  nearly  half  of  the  tribes,  the  left  hand  shows  a 
somewhat  greater  relative  strength  in  the  females  than  in  the  males. 
The  cause  of  tliis  must  be  sought  in  some  peculiarity  of  the  work  of 
the  Indian  woman,  as  the  old  fashioned  corn  grinding  on  the  metate, 
in  which  both  hands  are  used  alike.  The  reader  will  be  aided  in  this 
connection  by  a  reference  to  the  individual  cases  cited  in  the  tables  of 
Appendix. 

SUMMARY  OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  RESULTS  OF  INSTRUMENTAL  DETERMINA- 
TIONS  ON  THE  ADULT 

Stature:  The  tribal  differences  in  the  average  stature  of  the  south- 
western and  the  north-Mexican  Indians  are  large,  amounting  to  17 
cm.  in  the  men  and  14.5  cm.  in  the  women. 

The  range  of  differences  within  the  tribes  amounts  in  both  sexes 
to  from  20  to  30  cm. 

The  differences  in  the  same  tribe  between  the  sexes  range  from 
15.5  to  9  cm.,  being  greater  in  the  taller  peoples. 

Pulse:  The  pulse  rate  in  all  the  tribes  and  both  sexes  is  slower  than 
in  whites;  it  shows  no  distinctive  differences  among  the  tribes,  but 
within  the  same  tribe  is  slightly  more  rapid  in  the  tallest  individuals, 
in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  and  in  old  age. 

Respiration :  The  rate  of  respiraton  is  very  nearly  as  in  whites ; 
there  is  a  slight  excess  in  females  over  males,  and  in  young  over  old 
individuals. 

The  pulse-respiration  ratio  is  generally  less  than  4  to  1,  and  hence 
lower  than  in  the  whites. 

Temperature:  The  sublingual  temperature,  but  little  different  in 
the  young  of  the  two  races,  is  sliglitly  lower  in  adult  Indians  than 
in  whites;  it  is  slightly  higher  in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  also 
in  young  than  in  old  adults. 

Muscular  potency,  so  far  as  tested,  is  a  little  inferior  to  that  in 
average,  normal  whites;  it  declines  from  about  40;  in  the  right-handed 
it  is  greater  i:i  the  right  hand  and  in  most  of  the  left-handed  greater 
in  the  left  hand;  it  is  greater  in  tall  tribes  and  in  tall  individuals 
than  in  short  ones;  and  on  the  average  is  less  by  more  than  one- 
third  in  the  female  tlian  in  the  male. 


hedlicka]         physiological  and  medical  observations  153 

Further  Observations 
the  skin  and  its  appendages 

The  color  of  the  skin  of  the  adult  Indian  in  the  Southwest  and 
northern  Mexico  is  brown  of  various  grades,  enlivened,  particularly 
on  the  cheeks  in  the  younger  individuals,  by  a  transmitted  shade  of 
the  circulating  blood.  It  corresponds  most  closely,  though  not 
exactly,  to  colors  21,  28,  and  42  of  Broca's  scale,  with  some  indi- 
viduals of  lighter  and  some  of  deeper  brown.  The  females  on  the 
whole  are  lighter.  The  individuals  who  habitually  go  dressed  and 
clean  are  lighter  than  those  who  wear  little  clothing  or  those  who  are 
neglected.  Those  who  live  in  the  hottest  districts  have  appreciably 
darker  skin  than  those  in  colder  regions."  Old  people  are  usually 
dark  skinned,  owing  partly  to  age,  partly  to  exposure  and  lack  of 
cleanHness.  The  boarding  school  children  are  in  general  perceptibly 
lighter  than  those  out  of  school.  Individuals  who  travel  or  work  in 
the  hot  sun  acquire  a  deeper  shade  of  color  on  the  exposed  parts. 
Finally,  there  are  in  full-blood  adults  individual  inborn  differences  in 
the  color  of  the  skin,  ranging  from  more  yellowish  than  brown  to 
almost  chocolate,  the  causes  of  which  are  not  evident.  Darker  areas 
of  pigmentation  correspond  in  location  to  the  same  in  other  races 
(areola,  armpits,  etc.) ;  their  shade  is  usually  blackish  brown  or  black- 
ish with  a  bluish  tinge.  The  mucous  membranes  are  red  with  a  dark 
bluish  tinge.  The  hair  on  all  parts  of  the  body  is  black,  but  is  subject 
to  more  or  less  discoloration  on  prolonged  exposure  to  the  sun.  The 
only  irregularities  of  pigmentation  met  with  in  full-blood  Indians  were 
discolorations  of  scars,  a  very  few  instances  of  localized  defect  in  color 
of  the  skin  (vitiligo)  or  hair,  and  albinism  (see  pp.  1 92  et  seq.) .  Freckles 
were  seen  in  mixed-breeds  only. 

As  to  other  qualities:  The  skin  of  the  adult  Indian  is  generally 
healthy  and,  before  the  signs  of  senility  have  advanced,  supple.  The 
corrugations  on  the  dorsum  of  the  hands  are  decidedly  more  pro- 
nounced in  all  Indians  than  they  are  in  whites,  and  the  difference  is 
observable  already  in  early  childhood.  But  there  are  no  corrugations 
in  the  Indian  on  the  neck  comparable  to  those  frequently  seen  in  white 
outdoor  workmen.  In  the  aged  a  great  wrinkling  of  the  skin  of  the 
face  takes  place  (see  Senility,  pp.  157  et  seq.).  The  emanations  and 
secretions  of  the  Indian  skin  do  not  have  in  any  part  of  the  body,  or  on 
the  whole,  any  racial  odor  distinct  from  that  in  whites.  Sweat  is  not 
profuse,  except  in  the  more  corpulent  and  in  those  more  used  to  com- 
fortable life.  Under  apprehension,  such  as  was  occasionally  seen  in 
those  who  were  measured,  sweat  breaks  out  generally  in  adults  and 

a  The  skin  in  most  of  the  Meseaieros,  for  instance,  who  live  in  a  comparatively  cold  region,  is  lighter 
in  color  than  in  other  Apache,  even  where  there  is  no  suspicion  of  blood  admixture.  Some  of  those 
of  the  younger  generation  who  wear  clothing  and  wash  themselves  regularly  retain  hardly  more  of  the 
yellowish  brown  than  can  be  found  in  some  whites  along  the  Mediterranean. 


154  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  fPULL.  34 

also  in  children,  over  the  point  of  the  nose,  occasionally  also  along  the 
groove  under  the  nasal  septum  and  about  the  nasal  ala?..  Sweating 
hands  are  met  with  much  more  rarely  than  among  whites. 

The  hair  on  the  head  attains  in  the  Indian  adult,  male  or  female,  the 
length  of  from  1  to  3  feet  (30  to  90  cm.) .  In  certain  tribes,  as  the 
Navaho,  fine  long  hair  is  rare;  in  others,  for  example,  the  Pima,  it  is 
quite  common.  The  beard,  as  mentioned  before  (see  chapter  on  Chil- 
dren) ,  if  allowed  to  grow,  reaches  the  maximum  length  of  from  about 
IJ  to  3  inches  (5  to  8  cm.)  (pi.  xxi).  In  many  of  the  adults  who  go 
bareheaded  the  hair  on  the  head  becomes  more  or  less  brownish  or 
rusty  in  color.  This  discoloration  is  usually  somewhat  irregular  and 
most  pronounced  superficially.  In  those  tribes  in  which  only  the 
women  commonly  go  bareheaded  the  discoloration  is  nearly  restricted 
to  this  sex. 

The  nails,  generally  strong  and  healthy,  presented  no  special  features. 
In  old  age  the  toe  nails  are  occasionally  left  to  grow  until  they  look  like 
deformed,  dull  claws. 

SPECIAL    SENSES 

Sight,  hearing,  smell,  and  taste  in  the  adult  Indian,  so  far  as  could 
be  ascertained  by  the  writer's  own  observations,  differ  but  little,  if  any, 
from  the  same  functions  in  the  whites.  In  the  uneducated  Indian  with 
healthy  eyes  and  ears  sight  and  hearing  are  generally  very  good,  but 
in  no  way  phenomenal.  Among  the  educated  glasses  are  often  neces- 
sary; and  in  some  of  the  older  persons  the  sense  of  hearing  is  more  or 
less  defective. 

Smell,  though  not  naturally  obtuse,  is  in  no  way  especially  exercised, 
and  through  habit  the  people  become  rather  indifferent  to  bad  odors, 
appearing  to  lack  the  faculty  of  perceiving  them. 

A  few  observations  were  made  with  an  sesthesiometer  on  the  sensi- 
bility of  the  skin,  but  owing  to  numerous  difficulties  the  tests  had  to  be 
abandoned.  So  far  as  they  went  they  showed  no  marked  difference 
from  the  condition  ordinarily  obtaining  among  laboring  whites.  The 
beard  region  was  found  to  be  less  sensitive  than  the  neighboring  parts 
of  the  face. 

SLEEP    AND   DREAMS 

The  adult  Indian  passes  ordinarily  somewhat  more  time  in  sleep 
than  the  civilized  white  man;  but  the  writer  is  well  satisfied  by  numer- 
ous observations  that  the  Indian  shows  greater  capacity  than  the  aver- 
age white  man  for  enduring  loss  of  sleep  without  ill  effects.  It  is 
almost  a  rule  in  ail  the  tribes  to  prolong  ceremonies,  dances,  gambling 
parties,  and  other  meetings  throughout  the.  night,  and  sometimes 
through  several  nights,  or  several  nights  and  days.  On  such  occasions 
some  sleep  is  taken  during  the  day,  but  it  generally  amounts  to  little; 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  155 

yet  the  usual  effects  are  seldom  observable  and  never  complained  of. 
As  to  dreams,  about  all  that  can  be  said  on  the  basis  of  the  writer's 
inquiry  is  that  they  are  frequent  and  variable,  and  but  rarely  of  a 
terrifying  nature.  " 

MENTAL    AND    NERVOUS    POWERS  ^ 

The  mental  powers  of  the  adult  Indians  seen  are  generally  good, 
but  in  no  way  extraordinary.  Both  men  and  women  have  very  good 
memories,  but  they  are  not  equally  well  developed  in  all  directions, 
and  even  where  developed  they  often  depend  on  a  definite  sequence 
in  what  is  remembered.  Their  powers  of  perception  are  good,  but 
their  reasoning  is  rather  slow;  they  show  good  powers  of  imitation 
and  adapta,bility ;  "^  their  mental  endurance  appears  remarkable  in 
ceremonies  and  on  other  special  occasions,  but  ordinarily  they  tire 
after  an  hour  or  even  less  of  such  moderate,  though  unusual,  brain 
exertion  as  they  undergo  while  being  questioned.  Very  dull,  as  well 
as  especially  gifted,  individuals  occur  but  rarely.  Differences  among 
individuals,  between  the  sexes,  and  even  among  tribes  are  noticeable, 
but  their  range  is  somewhat  less  than  among  whites. 

Nor  is  the  nervous  control  of  the  Indian  extraordinary.  Often,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  measuring  of  a  subject,  a  perspiration  broke 
out  on  him  and  the  pulse  became  temporarily  irregular.  All  the 
normal  reflexes  of  the  whites  exist  also  and  in  about  the  same  force 
in  the  Indian. 

Both  the  mental  and  nervous  powers  of  the  Indian  could  best  be 
expressed  in  general  by  the  term  "healthy,"  the  former  being  in 
many  directions  in  a  more  or  less  undeveloped  condition. 

VARIA 

The  manifestations  of  yawning,  snoring,''  eructation,  and  flatus  are 
all  about  as  common  in  the  Indian  as  in  the  white  man.  Sneezing,* 
however,  is  very  rare  and  hiccough  even  more  so. 

a  Dreams  are  believed  to  be,  in  a  way,  realities.  In  the  dream  the  soul  leaves  the  body,  travels,  and 
has  various  experiences.  According  to  an  account  given  the  writer  by  a  Mohave,  which  agrees  with 
the  views  common  m  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  Southwestern  tribes,  "  the  soul  (in  the  dream)  sees  the  old 
people,  and  sees  or  does  many  different  things."  "  It  is  possible  that  the  soul  after  thus  leaving  the 
body,  Ukes  it  much  more  where  it  has  gone  and  stays  there.  In  this  case  the  body  soon  dies  without 
any  doctor  being  able  to  help  it."  Dream  revelations,  especially  those  of  certain  persons,  or  if  repeated, 
are  believed  in,  being  looked  upon  as  the  experiences,  desires,  or  dictates  of  the  soul,  or  the  wishes  or 
message  of  some  spirit,  and  have  a  considerable  effect  on  the  Indian's  thought  and  action.  The 
people  fear  to  have  bad  dreams,  especially  those  of  the  dead. 

6  See  also  chapter  dealing  with  general  habits  and  character,  and  the  general  remarks  on  children. 

c  A  remarkable  example  of  individual  adaptability,  as  well  as  aptness,  can  be  seen  in  one  of  the  Apache 
at  San  Carlos.  For  many  years  the  man  has  been  wholly  blind  (from  ophthalmia) ,  but  he  walks  about 
alone,  rides  a  horse,  and  even  a  broncho,  has  built  himself  an  adobe  house,  and  shoes  his  horse  alone. 
The  man  is  less  than  40  years  of  age,  and  for  his  intelligence  was  chosen  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  tribe. 

iJ  Moderate  snoring  is  quite  frequent  and  occurs  even  in  the  young.  A.t  San  Carlos  the  writer  saw  a 
baby  a'  few  months  old  which  was  an  habitual  snorer;  the  cause  of  this  could  not  be  determined. 

e  When  an  Apache  sneezes,  "  some  one  calls  his  name."  Noisy  eructation  is  indulged  in,  often  without 
any  restraint. 


156  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 


DIGESTION 


A  moderate  degree  of  hunger  is  often  and  easily  endured  among 
the  Indian  adults.  A  loss  of  a  meal  or  two  is  very  frequent,  particu- 
larly among  the  noncivilized,  and  is  thought  nothing  of.  On  the 
other  hand,  as  mentioned  before  (see  Food,  pp.  21-22),  the  Indian's 
capacitj^for  food  is  quite  large,  and  during  feasts  he  may  eat  to  a  degree 
that  among  the  whites  would  be  considered  excessive.  The  choice 
and  preparation  of  food  are  in  the  majority  of  cases  quite  inferior. 
All  this,  which,  with  the  general  liking  for  fat,  would  severely  tax 
ordinary  powers  of  digestion,  is  supported  with  comparatively  little 
difficulty  by  the  full-grown  Indian.  Disturbances  of  the  stomach  or 
the  intestinal  tract  are  common  enough,  but  they  are  generally  of 
a  light  character,  yielding  readily  to  simple  means  of  relief.  Even 
in  the  children  the  digestive  powers  are  strong,  but  excesses  and 
improper  diet  have  more  effect  than  with  the  adults.  (See  Diseases, 
pp.  175  et  seq.) 

OBESITY 

Especially  well-nourished  individuals,  females  and  also  males,  occur 
in  every  tribe  and  at  all  ages,  but  real  obesity  is  found  almost  exclu- 
sively among  the  Indians  on  reservations,  who  have  recently  changed 
their  mode  of  life,  becoming  more  sedentary  in  habits,  with  less  of  out- 
door exercise,  and  among  adults  of  less  than  60  years  of  age.  There 
are  differences  in  the  proportion  of  fat  individuals  even  among  the 
tribes  on  reservations,  and  there  are  also  differences  in  the  relative 
frequency  of  the  abnormal  condition  in  the  two  sexes.  Monstrous 
or  truly  pathological  obesity  has  not  been  encountered.  The  weight 
of  the  stoutest  individuals  seen  would  not  exceed  300  pounds  (140  kg,). 

The  tribes  in  which  most  stout  persons  were  seen  are  the  Pima, 
Southern  Ute,  Papago  (San  Xavier),  and  Maricopa.  The  condition 
is  quite  rare  among  the  Pueblos,  who  have  been  of  sedentary  habits 
since  ancient  times.  The  Navaho  and  the  Yuma  men  are  notably 
lank. 

Among  the  Pima  it  is  largely,  but  not  exclusively,  the  women  who 
grow  very  stout,  and  similarly  among  the  Maricopa.  Among  the 
Papago  moderate  obesity  was  noticed  in  some  men  as  well  as  women. 
Among  the  Southern  Ute  the  condition  predominates  to  a  marked 
degree  in  the  men.     (See  pis.  xxn,  xxiii.) 

The  role  played  by  food  in  the  production  of  obesity  among  the 
Indians  is  apparently  indirect.  The  Pima,  Maricopa,  and  the  San 
Xavier  Papago  had  usually  a  sufficiency,  if  not  plenty,  of  food,  but 
the  Southern  Ute  since  known  have  been  most  irregularly  nourished, 
even  now  frequently  suffering  from  want.  But  the  men  in  this  tribe 
used  to  be  hunters.  This  mode  of  life  they  had  to  abandon  on  the 
reservation,  and   it  is  probably  the  change  from  their  past  active 


3UREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN   34     PLATE   XXII 


AN     OBESE    SOUTHERN     UTE 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  157 

outdoor  life  to  the  present  state  of  not  a  little  indolence  which  is  the 
prime  cause  of  their  obesity. 

Among  the  Mexican  Indians  throughout  the  region  covered  higher 
grades  of  stoutness  have  not  been  encountered. 

MENSTRUATION    (iN    ADULTS)    AND    CLIMACTERIUM 

The  menses  in  Indian  women  differ  in  principal  characteristics  and 
duration  but  little,  if  at  all,  from  those  in  healthy  whites  (see  also  under 
Observations  on  children) .  Scanty  or  very  profuse  or  habitually  pain- 
ful menstruation  is  heard  of  much  less  often  among  the  Indian 
than  among  the  American  white  women.  At  San  Carlos  the  writer 
met  a  healthy  Apache  multipara  who  menstruated  regularly  and 
quite  profusely  eight  to  ten  days  every  month,  but  there  were  gen- 
erally no  severe  pains  or  any  serious  after  effects. 

The  menstruating  woman  is  generally  to  some  extent  tabued,  and 
for  this  reason  mainly  remains  about  the  house;  but  she  observes  no 
special  precautions.'*  There  are  no  clear  notions  as  to  the  nature 
and  cause  of  the  flow.^ 

Eecurrence  of  menstruation  after  the  birth  of  a  child,  which  shows 
much  irregularity,  was  touched  upon  in  the  chapter  dealing  with 
labor,  where  detail  cases  are  given. 

As  to  menopause,  the  almost  general  lack  of  accurate  knowledge  of 
age  prevents  any  extensive  inquiry  with  profit.  From  what  could 
be  observed  and  otherwise  learned  on  the  subject,  nothing  appeared 
that  would  indicate  important  differences  between  Indian  and 
white  women;  complications  of  the  period  and  pathological  sequelae 
attributed  to  it  are  very  rare  in  the  Indian. 

In  m^n  the  sexual  and  even  the  procreative  powers  are  occa- 
sionally seen  to  be  preserved  at  the  apparent  age  of  from  60  to  70. 

SENILITY 

The  signs  of  age  are  believed  by  some  to  be  manifested  earlier 
in  the  Indians,  particularly  in  the  women,  than  among  the  whites. 
According  to  the  writer's  observations,  and  comparing  the  Indians 
with  whites  living  approximately  alike,  this  idea  is  not  correct. 
Among  the  Indians,  both  sexes  show  more  often  than  among  the  whites, 
especially  those  of  the  cities,  whom  we  are  most  accustomed  to  see, 
effects  of  rough  outdoor  life,  and  these  are  often  accentuated  by 
neglect  of  personal  attire  and  cleanliness,  but  an  actual  earlier  physi- 

a  It  is  believed  that  if  such  a  woman  crossed  a  field  its  products  would  suffer  thereby,  etc.  The  cata- 
menial  discharges  are  received  into  a  fold  of  old  cloth  or  into  the  infolded  skirt  (frequent  among  the  San 
Carlos  Apache) .  Some  of  the  Hopi  women,  according  to  the  local  physician,  introduced  during  the  flow 
a  piece  oi  old  calico  into  the  vagina.  The  soiled  articles  are  never  washed  or  used  again  for  any  purpose. 
Among  the  Apache  they  are  bundled  up  and  put  into  or  under  bushes.  Hygienic  motives  play  little 
part  in  all  these  observances. 

b  One  belief  is  that  the  new  moon  is  in  some  way  influential;  "  that  it  makes  the  woman  new." 


158  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY     •  [bull.  34 

ological  senility  does  not  exist.  This  sets  in  very  gradually,  in  a 
similar  way  and  at  about  the  same  period  of  life  as  with  average 
normal  whites ;  and  it  follows  a  more  natural  course,  the  many  debili- 
ties of  age  seen  among  the  whites  being  certainly  less  frequent  among 
the  Indians. 

Advanced  senility  is  seldom  seen  in  individuals  under  about  70. 
It  is  characterized  by  some  bending  and  emaciation  of  the  body,  iron- 
gray  or  yellowish-gray  hair,  and  especially  very  numerous  wrinkles 
on  the  neck  and  face.  (Pis.  xxiv,  xxv.)  There  is  wrinkling  at  the 
instep  and  particularly  just  below  and  above  the  knees,  also  about  the 
wrists,  the  elbows,  and  in  front  below  the  neck.  Muscular  strength 
is  diminished,  but  many  old  individuals  preserve  not  only  a  healthy 
appearance,  but  also  capacity  for  walking  considerable  distances, 
carrying  quite  heavy  burdens,  long  rides  on  horseback,  and  severe 
exertions  at  their  ceremonies.  A  few  individuals  met  with  among 
the  tribes  visited  had  reached  the  age  of  at  least  90  years,  yet  not 
one  of  these  was  either  much  demented  or  helpless ;  most  of  them, 
though  poor  in  dress  and  other  possessions,  and  occasionally  neglected, 
at  least  partially  provided  for  themselves  or  gained  their  subsistence, 
while  all  who  were  with  their  families  helped  the  younger  generation." 
The  teeth,  which  in  general  are  less  subject  to  caries  than  among 
white  Americans,  become  much  worn  down,  and  some  are  lost  by 
becoming  loose,  while  the  gums  and  alveoli  diminish  through 
atrophy.  Owing  to  the  diminution  of  the  alveoli  and  the  adipose  tis- 
sue, the  chin  looks  more  prominent,  prognathism  disappears,  and  the 
face  is  shorter.  A  peculiar  feature  is  a  decided  increase  in  the  nasal 
index,  the  nose  apparently  becoming  both  shorter  and  broader.  The 
malar  bones,  the  fat  under  which  has  largelj^  disappeared,  are  mark- 
edly more  prominent  than  at  any  other  period  of  life.  The  eyelids 
lose  their  lashes  and  generally  become  narrowed,  adhesions  taking 
place  at  the  canthi,  particularly  the  external,  through  a  low-grade 
chronic  inflammation.  The  sclera  becomes  markedly  dirty  yellowish  in 
color,  with  reddish  capillary  streaks.  The  arcus  senilis  is  well  marked. 
The  hair  not  only  changes  color,''  but  also  becomes  thinner  and  bald- 
ness, though  much  more  rare  and  less  extensive  than  in  white  Ameri- 
cans, may  be  seen  in  some  over  the  front  or  on  the  top.  The 
breasts  in  women  atrophy  considerably  and  hang  down  like  loose 
bags.     The  legs  and  thighs  get  smaller  in  both  sexes,  the  latter  so  that 

a  At  San  Carlos  many  of  the  old  people  come  regularly  every  ration  day  distances  ranging  from  I 
to  15  miles,  and  carry  away  on  their  baclcs  their  apportionment,  weighing  from  20  to  40  pounds.  At 
home  even  the  blind  work  at  whatever  they  can.  They  help  in  cooking  and  with  children.  At  Taiklai 
an  Apache  woman,  old  and  completely  blind,  was  found  by  the  writer  making  a  basket  with  cat's  claw 
decoration  (specimen,  with  another  made  by  her,  now  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum).  A  striking 
feature  at  San  Carlos  is  the  fact  that  many  of  the  old  women  of  the  tribe  arc  unusually  short,  measuring 
less  than  'j  feet.  This  was  not  noticed  elsewhere.  The  whole  form  in  such  women  is  small.  The  women 
of  the  present  generation  show  in  general  stronger  frames  and  higher  statures.  Probably  the  precarious 
life  of  the  old  Apache,  with  more  scanty  food  and  other  privations,  explains  the  change. 

6  Snow-white  hair  or  beard  was  not  seen  in  any  instance. 


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HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIONS  159 

they  no  longer  touch  in  their  upper  fourth  in  the  median  Hne,  but 
leave  a  marked  siibpelvic  space.  No  decisive  evidence  was  obtained 
as  to  hardening  of  the  arteries;  it  is  certainly  not  common. 

With  a  still  further  advance  in  age  the  sight  and  hearing  get 
weaker,  the  speech  (mainly  perhaps  through  the  loss  of  teeth)  becomes 
less  intelUgible,  and  the  mind  enfeebled,  while  the  skull  shows  signs 
of  absorption;"  these  signs  are  precursors  of  the  nearing  end. 

Several  of  the  phases  of  senility  were  studied  in  detail,  as  muscu- 
lar force,  appearance  of  gra3mess,  and  baldness.  The  lack  of  proper 
age  records  was  again  felt  severely  and  can  be  replaced  only  by  ap- 
proximations. 

The  data  on  muscular  force  were  considered  with  that  subject  in 
adults.  It  was  there  seen  that  a  decline  in  force  takes  place  in  numer- 
ous individuals  even  before  40,  and  is  general  and  progressive  after 
that  age.     The  same  conditions  obtain  among  whites. 

Grayness. — Special  attention  was  paid  to  this  subject  in  fourteen 
of  the  tribes.  A  few  gray  hairs  may  now  and  then  be  seen  on  the 
Indians  even  in  advancing  childhood,  but  these  are  due  to  abnormal 
conditions  affecting  the  individual  follicles.  Exceptionally  the  begin- 
ning of  real,  progressive  grayness  "vvdll  be  met  with  in  3"oung  adults. 
In  general,  however,  the  decoloration  is  slower  and  of  a  less  degree 
than  in  whites.  There  are  man}"  old  individuals  in  whom  the  hair 
still  retains  in  part  the  original  color.  In  some  of  the  old  Indians 
the  hair  is  decolored  irregidarly,  being  gray  and  yellowish.  The  fol- 
lowing data  show  the  results  of  a  direct  examination  in  this  line :  ^ 

a  The  signs  of  senility  in  the  Indian  skeleton  are  as  follows:  The  skull  shows  a  worn  condition  and 
often  extrusion  (due  to  alveolar  atrophy)  of  the  remaining  teeth,  and  absorption  due  to  disappearance 
of  both  alveolar  processes;  rarely  there  is  a  characteristic  bilateral  antero-posterior  depression  over  the 
parietal  bone  at  some'distance  from  the  median  line,  due  to  absorption  of  the  diploe;  and  there  is  syn- 
ostosis of  sutures.  In  the  rest  of  the  skeleton  may  be  seen  a  general  Ughtening  of  the  bones,  with 
thinning  of  the  compact  tissue;  ossification  of  costal  cartilages  and  ensiform  appendix;  marginal 
exostoses  on  long  bones  and  especially  on  the  vertebrae,  and  occasionally  a  fusion  of  vertebrae  or 
pelvic  bones  through  the  marginal  exostoses. 

b  Detail  data  in  the  Appendix. 


160 


BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Grayness 


Approximate  age. 

Nimiber   of    sub- 
jects of  that  age 
examined. 

No  gray  hairs. 

Few  gray  hairs. 

Advaucing  gray- 
ness. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male,     j  Female. 

SO  to  30  1/ears: 

Apache 

32 
46 
29 
13 
10 
13 
13 
18 
9 
17 
2(> 
10 

23 

12 
21 
11 

7 
10 

5 

2 

32 
46 
22 
12 
10 
13 
13 
17 

9 
16 
25 

9 

22 

12 
21 
11 
7 
9 
5 
2 

Pueblos 

Papago 

7 
1 

Pima 

Maricopa 

1 

Mohave 

Yuma 

i 

Yaqui           

1 

Tarahumare 

7 
4 

8 

7 

11 

7 
3 

8 

7 

11 

Cora     

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

Tarasco 

Otomi 

Aztec    (Tlahuil- 
tec) 

Total 

259 

105 

246 

103 

13 
5 

2 
2 

Per  cent 

95                98 

SO  to  40  years: 

Apache 

3 

33 

11 

14 

15 

9 

4 

1 

4 

9 

10 

6 

19 

8 
13 
12 
11 
12 
10 

2 

3 
32 

7 
7 
8 
5 
3 
1 
4 
9 
7 
5 

11 

8 
12 
9 
5 
8 
6 
1 

Pueblos 

1 
3 
5 
5 
2 
1 

1 
2 
5 
2 
4 

Papago 

1 
2 

2 
2 

1 

Pima 

1 

Maricopa 

Mohave 

2 

Yuma 

1 

Yaqui 

Tarahumare 

1 
3 
10 
5 

8 

1 
3 
6 
1 

8 

Cora 

Tarasco 

2 
1 

7 

4 
3 

1 

Otomi 

1 

Aztec    (Tlahuil- 
tee) 

1 

Total 

138 

95 

102 
73.9 

68 
71.6 

27 
19.6 

21 
22.1 

9 
6.5 

6 

Per  cent 

6.3 

40  to  50  years: 

Apache 

11 
22 

9 
14 

8 
14 

8 

6 
20 
4 
7 
6 
10 
1 

9 
12 

1 
6 
1 
1 

2 
8 
4 
5 
5 
3 
2 

3 
11 

2 

2 

PueVjlos  . 

2 
5 
6 
3 
10 
4 

3 

Papago 

1 

Pima 

3 

6 

Maricopa 

4 

Mohave    . . 

1 
2 

2 

1 

7 

Yuma 

1 

Yaqui 

Tarahumare 

1 
17 

8 
15 

8 

1 

4 
4 
2 

Cora 

3 

7 
11 

8 

10 
2 
6 

5 

2 
3 
2 

1 

3 

2 
7 

3 

1 

Tarasco 

2 
4 

2 

2 

5 

Aztec    (Tlahuil- 
tec) 

5 

Total 

135 

81 

50 
37 

19 
23.4 

44 
32.6 

25 
30.8 

41 
30.4 

37 

Per  cent 

45.8 

HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL,  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

Grayness — Continued 


161 


Approximate  age. 

Number   of   sub- 
jects of  that  age       No  gray  hairs, 
examined. 

Few  gray  hairs. 

Advancing  gray- 
ness. 

Male.  * 

I  emale. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male.    }  Female. 

50  to  60  years: 

1 

19 
1 

12 
7 
9 
4 

4 
6 
3 
5 

1 
5 

1 

2 

3 

1 

13 
1 
12 

7 
9 
4 

4 

3 

5 

Maricopa 

3 
1 

3 



1 

Tarahiimare 

Cora -%- 

9 

8 
6 
19 

4 

2 

2 
1 
2 
3 

7 
7 
4 
16 

4 

2 

5 
2 

3 

5 

2 

Aztec    (Tlahuil- 
tec) 

3 

1 

Total 

99  ;              34 

1    1              14                  3 

1 1          14.1              8.8 

84 
•  84.9 

31 

91.2 

1 

1 

SUMMARY 
Grayness 


Approximate  age. 

Number   of    sub- 
jects of  that  age 
examined. 

No  gray  hairs. 

Few  gray  hairs. 

Advancing  gray- 
ness. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male.       Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

20  to  30  years 

30  to  40  years 

40  to  50  years 

50  to  60  years 

259 

138 

135 

99 

105 
95 
81 
34 

Per  cent. 

95 

74 

37 

1 

Per  cent. 
98 

72 
23 

Per  cent. 
5 

20 
33 
14 

Per  cent. 

2 

22 
31 

9 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

6.5 
30 

■      85 

6 
46 
91 

It  is  seen  from  the  above  table  that  before  the  age  of  30  (approxi- 
mately) the  percentage  of  individuals  beginning  to  be  gray  °-  is  very 
small,  and  that  between  the  ages  of  30  and  40,  thj-ee-fourths,  and 
between  40  and  50,  more  than  one- third  of  the  men  and  one-fourth 
of  the  women  have  no  gray  hair  at  all,  or  only  so  very  little  that 
they  need  not  be  considered. 

The  differences  between  the  tribes  are  not  great  enough  to  have 
particular  significance.  In  individuals  above  30  grayness  seems  to 
prevail  slightly  more  in  the  females  than  in  the  males. 

Loss  of  hair. — Baldness,  though  not  invariably  a  sign  of  aging,  may 
best  be  treated  in  this  connection.     It  is,  in  any  form,  very  uncom- 

a  The  term  "few"  was  used,  in  want  of  a  better  one,  for  all  cases  where  stray  gray  hairs  could  be  seen 
without  a  special  search. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 11 


162 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ET^HNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


moil  in  Indians,  particularly  in  adults  below  50  and  in  the  females. 
Even  when  present  the  condition  is  rarely  pronounced.  A  special 
inquiry-  on  this  point  resulted  as  follows : 


Baldness 


No. 
sub- 
jects 
exam- 
ined. 


Males. 


Remarks. 


No. 

sub- 
jects 1 
exam-! 
ined 


Females. 


Remarks. 


Apache 

Pueblos 

Hopi 

Zuiii 

Papago 

Pima 

Maricopa 

Mohave 

Yuma 

Yaqui 

Tarahumare 

Huichol 

Cora 


Tarasco . 


Otomi  a. 


No.  41,  moderate,  frontal 

No.  25,  some  baldness,  vertex;  No.  40, 
some  frontal  baldness;  No.  88,  con- 
siderable frontal  baldness. 

No.  20,  moderate  anterior  baldness; 
No.  32,  bald,  anteriorly;  No.  46,  some 
anterior  baldness. 


40 


50 


50 


54 


No.  9,  slight  baldness  on  top;  No.  18, 
some  thinness  on  top. 

No .  1 1 ,  some  loss  in  front ;  No .  38,  some- 
what scarce  aU  over;  No.  49,  some 
calvitia  on  top. 

No.  2,  considerable  superior  baldness; 
No.  6,  some  scarcity  over  vertex; 
No.  16,  some  scarcity  over  frontal 
region . 

No.  38,  moderate,  frontal 

No.  8,  some  baldness  over  frontal 

No.  12,  thinness,  general;  No.  20,  some 
thinness,  general;  No.  25,  some  thin- 
ness, general;  No.  27,  some  thinness, 
general;  No.  34,  thinness,  general; 
No.  35,  quite  thin,  especially  over 
frontal;  No.  39,  thinness,  general; 
No.  44,  thinness,  general;  No.  45, 
slight  thinness,  general. 

No.  4,  many  lost  (not  through  pres- 
sure) ;  No.  23,  some  lost  over  frontal 
and  top. 

No.  5,  a  considerable  number  lost,  front 
and  vertex;  No.  17,  many  lost;  No.  28, 
many  lost  over  frontal. 

No.  2,  many  lost  over  frontal  bone; 
No.  49,  many  lost  over  frontal  bone. 


30 


No.  58,  slight  baldness  on 
top. 


a  Many  men  of  this  tribe  show  a  thinning  of  hair  over  the  frontal  bone  at  the  spot  where  passes  the 
strap  whichholds  the  burdens  they  carry.  Such  baldness,  being  of  mechanical  origin,  was  not  included 
in  the  above  data. 

The  above  table  shows  that  out  of  718  physically  well-preserved 
males  below  65  years  of  age,  33,  or  4.6  per  cent,  showed  some  degree 
of  baldness;  among  377  females  there  was  but  one  who  was  slightly 
bald  (2.6  per  thousand). 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  163 

As  to  location^  in  13,  or  38  per  cent,  of  the  total  cases  the  calvitia 
was  frontal;  in  12,  or  35  per  cent,  it  was  on  the  vertex;  in  2,  or  0.6 
per  cent,  it  extended  over  both  front  and  vertex,  while  in  7,  or  2  per 
cent,  there  was  general  thinness. 

The  largest  proportion  of  cases  was  found  among  the  male  Cora, 
and  in  all  these  the  baldness  (thinness)  was  general.  These  people 
do  not  carry  burdens  on  the  head  or  back.  What  influence  syphilis 
or  other  diseases  may  have  had,  particularly  in  this  tribe,  could  not 
be  determined. 

X.  NOTES  ON  SOCIAL  ABNORAIALITIES 

The  foregoing  chapter  concludes  the  necessarily  deficient  physio- 
logical observations,  and  the  ■vM'iter  will  now  approach  the  pathology 
of  the  tribes.  In  this  connection  it  is  necessary  to  touch  on,  first  of 
all,  the  unpleasant  subject  of  social  abnormalities,  which  often  have 
a  direct  connection  with  disease,  injury,  or  even  death. 

Artificial  Abortion 

Desire  for  and  love  of  children  are  universal  among  the  Indians. 
Nevertheless  artificial  abortion  is  practised  among  all  the  tribes  vis- 
ited, and  is  told  of  by  the  older  men  or  women  without  much  hesi- 
tation. The  causes  of  the  practice  are  shame  or  fear  in  the  unmar- 
ried, and  among  married  women  inability  through  poverty  to  provide 
for  the  family,  or  a  loss  of  many  previous  children,  or  a  desire  to 
be  rid  of  concomitant  physical  difficulties  and  necessary  subse- 
quent cares.  The  occurrence  is  more  frequent  in  the  unmarried, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  among  most  of  the  tribes  early  illicit 
sexual  intercourse  is  not  very  uncommon  and  the  additional  fact  that 
the  bearing  of  children  by  unmarried  women  brings  no  particular 
discredit  and  is  but  a  slight  obstacle  to  future  marriage. 

Nothing  definite  was  learned  as  to  the  period  of  gestation  at  which 
abortion  is  preferably  induced;  but  it  seems  probable  that  no  efforts 
are  made  before  the  fetus  has  betrayed  viability.  The  means  em- 
ployed are  mainly  some  form  of  direct  physical  violence  applied  to 
the  abdomen;  occasionally  one  hears  of  an  ingestion  of  some  '"medi- 
cine." In  most  instances  it  appears  that  the  prospective  mother  is 
aided  in  the  execution  of  her  design  by  another  woman,  by  a  medicine- 
man, or  b}'  the  husband.  There  was  found  nowhere  much  fear  of 
serious  bodily  consequences,  which  suggests  that  these  may  be  more 
limited  than  under  similar  circumstances  among  white  women. 

DETAILS 

Among  the  San  Carlos  Apache  the  means  for  induction  of  abortion 
are  mainly  mechanical  (e.  g.,  pressure,  as  over  an  edge  of  a  box  or 
a  rock).     Some  of  the  old  people  are  said  to  know  a  strong  medi- 


164  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

cine  wliicli  produces  the  desired  result.  The  attempt  is  always  made 
in  secrecy. 

Among  the  White  Mountain  Apache  abortion  is  usually  produced 
by  leaning  on  a  rock  or  a  stout  stick,  or  by  manual  pressure  applied 
to  the  fundus  of  the  uterus. 

Among  the  Mescal eros,  according  to  information  given  to  the  writer 
by  Dr.  W.  McM.  Luttrell  (in  1900  the  agent  of  the  tribe),  as  well  as 
by  others,  abortion  was  not  very  rare.  For  this  purpose  the  women 
swallowed  certain  vegetal  substances,  particularly  large  doses  of  the 
fermented  acid  juice  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  pine ;  or  they  tried  to 
destroy  the  fetus  by  violent  pressure  upon  the  abdomen.  In  a  few 
instances  a  stick  or  a  bent  wire  was  said  to  have  been  used,  being 
introduced  by  another  woman  into  the  uterus ;  this  practice  was  not 
heard  of  elsewhere,  and  it  is  possible  that  it  did  not  originate  with 
the  Indians. 

Among  the  Jicarillas,  according  to  Mr.  Johnson,  the  agent,  and 
Doctor  Murphy,  the  physician  of  the  tribe,  abortion  is  but  seldom 
practised,  and  only  in  the  case  of  unmarried  women.  For  this  pur- 
pose certain  herbs  and  plants  found  in  that  part  of  the  country  are 
used ;  what  they  are  is  a  secret  with  the  old  women  of  the  tribe.  It 
is  very  probable  that  the  herbs  are  aided  by  physical  means. 

Among  the  Navaho,  Hopi,  and  other  tribes  manual  or  bandage 
(sash)  pressure  is  applied  to  the  woman's  abdomen  with  the  object 
of  crushing  or  expelling  the  fetus.  The  Zuni  woman  drinks  some 
decoctions,  but  if  these  fail,  has  recourse  to  pressure.'* 

Among  the  Pima,  as  with  some  other  tribes,  there  are  remark- 
ably few  half-breeds.  It  is  said  that  this  is  partly  due  to  the  fact 
that  in  most  cases  where  a  woman  becomes  pregnant  by  a  white 
man  an  abortion  is  induced.  One  well-known  attempt  of  this  nature 
occurred  very  recently  (see  under  Infanticide,  p.  166).  Mr.  Alexander, 
the  agent,  was  told  by  the  Indians  of  another  case  where  abortion 
was  induced  by  burying  the  woman  up  to  her  waist  in  the  earth. 

In  an  eighteenth  century  Pima  confessionary  are  the  following  sug- 
gestive questions:  "Have  you  drank,  from  a  desire  to  kill  the  child 
within  you,  sanari  or  anything  else?"  ''Or  have  you  placed  (with 
the  same  object  in  view)  a  very  hot  stone  upon  your  abdomen?" 
''Or  have  you  lain  for  a  length  of  time  upon  your  front?"  "Or 
have  you  lain  a  long  time  in  the  sun?"  "Have  you  abstained  for  a 
long  time  from  eating,  wishing  that  the  baby  in  you  dies  of  hunger?" 
"Have  you  aided  another  woman  to  kill  her  unborn  infant?" 

a  A  restraining  Influence  in  this  tribe  is  the  belief  that  the  woman  who  induces  abortion  is  likely  to 
lose  the  capacity  of  having  more  children.  According  to  information  given  to  the  writer  by 'Dr.  E.  J. 
Davis,  the  agency  physician,  so  great  is  this  fear  that  as  soon  as  a  mother  becomes  aware  that  her 
daughter  is  pregnant  with  an  illegitimate  child  she  at  once  assures  her  that  ail  will  bo  well  and  that 
she  must  not  interfere  with  it.  When  the  old  women  learn  of  a  recent  case  of  abortion  on  the  part  of 
a  young  woman,  .they  place  her  at  once  in  warm  sand  for  ten  days  to  prevent  her  "  drying  up." 

A  method  favored  in  this  triiio  [Zuni]  is  for  the  woman  to  grasp  her  gravid  uterus  through  the 
abdominal  wall  and  twist  and  squeeze  it  until  she  succeeds  in  detaching  the  fetal  connections. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  165 

Among  the  Mexican  Indians  the  writer  heartl  more  about  "medi- 
cines" and  less  about  violence  as  a  means  of  inducing  abortion; 
but  among  most  of  the  Mexican  tribes  observed,  on  account  of  their 
contact  with  wliites  and  their  adoption  of  Christianity,  investigation 
of  subjects  of  this  nature  is  usually  unsatisfactory. 

Among  the  Opata,  according  to  Doctor  Alderman,  abortion  is  some- 
times attempted,  principally  from  two  causes — first,  the  rapidly  in- 
creasing family  without  corresponding  means  of  support,  and  second, 
the  shame  that  comes  to  the  mmiarried  women  from  having  children. 
The  old  women  give  various  roots  and  herbs  wliich  they  claim  are 
infaUible.  One  is  a  tea  made  of  rosemary  and  the  "ocean  arte- 
misia."  They  administer  these,  then  place  the  woman  on  her  back 
and  knead  her  abdomen  until  pains  are  brought  on.  Then  they  place 
her  on  her  knees,  take  a  position  before  her,  and  holding  her  by  the 
hips,  shake  her  back  and  forth  with  all  their  force,  as  in  normal 
labor.  If  this  is  not  successful  the  first  time  the  whole  process  is 
repeated. 

Artificial  Sterility 

There  is  a  very  general  belief  among  the  Indians  visited  that  sterility 
may  be  artificially  induced.  To  produce  this  result  the  women  desir- 
ing to  have  no  more  children  take  internally  certain  harmless  substances 
(see  chapter  dealing  with  medicine),  wliich  to  the  Indian  are  repre- 
sentative of  sterility.  The  San  Carlos  Apache  beheve  that  artificial 
sterility  can  be  induced,  but  the  means  is  not  generally  known.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  some  variety  of  root.  One  of  the  women  applied  to 
the  writer  for  a  "medicine  to  make  her  have  no  more  children." 
When  questioned  as  to  the  propriety  of  such  a  proceeding,  the  answer 
was  that  when  one  child  after  another  is  born  and  dies,  or  when  a  num- 
ber of  cliildren,  one  after  another,  are  born  dead,  something  should 
be  done  to  end  this  unfortunate  state  of  affairs. 

Among  the  White  Mountain  Apache  a  woman  desiring  to  have  no 
children,  or  to  stop  bearing,  swallows  now  and  then  a  little  of  the  red 
burned  earth  from  beneath  the  fire.  This  means,  which  is  much 
believed  in,  is  used  mostly  by  the  dissolute  mmiarried,  but  also  by 
sickly  or  very  poor  married  women.  Some  of  the  Huichol  women 
drink  a  decoction  of  a  certain  plant  to  prevent  childbearing.  Cora 
women,  for  the  same  purpose,  take  internally  the  scrapings  of  the 
male  deer  horn. 

Infanticide 

Among  the  Apache,  Pima,  Mohave,  Navaho,  Zuni,  and  Tepecano, 
information  was  obtained  from  some  of  the  Indians  themselves  that 
no  deformed  or  monstrous  child  (though  such  are  very  rare)  is  allowed 
to  live,  and  similar  statements  concerning  other  tribes  were  received. 
It  is  said  that  a  deformed  child  is  smothered,  or  carried  away  and 


166  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  a4 

left  ill  the  brush,  or  buried  ahve.  But  there  are  also  instances  of 
the  purely  criminal  infanticide — of  the  killing  of  a  normal  child  by  its 
mother  or  some  of  her  near  female  relatives.  As  a  rule  the  child  in 
a  case  of  this  kind  is  either  a  mixed-blood  (with  an  American,  or 
white  Mexican,  or,  rarely,  a  negro  father)  or  the  mother  is  an  unmar- 
ried girl,  ashamed  of  her  condition. 

One  of  the  San  Carlos  men  informed  the  writer  that  the  newborn 
infant  who  "has  no  father  "  (meaning  a  half  breed)  is  sometimes  thrown 
into  brush  and  abandoned.  One  specific  case  was  mentioned.  Among 
the  Mescaleros,  according  to  one  of  the  tribe,  if  a  monstrous  child  is 
born — a  very  rare  occurrence — it  is  killed.  Half-bloods  also  in  most 
instances  are  not  allowed  to  live,  being  destroyed  either  by  induced 
abortion,  or  by  choking  immediately  after  birth.  The  latter  act  is 
very  infrequent  and  is  effected  by  the  grandmother  or  some  relative, 
not  the  mother. 

Among  the  Pima,  according  to  Chief  Antonio's  sister,  infanticide  is 
rare.  Quite  recently  one  of  the  educated  girls  became  pregnant  by  a 
white  man.  As  the  gestation  advanced  to  near  the  end,  she  was 
observed  to  have  a  rope  hanging  from  the  roof,  upon  which  she  pulled 
herself  up  and  then  dropped  down.  On  another  occasion  she  was  seen 
to  run  wildly  against  the  door  and  strike  it  with  her  abdomen.  Finally 
a  live  child  was  born,  but  it  died  the  same  night.  The  cause  of  death 
was  not  learned.  In  another  case,  about  1860,  a  young  mother 
killed  a  cliild  4  or  5  months  old.  She  was  '^a  bad  woman  who  ran 
much  with  white  men"  and  eventually  contracted  syphilis  and  died. 
She  was  seen  to  take  her  child  with  her  on  the  road  and  while  walking 
far  from  the  village  tlu"ow  it  up  into  the  air  and  catch  it.  This  she 
repeated  several  times  until  once  she  did  not  extend  her  arms  and  the 
child  fell  to  the  ground.  It  became  unconscious  and  she  went  to  the 
graveyard  near  by  where  she  wanted  to  bury  it.  Just  then  it  began 
to  cry  again  whereupon  she  killed  it,  probably  by  choking. 

At  Zuiii  five  specific  instances  were  heard  of  in  each  of  which  a 
newborn  infant  came  to  death  through  its  mother.  In  two  of  these 
cases  the  children,  born  out  of  wedlock,  were  supposed  to  have 
been  killed  purposely  very  soon  after  birth.  In  tlu-ee  other  instances, 
which  may  not  have  been  intentional,  the  babies  were  suffocated  by 
their  mothers  rolling  upon  them  at  night. 

Crime 

The  most  frequent  and  most  serious  transgressions  among  the 
Indians  here  dealt  with,  at  the  present  time,  are  deeds  of  violence  due 
to  intoxication.  In  their  normal  state  the  Indians  will  deceive  and 
some  will  steal,  and  these  lapses  embrace  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
their  criminality.  Juvenile  offenders  of  serious  grade  are  rare,  and  the 
same  is  true  of  female  adults,  even  if  those  spoken  of  in  the  preceding 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


167 


chapter  are  included.  The  motives  of  love,  wliich  among  the  wliites 
are  responsible  for  many  serious  transgressions,  exist,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  jealousy,  in  less  force  and  to  less  extent  among  the  Indians,  par- 
ticularly among  the  unmarried.  The  fewer  wants  of  the  Indian,  and 
the  absence  of  the  habit  of  hoarding  property,  general  among  most 
of  those  of  the  Southwest  and  of  northern  Mexico,  mean  the  lack  of 
the  principal  incentives  to  theft  and  robbery.  Neither  is  revenge, 
except  temporarily,  a  very  strong  motive.  It  used  to  be  considered 
obligatory  among  some  tribes,  including  the  Apache,  to  avenge  the 
murder  of  one  or  more  of  their  number  by  killing  some  of  the  enemy, 
but  there  is  no  evidence  that  beside  this  custom  of  war  there  existed 
within  any  tribe  itself  anything  hke  blood  vendetta.  Among  the 
predisposing  causes  to  violence  the  first  place  belongs  to  jealousy, 
especially  sexual,  and  the  second  to  the  sentiment  of  real  or  supposed 
wrongs.  If  such  feelings  are  present  and  emphasized  by  liquor,  they 
may  result  in  a  fight  or  murder. 

According  to  the  criminal  statistics  of  the  Eleventh  United  States 
Census,  1890  (Report  on  Indians,  96-97),  out  of  about  130,000  Indians, 
there  were  confined  in  various  prisons  on  June  1  of  the  census  year,  322 
prisoners — 307  males  and  15  females.  Of  these,  166  were  single,  138 
married,  and  only  4  were  less  than  15  years  of  age.  The  table  of  the 
offenses  was  as  follows: 


Crimes. 


Females. 


Offenses  against  the  revenue  law 

Oflenses  against  military  law 

Perjury 

Adultery 

Fornication 

Violation  of  liquor  law 

Public  intoxication 

All  other  offenses  against  pubUc  morals. 

Disorderly  conduct 

All  other  oflenses  against  public  peace. . 

Vagrancy 

All  other  offenses  against  public  policy. . 

Homicides 

Rape 

Abduction 

Assaults 

Burglary 

Robbery 

Plain  larceny 

Grand  larceny 

Petit  larceny 

Larceny  of  horses 

Not  specified 


■Total 

Grand  total. 


306 
322 


1G8 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Of  the  above,  homicides  and  assaults  comprise  112  cases  (36  per 
cent),  offenses  against  property  88  cases  (29  per  cent),  sexual  offenses 
12  cases  (4  per  cent).  The  only  category  where  the  relative  propor- 
tion of  female  offenders  is  large  is  that  of  intoxication. 

The  information  gathered  more  directly  by  the  author  was  as  fol- 
lows: Among  the  Southern  Ute  miu'ders  occur,  though  rarely;  the 
remaining  offenses  comprise  neglect  of  family,  gambling,  drinking, 
petty  thefts,  and  sexual  transgressions,  also  violations  of  the  game 
laws. 

Among  the  Apache  the  principal  offenses  are  wounding  and 
killing.  The  following  data  from  the  ' 'Judges'  book"  at  San  Carlos 
reservation,  cursed  by  the  drug-tesvino  habit,  show  the  transgressions 
among  that  branch  of  Apache : 

Offenses  among  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  as  recorded  in  the  Judges'  book,  during  several 

years 


Killing  horse. 

Fighting  (several). 

Disorderly  conduct  (2  individuals). 

Fighting,  and  drinking  tesvino  (3  indi- 
viduals). 

Cutting  a  man  with  a  knife. 

Carrying  away  a  girl  (after  drinking). 

Drunkenness  (many). 

Running  away  with  a  woman. 

Carrying  away  a  married  woman. 

Drinking  tesvino  (many). 

Resisting  a  policeman. 

Making  tesvino  (many). 

Resisting  a  policeman  and  striking  him 
with  a  stone. 

Drunkenness  and  cutting  her  husband 
with  a  knife. 

Beating  wives  (5  individuals). 


Stealing  a  pony. 

Adultery  (2  individuals). 

Bringing  whisky  on_to  reservation. 

Branding  pony  that  did  not  belong  to  him. 

Shooting  a  man  (drunk). 

Shooting  in  camp. 

Striking  sister. 

Rape. 

Murder  (2). 

Getting  over  the  wall  of  a  guardhouse. 

Woman  stealing  moccasins. 

Desertion  of  husband  without  reason. 

Desertion  of  wife  and  running  away  with 
a  school  girl. 

Policeman  shooting  his  prisoner  for  beat- 
ing the  policeman's  uncle. 

Wife  beating  and  attempting  to  kill  a 
Navaho  (drunk). 


The  causes  of  divorces  among  the  San  Carlos  people  were  recorded 
in  12  consecutive  cases  as  follows: 


1.  Incompatibility;  both  desired  to  sep- 

arate. 

2.  Cruelty   and   nonsupport    (on  man's 

part). 

3.  Desertion  (on  man's  part). 

4.  Desertion  (on  man's  part). 

5.  Desertion  (on  man's  part). 


6.  Desertion  (on  man's  part). 

7.  Beating  wife. 

8.  Desertion  (on  man's  part). 

9.  Man  unfaithful. 

10.  Cruelty  (on  man's  part). 

11.  Cruelty  (on  man's  part). 

12.  Cruelty  and  desertion  (on  man's  part). 

In  1^88,  during  a  tesvino  brawl  among  the  Mescaleros,  two  men,  two 
women,  and  a  child  were  shot."  Since  1897,  when  the  manufacture 
of  native  intoxicants  was  stopped  among  this  tribe,  transgressions 

a  W.  McM.  Liittrnll,  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 289, 1900;  see  also  Report  on  Indians, 
Eleventh  Census,  1890,  Wl. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  169 

against  the  law  have  been  very  rare;  in  1903,  however,  a  man  and 
his  wife  were  shot  from  ambush,  probably  because  they,  were 
suspected  of  witchcraft. 

During  the  writer's  visit  at  the  White  Mountain  agency  in  1890,  a 
report  came  in  of  the  wounding  of  two  men  in  a  drunken  fight;  and 
in  this  locality  similar  data  could  be  multiplied. 

The  men  among  all  the  Apache  are  very  jealous  of  their  wives, 
looking  upon  them  as  their  property,  and  it  is  not  rare,  even  to-day, 
for  a  jealous  husband  to  maltreat  his  wife,  beating  her  or  even  cutting 
her  with  a  kiiife.  Formerly  the  husband  (or  the  women  relatives) 
used  to  cut  off  the  unfaithful  woman's  nose,  or  to  inflict  more 
serious  injury  causing  even  death.  Several  old  women  each  with  but 
a  stump  of  a  nose  may  be  seen  at  the  San  Carlos  reservation  to  this 
day.  An  old  man  at  White  Mountain  about  seven  years  ago,  in  a 
fit  of  jealous  rage,  gouged  out  with  his  finger  one  of  his  young  wife's 
eyes. 

Among  the  Navaho  crimes  are  rare,  consisting  of  theft,  desertion, 
and  murder.  In  1898  while  the  writer  carried  on  investigations 
among  this  tribe,  some  Navaho  robbed  one  of  their  chiefs,  Vicente; 
such  an  occurrence,  however,  from  all  accounts,  is  very  rare.  The 
Navaho  steal  stock  from  the  Hopi,  and  on  the  border  commit  occa- 
sionally petty  thefts  from  the  whites;  but  the  majority  of  the  tribe 
are  honest,  as  are  most  other  Indians  who  have  not  suffered  degrada- 
tion. A  murder  in  the  tribe  occasionally  takes  place,  followed  by  the 
suicide  of  the  murderer.  Before  a  married  man  kills  himself  ''  he  also 
wants  to  kill  his  wife  or  wives  and  children."  A  prospector  on  the 
reservation  would  run  a  serious  risk  of  being  killed;  otherwise  whites 
are  never  terrorized,  and  there  is  no  instance  on  record  in  which  a 
scientific  explorer  has  been  in  any  way  molested.  A  medicine-man 
who  fell  into  disfavor  was  shot  in  1900.  A  few  cases  of  rape  were 
heard  of. 

Among  the  Zuni,  the  writer  was  told  by  the  whites  who  live  with 
and  near  the  tribe,  of  the  killing  by  these  people  of  two  Mexicans. 
He  also  heard  of  the  previously  reported  "  torturing  and  executing  of 
supposed  witches.  According  to  the  informants,  when  an  epidemic 
or  persistent  ill  fortune  visits  the  tribe,  and  even  in  individual  cases, 
a  suspicion  arises  that  the  affliction  is  due  to  witchcraft.  A  search 
is  then  made  for  the  offender  and  the  blame  may  fall  upon  some  old, 
friendless  man  or  woman  or  even  upon  a  young  person,  who  is  pressed 
to  confess  the  witchcraft.  If  he  does  so,  it  is  said  that  he  is  simply 
exiled.  Several  such  exiled  Zuni  live  at  the  present  time  at  Laguna 
and  Isleta.  If  the  individual  does  not  confess,  he  is  severely  tortured 
and  maltreated,  and  may  be  hanged  or  otherwise  killed. 

a  See  Julian  Seott,  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  445,  and  especially  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson's 
The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 


170  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

The  Pima  are  very  orderly,  and  instances  of  violence  and  even  of 
theft  are  rare.  According  to  their  Sacaton  chief,  the  people  in  the 
past  believed  firmly  in  witchcraft,, a  belief  which  led  at  times  to  the 
commission  of  murder.  Medicine-men  who  were  supposed  to  have  lost 
their  powers  of  healing  or  to  have  turned  witches  were  executed. « 

The  Tarahumare  poison  one  another,  though  rarely,  by  adminis'- 
tering  a  certain  poisonous  spider  (uvar)  crushed  in  tesvino.  One 
of  these  spiders  is  said  to  be  enough  to  kill  a  man.  The  campa- 
mala,  an  insect,  may  also  be  used  for  this  purpose,  but  seems  to  be 
of  doubtful  efficacy.  Sexual  morals  within  the  tribe  are  quite 
loose,  notwithstanding  which  jealousy  is  violent  and  occasionally 
leads  the  husband  to  kill  his  wife.  Such  murder  occurs  usually  when 
the  man  is  intoxicated.  Two  homicides  of  this  nature  took  place 
within  the  knowledge  of  the  Tarahumare  gobernador  at  Guajochic 
during  the  first  five  months  of  1898. 

The  Huichol  fight  among  themselves  when  drunk,  but  very  rarely 
kill  one  another.  Within  recent  years  they  have  killed  a  Mexi- 
can, on  the  road  to  Santa  Catarina.  An  individual  of  the  tribe  who 
becomes  much  disliked  may  be  hanged  or  otherwise  killed  by  the  people. 
According  to  the  nearest  Mexican  civil  authorities,^  the  Huichol  are 
prosecuted  for  robbery,  of  which  they  are  occasionally  accused  by 
some  white  settler.  Among  themselves  thefts  occur  also.  If  the 
thief  is  apprehended  he  is  permitted  to  make  restitution  or  to  pay  the 
value  of  the  stolen  property.  The  Huichol  are  also  prosecuted  when 
it  becomes  known  that  they  (authorities  and  population  united) 
have  burned  or  hanged  or  thrown  from  a  cliff  one  of  their  tribe 
guilty  of  acts  that  are  looked  on  in  the  tribe  as  sacrilegious  or  as 
witchcraft.  Ordinary  homicide  is  rare,  for  when  the  Huichol  fight  first 
of  all  they  divest  themselves  of  their  arms  (machete,  bow,  and  arrows) 
and  then  only  buffet  one  another  and  pull  one  another's  hair.  Sexual 
crimes  have  not  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Mexican 
authorities,  but  these  occur  in  the  tribe. 

Among  the  Cora,  according  to  the  local  judge,  crimes  of  violence 
are  of  first  importance.  There  are  also  some  thieving  and  rarely  sex- 
ual crimes. 

The  most  frequent  transgressions  among  the  Otomi  (Tula  district, 
Hidalgo)  are  homicide  and  assaults  and  stealing  cattle.'^  Their 
violence  is  generally  committed  in  drunkenness  and  often  for  trivial 
reasons.  They  fight  with  stones  and  also  with  knives.  When 
arrested  they  generally  acknowledge  their  crime,  with  all  its  details, 
and    receive  the    sentence,  even    if    it  is  capital    punishment,  with 

a  See  Medicine-men,  p.  224. 

ftScnor  D.  Pablo  Genaro  Santibanez,  in  Mezquitic,  Jalisco. 

cFor  much    of  the  information  regiirding  this   subject  among  the  Otonii,  the  author  is  indebted 
to  Seiior  Licenciado  Ysaac  Rivera,  judge  of  Tula. 


HEULicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  171 

indifference.  In  the  Ixmiquilpan  district  the  proportion  of  homi- 
cides among  the  Otomi  is  even  greater  than  among  those  of  the  Tula 
district." 

Suicide 

Suicides  occur  among  most  of  the  tribes  visited,  but  on  the  whole 
they  are  rare,  especially  among  the  women. 

No  instance  of  death  by  suicide  was  learned  of  among  the  South- 
ern Ute.^ 

Among  the  White  Mountain  Apache  one  or  more  cases  of  self- 
destruction  occur  every  year.  The  means  vary.  Some  individuals 
accomplish  their  purpose  by  means  of  a  knife,  others  with  a  rope,  gun, 
or  poison,  and  some  jump  from  a  cliff.  The  main  cause  of  .self- 
destruction  is  despondency,  or,  as  the  Apache  expressed  it,  "his 
people  would  not  give  him  anything  in  his  need;"  "all  her  relatives 
dying,  she  would  die  also,"  etc.  A  man  may  kill  himself  when  his 
wife  dies,  or  a  wife  may  take  her  own  life  when  her  children  die, 
and  sometimes  suicide  occurs  during  intoxication. 

On  the  San  Carlos  reservation  suicide  is  rare.  Only  two  definite 
instances  could  be  learned  of  by  the  writer.  In  one  three  men  prison- 
ers who  were  to  be  hanged  the  next  day  strangled  themselves  in  the 
prison  by  tying  cords  about  tjieir  necks,  while  the  second  case,  which 
occurred  about  ten  years  ago,  was  that  of  an  old  woman  who  had  an 
altercation  with  her  daughter  and  in  the  following  night  strangled 
herself  with  a  rope. 

Among  the  Jicarillas  suicide  is  infrequent.  A  man  shot  himself 
after  having  accidentally  inflicted  a  wound  from  which  he  was  threat- 
ened with  slowly  bleeding  to  death. 

Among  the  Navaho  rare  instances  of  suicide  occur  from  destitu- 
tion, despondency,  or  drink. 

Among  the  Papago  suicide  is  seldom  heard  of.  The  means  are 
stabbing,  shooting,  and  hanging. 

Among  the  Pima  suicide  is  rare.  During  his  life  Chief  Antonio  saw 
three  such  instances  himself  and  heard  of  several  others.  All  of 
these  were  men,  aiid  all  shot  themselves. 

No  recent  case  could  be  learned  of  among  either  the  Mohave,  Yuma, 
or  Zuiii. 

Among  the  Tarahumare  occasionally  a  despondent  individual  ends 
his  life  by  hanging. 

«In  many  of  the  less  civilized  tribes  there  are  other  forms  of  native  punishment  for  crime  besides 
that  of  death,  which  seem  to  be  reserved  only  for  those  believed  guilty  of  veitchcraft.  The  most 
common  punishment  (Yuma,  Tepehuane,  Tepecano,  Huichol,  etc.)  is  castigation;  another  is 
incarceration  with,  or  more  often  without,  food  and  drink.  Among  the  Huichol,  in  addition  to  all 
the  above  punishments,  is  found  that  of  confining  one  foot  of  the  criminal  in  a  heavy  perforated  plank 
or  log.    The  punishment  is  apparently  meted  out  to  both  sexes  alike. 

fc  On  June  30, 1904,  the  agent  of  the  tribe  reports  "  one  suicide  .  .  .  the  first  one  known  among  the 
Southern  Utes."    Report  of  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  1904,  174. 


172  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  Ibull.34 

Among  the  Huichol  suicide,  though  infrequent,  occurs  in  botli 
sexes.  The  cause  is  mostly  jealousy,  destitution,  or  domestic 
troubles.     The  usual  method  is  by  hanging. 

Among  the  Otomi,  Mazahua,  and  Aztec  suicides  are  infrequent. 
The  most  comnlon  means  is  hanging. 

In  no  instance  has  the  writer  heard  of  a  suicide  by  drowning. 

XL  MEDICAL  OBSERVATIONS 
Pathogeny 

Numerous  agencies  capable  of  affecting  the  Indian's  health  have 
already  been  mentioned  in  other  connections. 

Irritations  of  many  kinds  and  an  occasional  graver  disorder  are 
caused  by  parasites  and  insects.  The  most  troublesome  of  these 
pests,  besides  the  ubiquitous  mosquito,  are  various  minute  insects 
fomid  in  the  warmer  and  wetter  parts  of  Mexico  that  burrow  into 
or  under  the  skin.  A  large  number  of  a  species  of  mites  are  apt  to 
cause  fever,  and  individuals  of  another  variety,  which  have  a  partial- 
ity for  the  toes,  cause  local  suppuration  which,  if  neglected,  results 
occasionally  in  the  loss  of  a  toe.  Fortunately  the  areas  of  distri- 
bution of  these  insects  are  restricted.  They  cause  much  suffering 
among  the  Huastec,  east  of  the  Otpmi  (Hidalgo)  region.  The  bites 
of  certain  Mexican  ants  are  very  painful.  Bites  or  stings  of  spiders, 
centipeds,  scorpions,  snakes,  particularly  the  rattlesnake,  and  the  bite 
of  the  Gila  monster,  which  is  of  rare  occurrence,  are  additional  causes 
of  painful  and  sometimes  dangerous  conditions.  Scorpions,  scarce 
in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  abound  in  southern  Sonora,  Sinaloa, 
Durango,  Jalisco,  and  Tepic,  and  stings  by  them  are  quite  common. 
They  are  occasionally  fatal  to  children  and  may  cause  death  in 
debilitated  adults.*^  Venomous  snakes  are  numerous  only  in  certain 
localities  and  are  more  common  in  the  wet  than  in  the  dry  season. 
Bites  by  snakes  other  than  the  rattlesnake  were  not  heard  of,  but 
those  inflicted  by  the  latter  are  not  rare.  The  writer  saw  two  Indians, 
one  a  child  and  the  other  an  adult,  recently  bitten  by  rattlesnakes. 
Both  of  these  recovered.  He  also  heard  of  a  number  of  similar  cases 
among  the  Indians  as  well  as  among  mixed-bloods  and  whites,  but  in 
none  of  these  instances  did  the  bite  prove  fatal.  Recovery  is  usu- 
ally attributed  to  the  administration  of  '^ medicine"  or  employment 
of  other  means,  to  be  described  later,  but  more  probably  it  depends 

oThe  scorpion  sting,  which  the  writer  once  experienced  himself,  produces  locally  an  immediate  and 
intense  burning,  then  a  moderate  and  slowly  extending  swelling  and  tumefaction,  with  numbnest  and 
a  high  degree  of  hyperesthesia  of  the  parts  near  the  wound.  In  the  writer's  case  the  numl)ness  lasted 
several  days  and  slight  local  dysesthesia  was  leit  mucn  longer.  Systemic  symptoms  in  ordinary  cases 
may  be  wanting,  or  there  may  develop  a  feeling  of  constriction  in  the  throat,  accompanied  with  diffi- 
culty in  breathing  and  an  unpleasant  sensation  in  the  head.  The  initial  symptoms  are  nearly  the 
same  in  all,  but  the  graver  ones  diKer  witli  individuals.  The  worst  effects  are  said  generally  to  follow 
the  sting  of  the  small  white  or  reddish  scorpion.    A  large  black  variety  is  feared  but  little. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIONS  173 

on  the  nature,  quantity,  and  place  of  introduction  of  the  poison. 
Bites  of  the  Gila  monster,  tarantula,  and  centiped,  although  much 
spoken  of,  are  very  rare  and  are  probably  never  fatal.  Intestinal 
parasites  are  heard  of  but  seldom. 

■  The  harmful  plants  of  the  region  covered  include,  besides  such 
vegetable  poisons  as  aconite,  datura,  etc.,  and  poisonous  fungi,  species 
that  act  only  on  some  whites,  as  well  as  on  some  Indians,  in  a  manner 
similar  to  poison  ivy  or  sumac;  and  there  are  also  plants  that  act, 
only  on  a  somewhat  prolonged  contact  with  the  skin,  like  canthari- 
des  (vesicants).  Of  these  plants  the  only  ones  that  were  occa- 
sionally heard  of  as  having  caused  harm  to  anyone,  without  being 
administered  as  medicine  or  poison,  were  those  that  act  by  contact, 
principally  species  of  Rhus.  The  Indians  are  sufficiently  acquainted 
with  the  qualities  of  many  of  the  harmful  plants  to  avoid  them. 
Tobacco  is  cultivated  by  some  of  the  Mexican  tribes  (e.  g.,  the  Tara- 
humare)  and  grows  wild  elsewhere  (e.  g.,  in  the  Otoisa  region, 
Hidalgo) ,  it  is  smoked  by  the  men  in  all  the  tribes,  but  n<5Where  to 
excess.  The  preferred  way  of  using  it  is  in  the  form  of  cigarettes, 
made  usually  of  a  little  tobacco  and  much  corn  husk.  It  is  probably 
never  the  cause  of  any  sickness.  A  species  of  datura  is  occasionally 
added  to  tesvino  by  the  White  Mountain  Apache,  and  in  another 
form  is  said  to  be  used  by  the  Walapai  and  the  Zuni.  Peyote  is 
taken  among  most  of  the  Mexican  tribes,  above  all  by  the  Huichol, 
and  also  to  a  slight  extent  by  the  Papago  and  Pima.  Nothing 
apparently  is  known  by  the  Indians  visited  of  the  use  of  any  other 
narcotic  plants. 

The  dry  season  throughout  is,  naturally,  the  more  healthful  one. 
The  diseases  that  develop  during  this  season  comprise  milder  forms 
of  malaria,  or  calentura,  numerous  cases  of  ophthalmia  induced  mainly 
by  flying  sand,  and  in  the  colder  localities  a  moderate  number  of 
affections  of  the  bronchial  system,  lungs,  and  pleura.  During  the  wet 
season  malarial  disorders  become  prevalent  and  more  dangerous. 
Their  frequency  and  gravity  increase  from  the  north  southward ;  they 
are  particularly  serious  along  the  lower  stretches  of  the  Pacific  coast. 
Epidemics  are  more  common  and  fatal  during  the  rainy  season,  and 
the  same  is  true  of  arthritic  troubles  and  of  gastro-intestinal  disorders 
in  adults  and  particularly  in  infants.  On  the  whole,  the  rainy  season 
is  the  period  of  danger  to  health  and  one  of  increased  mortality. 

Irregular  meals,  imperfect  preparation  of  food,  and  the  nature  of 
some  of  it,  as  the  apparently  much  relished  unripe  fruit,  give  rise  to 
frequent  gastro-intestinal  disturbances. 

Excesses  in  food  and  especially  in  drink,  where  they  occur,  are 
quite  as  prolific  sources  of  digestive  disorders  as  they  are  in  whites, 
but  serious  consequences  of  either  are  met  with  but  seldom.  The 
Indian  drinks  readily  to  excess  on  all  favorable  occasions,  and  yet 


174  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

there  were  seen,  especially  among  the  Arizona  and  New  Mexican 
tribes,  no  such  slaves  to  drink,  such  constant  and  craving  topers, 
as  occur  among  the  whites.  The  conditions  are  worse  in  this  respect 
among  the  Aztec,  Otomi,  and  Tarasco,  and  it  is  there  only  that  one 
meets  with  the  alcoholic  tremor,  the  mental  obtuseness  of  the 
drunkard,  and  inherited  nervous  affections,  due  to  alcoholism,  in 
the  progeny. 

Want  of  proper  clothing,  bed  covering,  and  shoes  in  the  women 
results  undoubtedly  in  some  physical  discomfort,  but  on  the  whole 
does  not  seem  to  have  the  effect  it  might  have  on  people  accustomed 
to  other  conditions.  The  women  go  barefooted  in  any  kind  of  weather. 
They  were  seen  by  the  writer  to  wade  thus  in  snow  slush.  They  pay 
very  little  attention  to  wet  and  cold  weather,  and  the  children  expose 
themselves  to  rain  with  much  pleasure.  Catarrhs  sometimes  follow, 
and  the  exposure  is  probably  not  always  without  ill  effect  on  the 
female  pelvic  organs,  yet  really  serious  consequences  seem  to  be  rare. 
In  several  instances  in  the  schools  it  appeared  that  the  reverse 
condition,  namely,  a  more  abundant  clothing  than  usual,  had  a  bad 
effect  on  the  health  of  the  children. 

As  to  occupation,  there  is  none  among  the  male  or  the  female 
Indians  that  leads  to  either  disease  or  deformity.  The  carrying  of 
water  jars  on  the  head  by  the  girls  tends  to  make  their  bodies  straight 
and  symmetrical.'^     It  has  no  effect  at  all  on  the  form  of  the  skull. 

Contact  with  whites,  besides  leading  to  drunkenness,  is  responsi- 
ble for  the  introduction  of  venereal  diseases,  and  where  this  contact 
is  greatest,  as  in  some  parts  of  northern  Mexico,  it  is  chargeable  with 
the  spread  of  contagions.  The  lack  of  hygienic  precautions  is  largely 
responsible  for  the  spreading  and  sad  effects  of  numerous  diseases 
among  the  tribes.  Among  the  most  striking  examples  of  this  is  the 
prevalence  of  ophthalmia  and  consequent  blindness,  and  the  spread  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis.  An  irritation  of  the  eyes  results  from  the 
sand  that  is  blown  about  during  the  dry  season  almost  daily  in  some 
localities,  or  from  the  smoke  within  the  dwelling,  or  from  an  infec- 
tion. In  some  individuals  recourse  is  had  to  remedies,  but  more 
usually  the  eyes  are  simply  cleansed  and  rubbed  with  a  piece  of  any 
convenient  old  rag,  and  the  people  continue  to  follow  their  usual 
vocations.  The  writer  saw  a  middle-aged  woman  more  than  half 
blind  through  ophthalmia  trying  to  cook  for  the  family  and  to  work 
at  the  same  time  in  the  smoky  khuva  on  a  basket,  the  price  of 

a  Little  girls,  naturally  very  playful,  are  early  employed  in  helping  in  the  household,  particularly 
with  the  younger  children,  which  they  often  carry  on  their  backs.  Owens  (Natal  Ceremonies  of  the 
Hopi  Indians,  Jour.  Amcr.  Mhnol.  and  Archxol..  1892,  II,  164),  speaking  of  the  Hopi,  thought  this 
too  severe  a  strain,  tending  to  produce  the  numerous  bowlegs  he  saw  among  the  women.  But  this 
is  an  error.  The  writer  measured  and  examined  more  than  50  adult  women  of  the  tribe  (one  of  the 
measurements  taken  being  the  maximum  circumference  of  the  leg,  when  generally  the  whole  limb  up 
to  the  knee  was  exposed),  and  also  numerous  girls,  and  did  not  observe  a  single  instance  of  bowleg- 
gedness.  He  observed  no  case  of  stooping  shoulders,  or  other  acquired  deformity,  and  did  not  see  a 
tibia  or  a  femur  with  abnormal  curvature  among  either  the  Ilopi  or  other  Pueblos. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  175 

which  was  to  bring  needed  provisions.  No  precaution  is  taken  against 
communication  of  the  trouble  to  others  in  the  dwelling.  Unless  a 
white  physician  interferes,  such  cases  are  generally  allowed  to  run  their 
course,  the  end  being  often  total  blindness.  The  percentage  of 
blind  in  some  of  the  tribes  is  appalling.  As  to  pulmonary  tubercu- 
losis, a  patient  with  the  disease  lies  in  the  hut  which  is  common  to 
the  family,  and  often  in  immediate  proximity  to  other  members. 
Next  to  him  is  usually  placed  a  piece  of  a  broken  vessel,  into  which 
he  expectorates,  but  often  he  expectorates  simply  into  the  ashes  on 
the  floor  of  the  dwelling  or  out  of  the  door.  In  eating  and  drinking 
he  uses  the  same  utensils  as  the  other  members  of  the  family,  and 
his  food  is  the  same.  The  family  feels  the  gravity  of  the  disease, 
but  it  is  usually  in  absolute  ignorance  as  to  its  nature  and  the 
danger  of  contagion. 

In  general,  ignorance  among  the  Indians,  as  elsewhere,  must  be 
regarded  as  the  most  potent  pathogenic  agency. 

Diseases   among  the   Indians   of   the   Southwest   and  of 
Northern  Mexico 

The  subject  of  diseases  among  the  Indians  was  approached  through 
direct  observation  and  inquiries  and,  near  the  conclusion  of  these, 
through  an  official  circular  requesting  information  on  a  number  of 
important  pathological  conditions  from  all  the  physicians  of  the  United 
States  Indian  service. 

Direct  investigation  into  disease  among  the  Indians  met  with  numer- 
ous difficulties  not  ordinarily  encountered  elsewhere.  There  is  much 
distrust  of  the  white  man  and  shyness,  especially  on  the  part  of  the 
women,  in  his  presence.  Other  impediments  are  the  antagonism  of 
the  Indian  medicine-men;  the  scattered  condition  of  the  people;  the 
limited  time  for  observation;  and  the  difficulties  of  language  and  of 
obtaining  accurate  descriptions  of  symptoms.  Besides  it  is  very  o/ten 
impracticable  to  make  the  chemical  tests  and  microscopical  examina- 
tions essential  to  the  proper  recognition  of  numerous  morbid  condi- 
tions. These  limitations  prevented  more  or  less  effectually  in  the 
different  tribes  many  desirable  and  detailed  observations.  Yet  in 
numerous  instances  at  least  some  of  the  distrust  was  overcome,  and 
the  writer  visited  the  sick  in  their  houses  and  had  others  come  for 
medicine.  Other  sources  of  information  were  individuals  who  con- 
sented to  be  measured  and  the  chiefs,  resident  physicians,  or  other 
authorities,  from  whom  much  was  learned  in  response  to  interroga- 
tions. The  records  concerning  the  various  tribes,  though  made  in  the 
main  without  preconceived  opinions,  and  some  of  them  gathered  several 
years  apart,  show  not  a  little  uniformity.  There  are  also  special  fea- 
tures with  certain  of  the  peoples,  and  these  are  likely  to  be  increased 
in  number  and  accentuated  with  the  increase  of  knowledge.     It  is 


176 


BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


hoped  that  the  deficiencies  in.  these  records  will  stimulate  further 
scientific  inquir^^  into  the  subject  wherever  opportunity  offers. 

The  Southern  Ute  are  subject  to  various  digestive  and  pulmonary 
disorders,  including  consumption.  Insanity  is  very  rare,  and  no  one 
could  tell  of  having  seen  a  case  of  epilepsy  in  the  tribe.  Convulsions 
in  children  occur.  There  are  but  few  cripples,  and  in  every  case 
seen  the  deformity  was  due  to  some  accident.  Man}^  children  die 
from  ''colds"  and  intestinal  diseases.  The  cases  that  came  under 
the  writer's  observation  consisted  mainly  of  more  or  less  chronic  dis- 
orders of  the  digestive  organs ;  there  were  also  several  cases  of  cough, 
one  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  two  of  enlarged  prostate,  several 
instances  of  sore  eyes,  and  a  fracture  of  both  bones  of  the  forearm. 
Syphilis  and  gonorrhea  exist,  but  it  was  not  possible  to  ascertain  to 
what  extent.  There  was  no  trace  of  rachitis  of  of  any  pathological 
cranial  deformation. 

Among  the  Apache  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  the  disease  that  is 
assuming  the  greatest  importance  is  pulmonary  consumption.  There 
is  scarcely  another  tribe  in  the  Southwest  or  in  northern  Mexico  in  which 
tuberculosis  is  so  prevalent.  On  the  San  Carlos  reservation,  among 
a  population  of  a  little  more  than  3,000,  there  occurred  from  1901  to 
1903,  according  to  Dr.  R.  H.  Ross's  report  to  the  Indian  Bureau,  255 
deaths,  of  which  95,  or  over  36  per  cent,  were  due  to  different  forms 
of  tuberci^osis.  The  writer  found  tuberculous  glands  or  recent  scars 
due  to  them  in  more  than  6  per  cent  of  the  school  children  at  San 
Carlos. 

Among  the  Mescaleros  the  conditions  are  even  worse.  The  deaths 
and  causes  of  death  among  this  people,  who  number  about  450  indi- 
viduals, during  the  five  years  ending  July,  1903,  were,  according  to 
Dr.  W.  Harrison's  report  to  the  Indian  Bureau,  as  follows: 

SCHOOL  CHILDREN 


Year. 

Tuber- 
culosis. 

Pneu- 
monia. 

Gastritis. 

Other 

causes. 

1898-99 

2 

2 

1899-1900 

1 

1900-1901 

2 
0  12 

1901-2 

2 

1902-3 

OTHERS  OF  ALL  AGES 


1898-99 

4 
6 
4 
2 
6 

3 

3 

1899-1900 

3 

1900-1901 

1 
1 

2 

5 

1901-2 

1 

2 

1 

1902-3 

2 

a  All  boys. 


HBDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  177 

During  the  writer's  stay  with  this  tribe  in  the  early  part  of  1905 
several  of  the  school  children  suffered  with  various  forms  of  tuber- 
culosis, two  dying  of  tubercular  meningitis. 

On  the  White  Mountain  (Arizona)  reservation  cases  of  tuberculosis 
are  less  common,  but  are  more  frequent  again  among  the  Jicarillas  (see 
the  statistical  portion  of  this  chapter). 

Both  epilepsy  and  insanity  are  occasionally  encountered  among  the 
Apache.  The  writer's  Apache  interpreter  at  White  Mountain  (Ari- 
zona), about  35  years  old,  had  laiown  personally  five  epileptics — three 
young  men  and  two  young  women.  Dr.  S.  D.  Bell,  in  1900  the  White 
Mountain  (Fort  Apache)  agency  physician,  during  the  time  of  his  stay 
on  the  reservation,  saw  two  cases  of  epilepsy,  both  in  young  men, 
and  three  of  insanity — one  in  an  old  man,  one  in  a  middle-aged  man, 
and  one  in  a  schoolboy;  information  was  also  obtained  of  one  middle- 
aged  man  and  one  child  imbecile.  Insanity  in  the  female  sex  was 
said  to  be  very  rare,  as  among  other  tribes  in  the  Southwest  and 
northern  Mexico. 

One  of  the  writer's  White  Mountain  Apache  guides  had  a  boy  who, 
from  nervousness,  could  not  eat  the  red-fleshed  pitahay a;  "it  looked 
to  him  too  much  like  blood." 

It  was  denied  that  the  tulipi  causes  any  sickness,  although  an  excess 
of  it  induces  vomiting.  The  after  effects  are  weakness  and  headache, 
but  these  seldom  last  more  than  half  a  day;  there  is  no  loss  of  appetite, 
rather  the  reverse.  In  nursing  women  there  seems  to  be  no  great 
effect  on  the  quantity  of  the  milk,  but  the  writer  has  seen  nursing 
infants  who  were  made  more  or  less  sick  by  such  milk. 

On  the  San  Carlos  agency  there  were,  in  the  early  part  of  1905,  two 
old  men  partially  insane.  One  of  these  was  entirely  harmless,  and  was 
said  to  have  "pretty  good  sense,"  but  would  often  walk  about  singing 
aloud  and  acting  queerly.  He  was  laughed  at  by  the  others,  and 
took  this  ridicule  good  naturedly.  The  other  man  was  also  quite 
harmless,  but  was  said  to  have  a  tendency  to  steal  and  also  delu- 
sions. The  writer  observed  both  cases  and  diagnosed  them  as  Hght 
forms  of  dementia. 

A  San  Carlos  man  was  seen  who  had  paresis  of  both  legs.  He  could 
extend  and  contract  his  limbs,  but  could  not  stand  up.  He  had  fallen 
from  a  horse  a  number  of  times,  but  did  not  connect  any  of  these 
accidents  with  his  ailment,  which  began  very  gradually  about  seven 
years  ago.  The  condition  of  the  patient  at  the  present  time  is  about 
stationary. 

As  to  nervous  affections  in  children,  there  were  in  January,  1905,  at 
the  San  Carlos  school,  four  of  the  larger  girls  who  suffered  from 
nervous  spells  which,  from  the  description  given,  were  hysteria.  The 
attacks,  according  to  the  matron,  were  in  all  quite  alike  in  the  main 
particulars.     They  began  with  crying  aloud  and  profuse  shedding  of 

3452— Bull.  34—08 12 


178  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

tears;  then  there  would  be  excitement,  or  a  stage  of  semirigidity. 
In  no  case  was  a  real  loss  of  consciousness  or  a  total  loss  of  self-control 
noticed.  One  of  the  girls,  after  some  preliminary  crying  or  excite- 
ment, would  throw  herself  on  her  bed  in  a  sort  of  stupor.  Two  other 
girls  each  had  once  a  spell  of  a  similar  nature.  The  girls,  in  general, 
seem  to  be  well  acquainted  with  the  condition.  They  are  not  fright- 
ened by  it,  but  when  a  case  occurs  run  to  the  patient,  press  hard  into 
the  pit  of  her  stomach,  and  rub  her  wrists  and  eyes.  Several  girls 
at  the  Rice  school  had  occasional  "crying  spells,"  but  no  motor 
symptoms. 

No  case  of  chorea  was  noticed  in  either  the  San  Carlos  or  the  Rice 
school,  and  but  one  of  an  apparently  organic  nervous  trouble  (Rice 
school),  which  consisted  of  a  form  of  aphasia  in  a  half-grown  girl. 
At  San  Carlos  a  Mohave  (Yavapai)  child  about  three  years  of  age 
was  in  a  partially  palsied  condition,  as  a  result  of  the  severe  labor 
attendant  on  its  birth.  Up  to  about  1 1  years  of  age  incontinence  of 
urine,  apparently  of  nervous  origin,  is  occasionally  met  with  in  the 
Apache  and  other  tribes,  in  children  of  both  sexes;  the  trouble  dis- 
appears without  treatment. 

Among  the  Mescaleros  a  high-grade  imbecile  boy  was  seen,  about  12 
years  old.  His  father  was  dead  and  his  mother  a  consumptive.  The 
mother  says  that  the  boy  when  about  8  months  old  was  frightened  by 
a  whirlwind  and  became  as  he  is.  Two  other  feeble-minded  boys 
were  heard  of. 

Among  the  Jicarillas  there  were  in  1903,  according  to  Mr.  Johnson, 
the  agent,  several  deaf  and  dumb  children.  These  children,  although 
born  of  apparently  healthy  parents,  have  been  thus  since  birth.  In 
1904  there  were  in  the  tribe  two  insane  men — one  35  and  one  about  45 
years  of  age.     One  of  these  became  insane  through  drunkenness. 

Among  the  White  Mountain  Apache,  and  to-a  less  extent  among  the 
Jicarilla  Apache,  goiter  occurs,  but  no  case  of  this  affection  was  seen 
or  reported  among  the  San  Carlos  or  the  Mescaleros.  No  information 
of  cretinism  could  be  obtained. 

One  boy  was  found  on  the  San  Carlos  reservation,  having  a  partl}^ 
anterior  and  partly  lateral  spinal  curvature  apparently  of  tuberculous 
origin;  he  did  not  appear  to  be  a  full-blood. 

Smallpox  scars  are  comparatively  rare  among  the  Apache;  this  is 
rather  strange  in  view  of  the  former  extensive  contact  of  the  tribe 
with  the  Mexicans.  Pneumonia  and  bronchitis  occur  in  all  branches 
of  the  people,  and  the  same  seems  to  be  true  of  malaria. 

A  case  of  apparent  elephantiasis  of  the  scrotum  in  a  San  Carlos 
Apache  was  observed  in  1904  by  Doctor  Ross,  the  San  Carlos  agency 
physician. 

Affections  of  the  breasts  or  nipples  incident  to  nursing  are  much 
more  rare  among  all  the  Apache  than  among  white  women.     Pelvic 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  179 

affections  are  also  rare.  A  San  Carlos  woman  had  uterine  and.  lum- 
bar pains  in  the  seventh  or  eighth  month  of  pregnancy;  she  had 
suffered  in  a  similar  manner  for  about  a  month  before  her  previous 
child  was  born;  though  wanting  relief  she  would  not  be  examined. 

In  only  one  small  cliild  on  the  San  Carlos  reservation,  out  of  about 
500  seen,  were  there  present  distinct  signs  of  malnutrition,  and  none 
such  was  met  with  among  the  other  Apache. 

The  Apache  school  cliildren  complain  little  of  itching  in  any  part 
of  the  body;  but  the  spines  of  the  xez  cactus  (Opuntia  leptocaulis) 
often  produce  a  hard  swelling  that  itches.  Among  the  larger  boys  in 
the  San  Carlos  school  four  cases  of  gonorrhea  occurred  within  a  year; 
there  were  none  among  the  girls. 

Impetigo  contagiosa  in  children  is  quite  common  among  all  the 
Apache.  It  seems  to  occur  in  all  parts  of  the  body.  A  Mescalero 
girl  was  seen  who  was  much  affected  with  it  about  the  ears,  and  a 
small  abscess  developed  in  the  right  cheek.  A  case  of  herpes  zoster 
was  seen  in  a  Mescalero  about  75  years  old.  Numerous  cases  of  warts 
on  the  hands  existed  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit  among  the 
Mescalero  school  children. 

Among  the  Walapai,  stomach  and  intestinal  disorders  were  found 
to  be  common  in  the  adults  as  well  as  in  the  young;  in  this  respect 
the  school  children  fared  much  better  than  those  in  the  camp.  Con- 
sumption is  not  rare,  and  according  to  Doctor  Perkins,  the  agent,  it 
is  sometimes  very  rapid  in  its  course.  In  one  case  which  the  Doctor 
noticed,  the  patient  succumbed  in  two  months.  At  the  beginning  of 
1902  an  epidemic  of  pneumonia  developed  among  the  school  children; 
it  was  attributed  indirectly  to  the  introduction  of  steam  pipes  and 
more  abundant  clothing.  In  the  early  part  of  1904  an  epidemic  of 
measles  visited  the  school  and  spread  to  the  Havasupai,  causing  a 
large  number  of  deaths  among  the  children.  Venereal  diseases  are 
not  rare  in  the  tribe,  but  reliable  data  were  not  obtainable. 

The  Navaho,  except  perhaps  those  around  Fort  Defiance,  are  a 
healthy  tribe.  The  country  they  inhabit  is  among  the  most  salubri- 
ous regions  in  the  Southwest.  The  most  common  disorders  in  the 
tribe  are  those  affecting  the  digestive  tract.  Like  other  Indians,  the 
Navaho  have  learned  within  recent  years  to  make  an  inferior  kind 
of  bread  in  which  they  use  much  cheap  baking  powder;  besides  this 
the  bread  is  not  baked  well,  and  being  eaten  in  large  quantities 
indigestion  necessarily  results. 

The  increasing  use  of  large  quantities  of  black  coffee  must  also  have 
a  bad  effect.  Headache,  not  infrequently  complained  of,  and  ver- 
tigo, prevalent  to  some  extent,  are  probably  largely  due  to  disturb- 
ance of  the  digestive  organs,  although  they  sometimes  follow  pro- 
longed exposure  to  the  sun  of  the  habitually  uncovered  head.  Signs 
of  syphilis,  especially  the  tertiary  signs,  are  very  rare.     The  writer  has 


180  BTJKEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

treated  or  observed  one  case  apparently  of  typhoid  fever,  one  of  mitral 
insufficiency,  one  of  infantile  paralysis,  and  one  of  a  moderate  degree 
of  dementia  and  light  tremor  (in  an  old  man) ;  no  other  nervous 
diseases,  or  insanity,  idiocy,  epilepsy,  or  rachitis,  were  encountered. 
Tumors  are  said  to  occur,  though  they  are  rare ;  and  the  same  is  true 
of  female  diseases  of  a  serious  nature.  Rheumatic  pains,  particu- 
larly in  the  lumbar  region,  are  quite  common  in  elder  people.  They 
lead  occasionally  to  stooping.  Whooping  cough  occurs  in  children. 
In  1897  there  was  an  epidemic  of  smallpox.  Malaria  is  not  common; 
however,  the  writer  had  occasion  to  treat  two  plain,  though  not  very 
severe,  cases  of  intermittent  fever.  Simple  ophthalmia  and  irritation 
of  the  eyes  are  quite  common.  Chronic  ophthalmia,  granular  lids, 
and  narrowing  of  the  orbital  orifice  by  adhesion  proceeding  from  the 
canthi,  are  met  with  in  some  of  the  aged.  Total  blindness  is  very 
infrequent.  Some  young  men  between  18  and  25  suffer  with  facial 
acne.  According  to  Mr.  Wallace  (formerly  a  druggist,  now  with  a 
trader  on  the  northern  part  of  the  reservation),  the  Navaho,  like 
other  Indians,  expose  themselves  much  in  winter;  as  a  result  colds 
are  frequent,  and  being  generally  neglected,  lead  sometimes  to  more 
serious  pulmonary  troubles.  Not  a  few  children  die  each  winter 
from  the  results  of  exposure  and  other  privations,  and  in  summer 
from  the  eating  of  unripe  fruit  or  other  injurious  food. 

The  most  common  diseases  among  the  Hopi  are  ophthalmia  and 
gastro-intestinal  disorders.  The  ophthalmias  are  most  often  directly 
or  indirectly  the  result  of  irritation  produced  by  wind-blown  sand. 
The  fine  sand  enters  the  eyes,  and  as  these  are  generally  rubbed  with 
unclean  hands  or  pieces  of  clothing  inflammation  is  soon  produced 
and  kept  up.  As  a  result,  a  comparatively  large  number  of  persons 
become  more  or  less  blind.  Gonorrheal  ophthalmia  and  trachoma  are 
met  with  also.  There  is  some  rheumatism,  which,  however,  does  not 
lead  to  any  deformation.  Senile  arthritis,  causing  stifl^ness  of  the 
spine  and  stooping,  is  also  met  with.  At  the  writer's  visit  there  were 
on  the  first  two  mesas  at  least  five  cases  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 
in  every  case  the  disease  was  of  the  active  type  and  attended  with 
considerable  sweating  and  high  temperature.  Among  the  women  of 
Mishongnovi  four  cases  of  goiter  were  seen  and  others  were  heard  of, 
but  in  the  other  Hopi  villages  the  writer  found  but  one  case  of  this 
affection.  Chiefs  Hani  and  Caloqui  assured  the  writer  that,  at  the 
time  of  his  visit  (1900),  there  were  no  insane,  idiot,  deaf  and  dumb, 
congenitally  blind,  or  congenitally  deformed,  persons  among  the  Hopi 
on  the  First  mesa,  tSut  there  were  several  imbeciles  in  the  other 
villages.  An  epileptic  lived  there  some  years  ago,  and  another  was 
learned  of  at  Oraibi.  One  man  living  on  the  First  mesa  was  partially 
deaf  (cause  unknown) ,  and  one  had  defective  speech. 

Of  diseases  among  the  Hopi  children  there  were  seen  several  cases 
of  favus,  three  of  chicken  pox,  three  of  dry  eczema,  two  of  scrofula, 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATlONS  l81 

one  of  strabismus,  numerous  instances  of  conjunctivitis  and  some  of 
cough;  none  of  congenital  sjrphilis,  spinal  or  limb  deformation,  or 
rachitis. 

Among  the  Zuni  the  most  prevalent  and  fatal  diseases  are  those  of 
the  intestinal  tract  (enteritis  of  different  forms  but  not  typhoid), 
pneumonia,  tuberculosis  (particularly  pulmonary) ,  and  various  infec- 
tions. Some  cases  of  diphtheria  developed  in  the  winter  of  1901-2. 
Smallpox  occurs  occasionally  and  is  very  serious;  250  Zuni  died  of 
it  in  winter  of  1898-99,  and  it  has  been  the  chief  cause  of  the  decrease 
of  Zuni  population.  The  writer  has  seen  many  lighter  gastro- 
intestinal disorders,  some  chronic  artlu-itis  (in  the  old),  and  numerous 
sore  eyes ;  also  a  case  of  hard  but  painful  ventral  tumor  in  a  woman 
of  middle  age.  According  to  the  official  report  of  Mrs.  J.  A.  Palin, 
field  matron,  there  occurred  among  the  Zuni  in  the  fiscal  year  1901-2, 
51  deaths;  during  the  year  1902-3  there  were  56  deaths  (18  babes, 
13  girls,  10  boys,  6  women,  and  9  men),  of  which  3  were  due  to 
diphtheria,  3  to  consumption,  and  the  others  chiefly  to  influenza 
with  complications,  and  intestinal  diseases.  One  case  of  varicose 
veins  (moderate  degree)  was  seen  in  an  elderly  woman,  and  she 
said  that  some  other  women  were  similarly  afflicted,  though  the 
cases  were  not  severe  or  numerous.  Only  one  individual  was  learned 
of,  a  full-blood  boy  9  years  old,  who  was  apparently  congenitally  deaf 
and  dumb.  The  writer  could  find  no  epileptic,  though  epilepsy  has 
occurred  in  the  tribe. 

In  1900  there  was  in  the  Zuni  village  a  girl  "exhibitionist,"  who  on 
several  occasions  stripped  herself  nude  and  thus  ran  about  in  public. 
Information  was  obtained  about  one  individual,  a  man  of  about  25 
years  of  age,  with  a  mild  form  of  insanity.  Another  young  man, 
healthy  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit,  has  had  several  spells  of  recur- 
rent mania.  No  idiots  exist  or  have  been  known  in  the  tribe,  but 
light  degrees  of  feeble-mindedness  occur  now  and  then.  Twelve  blind 
individuals  were  found;  in  all  the  condition  had  been  acquired 
through  smallpox  or  inflammations.  Venereal  diseases  exist,  to 
what  extent  could  not  be  ascertained.  Serious  tertiary  signs  were 
seen  in  none,  those  of  congenital  syphilis  probably  in  one.*^ 

o  Aceording  to  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson,  a  ease  of  lupus  or  epithelioma  exists  now  in  the  tribe  in  a  woman. 
Mrs.  Stevenson  beheves  that  perineal  lacerations  are  frequent. 

The  folio-wing  letter  was  recently  received  by  the  writer  from  Dr.  E.  J.  Davis,  the  Zuni  agency 
physician: 

"  During  the  two  years  of  my  stay  among  the  Zuiii  I  have  gained  but  little  direct  knowledge  concern- 
ing diseases  among  their  women.  I  am  rarely  consulted  in  cases  of  gynecological  lesions.  They  are 
not,  I  feel  safe  in  saying,  as  prevalent  among  these  people  as  among  American  women. 

"  The  men  seem  to  be  free  from  the  ravages  of  venereal  diseases  to  the  extent  with  which  many  other 
tribes  are  cursed  though  they  are  occasionally  infected.  I  have  not  seen  an  acute  case  of  syphilis. 
The  prevailing  diseases  are  gastro-intestinal;  affections  of  upper  respiratory  tract  in  winter  season; 
and  a  large  number  of  cases  of  simple  conjunctivitis.  The  children  have,  in  addition  to  the  above,  a 
number  of  cutaneous  disorders,  prominent  among  which  is  impetigo  contagiosa." 

See  also  Yarrow,  H.  C,  Medical  Facts  relating  to  the  Zuni  Indians  of  New  Mexico,  Rocky  Mountain 
Medical  Review,  Colorado  Springs,  1880-81,  i,  191. 


182 


BUEEAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


The  Papago  appear  to  be  healthier  people  than  some  of  the  other 
Southwestern  Indians.  In  1902  there  were  no  blind,  deaf  or  dumb, 
idiots,  epileptics,  or  hunchbacks  in  the  San  Xavier  district.  There 
W'as  one  insane.  No  one  of  the  informants  could  tell  the  writer  of  a 
person  afilicted  with  goiter.  Pulmonary  tuberculosis  is  well  known 
and  feared,  but  cases  of  the  disease  are  not  numerous. 

Among  the  Pima  tuberculosis  in  its  different  forms,  including  scrof- 
ula, is  quite  frequent.  According  to  an  estimate  made  by  the  writer 
while  with  the  tribe  in  1905,  there  are  about  three  persons,  mostly 
young,*  with  developed  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  to  each  1,000  per- 
sons in  the  tribe.  -Deaths  due  to  tubercular  diseases  of  all  classes  are, 
according  to  Dr.  A.  E.  Harden,  the  resident  physician,  more  numerous 
than  those  from  all  other  causes  combined.  According  to  statistics 
submitted  by  this  physician  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  the 
sanitary  condition  in  the  Pima  boarding  school  from  1898  to  1903  was 
as  follows: 

1898-1899— Pupils,  average,  175. 

Epidemic  of  measles,  150  cases,  1  death. 
1899-1900— Pupils,  average,  180. 

Epidemic  of  measles,  53  cases,  no  deaths. 

Pneumonia,  4  cases,  no  deaths. 
1900-1901— Pupils,  average,  240. 

2  deaths  from  tuberculosis. 

2  deaths  from  enteric  fever  (typhoid). 
1901-1902— Pupils,  average,  275  -to  325. 

2  epidemics  of  grippe,  75  and  32  cases,  2  deaths. 
Epidemic  of  enteric  fever,  24  cases,  3  deaths. 

3  deaths  from  tuberculosis. 

Besides  the  above,  there  occur  among  the  children  a  moderate  num- 
ber of  cases  of  trachoma,  numerous  instances  of  conjunctivitis  in  all 
forms  and  quite  numerous  instances  of  impetigo  contagiosa.  During 
the  writer's  first  visit  at  Sacaton  in  1902  the  disease  list  of  Dr.  W.  K. 
Callahan  showed  the  following  cases  treated,  and  the  order  in  which 
they  developed,  during  the  month  of  January: 


Case. 

Disease  or  injury. 

Case. 

Disease  or  injury. 

Bov 

Dental  caries. 
Acute  dysentery. 
Influenza. 

Capillary  bronchitis. 
Diabetes. 
Laryngitis. 
Acute  dysentery. 
Phthisis. 

Retention  of  urine,  enlarged  pros- 
tate. 
Angina  pectoris. 

Man 

Psoas  abscess. 

Man 

do 

Baby  boy 

Woman 

Man 

do 

Woman 

do 

do 

Child,  male... 
Man 

Tubercular  glands  in  the  neck. 

Dental  caries. 

La  grippe. 

Hysteria. 

Capillary  bronchitis.                  ' 

Felon. 

do 

Child,  male... 
Man 

Diarrhea. 

Lacerated  hand. 

Woman 

Woman 

Man 

Thorn  in  the  palm  of  the  hand. 
La  giippe. 

a  Of  four  consumptives  seen  at  Sacaton  in  1900,  one  was  a  boy  about  10;  two  were  girls,  one  about 
12  and  the  other  al)out  18;  and  one  a  boy  about  19  yestrs  of  age. 


hrducka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


183 


Case. 

Disease  or  injury. 

Case. 

Disease  or  injury. 

Wire  cut  of  hand. 

Tubercular  hip  disease. 

Impetigo. 

Conjunctivitis. 

Trachoma. 

La  grippe. 

do. 
Dental  caries. 

Child,  male... 

Man 

Boy 

Lichen. 

Granular  Uds,  chronic. 

Acute  dysentery. 

La  grippe. 

Dental  caries. 

Foreign  body  in  the  eye. 

General  anasarca. 

TonsiUtis. 

Child,  male 

do 

Woman 

do 

Girl 

do 

do 

Man 

Girl 

* 

Of  rarer  diseases  there  existed  among  the  Pima  one  case  apparently 
of  elephantiasis  of  the  foot  and  one  case  of  marasmus.  Chief  Antonio 
recollects  but  a  small  number  of  imbeciles  and  insane  in  the  tribe;  a 
few  of  the  latter  exist  now.  One  insane  man  developed  a  desire  to 
kill  his  wife  and  then  ran  away  to  the  hills,  but  was  not  violent.  Later 
on  he  recovered.  It  was  apparently  a  case  of  mild,  acute  mania. 
Chief  Antonio  never  heard  of  any  child  in  the  tribe  born  blind  or  deaf. 
He  knew  of  one  case  in  which  a  child  never  learned  to  walk. 

The  Pima  say  that  if  a  stalk  of  the  bush  cul-ick-un-ek  (Dondia  suf- 
frutescens)  wounds  a  man  and  is  not  promptly  removed,  it  is  liable 
to  give  rise  to  blood  poisoning  and  may  have  fatal  results.  The 
Jhd-van  tdtat  ("  crows'-f eet "  :  Phacelia,  probably  infundibuliformis)  is 
a  plant  growing  on  the  fiats  along  the  Gila,  contact  with  which  is 
followed  by  inflammation  of  the  skin.  The  Pima  say  that  when  it 
touches  the  naked  legs  or  arms  it  produces  sores  which,  though  they 
do  not  extend  beyond  the  parts  that  came  in  contact  with  the  plant, 
will  last  from  three  weeks  to  a  month  before  they  heal. 

The  Sacaton  midwife  and  medicine-woman  says  that  female  disor- 
ders of  a  serious  nature  are  uncommon.  One  of  her  patients,  an  old 
woman,  had  an  umbilical  hernia.  Such  a  hernia,  usually  of  small 
dimensions,  is  found  occasionally  in  the  little  children  of  this  tribe,  as 
well  as  among  the  Maricopa.  Breast  affections  are  very  infrequent; 
rarely  an  abscess  develops  in  the  side  of  the  breast. 

In  children  foul  breath  is  met  with  remarkably  seldom  (the  same 
applies  to  the  other  tribes  examined).  Within  three  or  four  years 
there  were  three  cases  of  chorea  among  the  school  children  at  Sacaton. 
Only  one  of  the  schoolgirls,  and  she  probably  a  half  Mexican,  was 
laiown  by  the  present  matron  to  have  had  some  form  of  hysteria. 
After  crying  this  girl  became  rigid,  remaining  so  for  some  time.  Cry- 
ing spells  occur  occasionally  in  others,  but  are  usually  controllable; 
they  are  not  attended  by  motor  derangements.  Complaints  due  to 
menstruation  among  the  schoolgirls  are  rare;  occasionally,  however, 
a  girl  will  complain  of  pains  during  the  period.  In  four  of  the  school- 
girls and  one  boy  there  were  found  quite  large  scars  on  the  head  on 
which  the  hair  did  not  grow.     These  are  said  to  have  been  produced 


184  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

in  early  childhood  by  sores,  probably  bad  cases  of  impetigo,  which  are 
common  outside  of  the  school. 

Yellowish  teeth,  front  teeth  discolored,  and  m.ultiple  small  pits  in 
the  enamel  were  seen  in  quite  a  number  of  the  Pima  school  children 
of  both  sexes.  In  none  of  these  were  there  any  other  signs  of  mal- 
nutrition or  rachitis.  There  was  no  case  of  skull  deformity  due  to 
premature  synostosis  or  other  pathological  agency.  In  fact,  no  case 
was  observed  among  all  the  Indians  examined,  though  rare  instances 
of  such  deformities  are  encountered  among  Indian  skulls. 

Of  the  ]\Iohave,  especially  those  about  Needles,  many  suffer  from 
various  minor  disorders  of  health.  The  most  common  complaints 
are  those  of  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and  muscular  rheumatism. 
Serious  pathological  conditions  are  not  often  seen.  Venereal  diseases 
are  said  to  prevail,  but  indications  thereof  on  the  exposed  parts 
are  very  rare.  Occasionally  a  woman  dies  within  a  week  or  two  after 
childbirth.  An  epidemic  of  pneumonia  developed  at  the  Fort  Mohave 
Indian  school  in  1901  which  was  commonly  attributed  to  the  order 
requiring  the  Indian  children  to  wear  shoes.  An  instance  of  her- 
maphroditism occurred  among  the  Mohave  north  of  Needles  within 
the  memory  of  the  writer's  native  informant.'^ 

From  all  that  could  be  gathered,  under  adverse  circumstances,  about 
the  Yuma,  it  appeared  that  the  most  prevalent  diseases  among  them 
are  malaria,  a  number  of  cases  of  which  occur  in  persons  of  all  ages 
after  each  annual  overflow  of  the  Colorado  (May  or  June),  and  vene- 
real troubles,  acquired  mostly  from  whites  about  Yuma.  One  young 
man  was  seen  in  an  advanced  stage  of  acute  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 
The  same  year  (1902)  the  agency  physician  reported  two  cases  of 
the  disease  among  the  ''uneducated"  contingent  of  the  tribe,  and  he 
also  speaks  of  two  cases  of  scrofula,  with  five  or  six  of  malaria, 
among  the  children  in  the  school.  The  most  common  minor  com- 
plaints are  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract.  In  the  school  children 
.there  were  very  few  cases  in  which  even  a  suspicion  of  congenital 
syphilis  could  be  entertained.  If  the  disease  is  as  frequent  in 
adults  as  it  is  thought  to  be,  it  is  probable  that,  owing  to  the  effects 
of  the  disease  and  neglect,  most  if  not  all  babes  affected  by  syphilis 
die  in  utero  or  during  infancy.  There  was  very  little  sickness  among 
the  school  children  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit;  but  one 
advanced  case  of  tubercular  glands  of  the  neck  and  a  few  instances 
of  eczema  and  impetigo  were  found. 

The  most  common  disorders  among  the  Opata  are  those  of  the 
digestive  system.  In  infants  they  are  often  dangerous.  Malarial 
fever  is  also  prevalent.  Among  22  women  from  San  Miguel  valley 
whom  the  writer  measured,  7  had  goiters.     In  two   cases  the  en- 

oSometimcs  a  "woman  wants  to  be  man."  She  is  "just  naturally  that  way;"  they  know  of  no 
other  cause.  Similar  cases,  also  instances  of  men  dressing  in  the  garb  of  women,  were  heard  of  in 
other  tribes. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  185 

largement  was  unilateral  (on  the  right  side)  and  in  five  bilateral  (all 
larger  on  the  right).  The  natives  have  no  definite  conception  as 
to  the  cause  of  this  disease  and  no  knowledge  of  how  to  cure  it.  It 
has  existed  in  the  general  region  for  a  long  time.*^  All  but  one  of 
the  goiters  seen  were  of  moderate  size.  No  case  of  the  disease  was 
observed  among  the  men,  but  the  writer  was  told  it  occurs  in  them 
also,  though  much  more  rarely  than  in  the  women.  Venereal  dis- 
eases are  said  to  be  quite  common,  but  destructive  syphilitic  lesions 
on  the  exposed  parts  of  the  body  are  rare.  Rickets  is  unknown 
among  persons  of  pure  blood.  Pulmonary  tuberculosis  occurs,  but 
is  not  prevalent.  It  seems  to  attack  the  half-breeds  of tener  than 
the  full-bloods.  Insanity  and  idiocy  are  said  to  be  very  infrequent. 
In  his  many  years  of  experience  with  the  Opata,  Doctor  Alderman, 
the  American  physician-miner  at  Tuape,  knew  but  one  insane  person 
(a  man  with  a  delusion  that  he  owned  everything)  and  but  a  single 
feeble-minded  individual.  No  information  could  be  obtained  about 
children  born  blind  or  deaf.  The  only  cases  of  serious  nervous 
disease  learned  of  were  one  of  paralysis  agitans  in  a  woman  addicted 
to  the  use  of  liquor,  and  one  of  long-present  choreic  movements  in  a 
male  subject.^ 

The  Yaqui  seem  to  be  remarkably  healthy,  as  they  are  a  sturdy 
people.  Along  the  valleys,  particularly  during  the  midsummer 
rainy  season,  there  occur  among  them,  as.  among  the  Mayo,  numer- 
ous calenturas  or  "fevers,"  probably  of  malarial  nature.  No 
goiter  or  deformity  was  seen  in  the  tribe,  and,  as  among  the  rest 
of  the  Mexican  tribes  visited,  tuberculosis  is  infrequent. 

Owing  partly  to  the  unheal thful  lowlands  in  which  many  of  them 
live  a  portion  of  the  year  and  partly  to  the  irregularity  of  their 
lives,  with  the  too  frequent  use  of  tesvino,  the  Tarahumare  are 
subject  to  numerous  disorders.  The  most  common  of  these  are 
afi^ections  of  the  digestive  organs,  and  the  next  in  frequency  are  the 
frios  or  calenturas  (various  forms  of  malaria).  An  afiliction  much 
spoken  of  and  often  fatal  is  dolores  costales  (the  term  probably  in- 
cluding both  pleurisy  and  pneumonia).  Contagious  diseases,  par- 
ticularly variola,  visit  the  people  occasionally  and  are  much  feared. 
Venereal  diseases  are  occasionally  introduced,  but  the  people  guard 
against  them.  Insanity  is  very  rare,  but  cases  of  temporary  mental 
aberration  following  drink  are  well  known.  Deaf  and  dumb  indi- 
viduals occur  in  the  tribe,  but  it  was  not  possible  to  learn  whether 
the  condition  was  congenital  or  acquired.  Blindness  is  more  fre- 
quent and  is  mostly  the  result  of  smallpox  or  injury.     Consumption 

1"  The  [water  of  the]  Oposura  is  supposed  to  be  productive  of  the  tumour  in  the  neck,  called  in 
Switzerland  the  goitre.  The  Saguaripa,  and  many  other  streams  in  Sonora  are  thought  to  produce 
simUar  eflects.  "  Hardy,  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Mexico  in  1825,  1826,  1827,  &  1828,  443, 1829.  "  The 
Opatas  of  Oposura  are  disfigured  by  goiter,  but  this  disease  seems  to  be  confined  within  3  leagues  of 
the  town.  "    Bancroft,  Native  races,  I,  588. 

b  See  Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  vi,  no.  1, Jan. -Mar.,  1904. 


186  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

seems  to  be  very  rare,  and  among  such  of  the  Tarahumare  as  were 
seen  there  was  no  instance  of  any  degree  of  scrofula.  There  is  no 
rachitis.  In  the  numerous  Tarahumare  skulls  and  other  bones 
examined  the  only  pathological  conditions,  excepting  a  few  injuries 
were  senile  arthritis,  a  few  cases  of  dental  caries,  some  marks  of 
inflammatory  or  suppurative  process  about  the  alveoli,  one  small 
osteoma  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  frontal  bone,  and  one  abscess 
in  the  superior  maxilla.  Among  the  less  recent  bones,  as  among 
similar  osteological  remains  of  the  Indians  of  other  tribes  in  the 
Southwest  and  northern  Mexico,  there  was  not  a  single  suggestion  of 
rickets,  syphilis,  tuberculosis,  or   cancer. 

Among  the  southern  Tepehuane  during  the  dry  season  ordinarily 
there  is  but  little  sickness.  The  most  frequent  disorders,  besides 
digestive  troubles,  are  headache,  muscular  rheumatic  pains,  calenturas 
(malarias),  and  acute  chest  diseases.     Epidemics  are  rare. 

Among  the  Tepecano,  in  Jalisco,  the  most  frequent  causes  of  death 
among  the  adults  are  "fever"  (in  all  probability  severe  malaria  or 
typhoid),  calentura  (mostly  less  severe  malaria),  dysentery,  and  "a 
chest  disease  of  brief  duration,  accompanied  with  pain  and  fever" 
(probably  pneumonia) .  The  mortality  of  children  is  large,  being  due 
chiefly  to  intestinal  disorders.  Calentura  is  also  said  by  the  people  to 
be  not  infrequently  fatal  among  children.  Smallpox  has  appeared 
occasionally,  causing  numerous  deaths.  A  certain  percentage  of 
women  die  as  the  result  of  accidents  or  from  diseases  while  pregnant, 
during  labor,  or  in  the  puerperium.  The  most  common  minor  affec- 
tions are  pains  in  the  muscles,  back,  or  joints,  headaches,  some 
vertigo  (the  last-named  mainly  the  effect  of  drinking  to  excess,  which, 
however,  is  not  frequently  done),  and  conjunctivitis.  Tumors  occur 
infrequently ;  of  what  nature  they  are  could  not  be  learned.  Insanity 
is  very  rare,  and  is  believed  to  be  incurable." 

The  diseases  which  the  Huichol  are  mostly  subject  to  are  calenturas, 
gastro-intestinal  disorders,  dolores  costales  (pleurisy  or  pneumo- 
nia), and  muscular  or  lumbar  rheumatic  pains.  The  writer  was  told 
of  individuals  who  died  of  some  acute  affection  "of  the  head"  accom- 
panied by  severe  vertigo.  Dysentery  occurs;  it  is  very  probably,  in 
some  cases  at  least,  of  malarial  origin.  Most  children  who  die  suc- 
cumb to  diarrhea,  most  adults  to  diseases  affecting  the  respiratory 
organs,  other  than  tuberculosis,  which,  although  it  occurs,  is  rare. 
Among  ten  young  to  middle-aged  men  who  were  interrogated  as  to 
the  different  sicknesses  they  passed  through  since  their  childhood,  in 
two  the  answer  was  none;  in  one,  occasional  headache,  calentura, 
some  pains  in  the  stomach;  in  one,  smallpox,  calentura,  cough;  in 
one,  some  form  of  enteric  fever,  calentura;  in  one,  stomach  troubles 
and  occasionally  vertigo;    in  one,  smallpox,  stomach  trouble,  and 


«  See  also  The  Religion  of  the  "  Chichimecs,"  etc.,  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  v,  no.  3,  July-Sept.. 
1903,  385. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  187 

occasional  headache;  in  one,  stomach  disorder;  in  one,  <Lalentura, 
pneumonia,  or  pleurisy;  and  in  one,  pneumonia  or  pleurisy,  pains  in 
the  back,  vertigo,  and  stomach  disorders.  Among  all  the  Huichol 
seen  not  one  was  blind,  but  there  was  found  one  deaf  and  dumb  child. 

The  most  common  disease  among  the  Cora  is  calentura.  Outbreaks 
of  smallpox  are  not  infrequent  and  are  much  feared.  Intestinal  dis- 
orders amongjnfants  are  common.  Pulmonary  tuberculosis,  though 
not  unknown,  is  rare. 

Among  the  Tarasco  the  minor  gastro-intestinal  disorders  were  met 
with  most  often.  However,  there  was  but  little  opportunity  among 
this  tribe  for  extended  observations. 

The  Otomi  (Hidalgo),  besides  being  commonly  subject  to  digestive 
disorders  of  lighter  grades,  show  more  often  than  other  Indians 
visited,  excepting  the  Aztec,  the  common  ill  effects,  both  inherited 
and  acquired,  of  the  abuse  of  intoxicants.  Epilepsy  and  other 
neuropathic  conditions  are  met  with  quite  frequently;  but  there  are 
districts  in  which  the  people  are  sturdier  and  healthier. 

Among  the  Tlahuiltec,  according  to  personal  observations  and  the 
information  of  the  "padre"  who  works  among  them,  the  most  com- 
mon diseases,  besides  the  frequent  effects  of  alcoholism,  are  various 
calenturas  and  pneumonia.  In  consequence  of  the  abuse  of  aguar- 
diente many  individuals  show  tremors,  premature  feebleness,  and 
other  disorders.  In  their  largest  village  there  are  but  a  few  really 
old  people.  The  health  of  the  women,  who  drink  less,  is  superior  to 
that  of  the  men." 

SUMMARY 

The  preceding  details  and  the  general  information  obtained  in  the 
study  of  Indian  diseases  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

On  the  whole  the  health  of  the  Southwestern  and  north  Mexican 
noncivilized  Indians  is  superior  to  that  of  the  whites  living  in  larger 
communities.  The  advantage  of  the  Indian  lies  principally  in  the 
greater  freedom  from  those  various  morbid  conditions  that  arise 
through  deficient  inheritance,  from  those  that  in  the  white  race 
frequently  accompany  such  processes  or  periods  of  life  as  teething, 
puberty,  menstruation,  gestation,  puerperium,  menopause,  and  senil- 
ity, and  from  malignant  growths;  while  the  only  disadvantage  of  the 
Indian  consists  in  a  possibly  weaker  resistance  of  his  system  to  a 
few  of  the  contagions. 

Of  afflictions  of  definite  parts  of  the  organism  among  the  Indians  of 
the  Southwest  and  northern  Mexico  it  is  possible  to  give  the  appended 
information. 

Pathological  conditions  of  the  blood  are  very  rare,  but  anemia  is 
occasionally  met  with  in  the  latter  stages  of  malaria,  or,  in  a  light 
degree  in  some  of  the  taller  school  girls,  who  have  become  debilitated. 

a  See  also  chapter  dealing  with  medicine  and  treatment,  and  individual  notes  in  detail  tables. 


Igg  BUREAtr    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

As  to  the  blood  glands,  the  spleen  suffers  secondarily  in  malaria,  &&' 
in  whites.     The  thj^roid  degenerates  occasionally  into  goiter,  particu- 
larly in  certain  regions  and  individuals  (almost  exclusively  females). 

Lymph  glands  are  apparently  the  seat  of  but  one  affection,  namely, 
scrofula.  Even  this  is  rare  among  the  more  primitive  peoples,  but 
a  moderate  number  of  examples  can  be  found  in  every  tribe  of  the 
more  civilized  Indians. 

The  prostate  gland  was  found  enlarged  in  a  few  instances. 

Affections  of  the  breast  glands  are  much  less  common  in  Indian 
than  they  are  in  white  women. 

Diseases  or  defects  of  the  circulatory  apparatus  are  very  infre- 
quent. Among  more  than  2,000  individuals  examined  the  writer  found 
but  3  cases  of  organic  heart  trouble  (all  valvular  insufficiencies)  and 
not  one  pronounced  instance  of  advanced  arterial  sclerosis.  No 
definite  information  could  be  obtained  about  any  case  of  apoplexy,, 
though  some  rather  sudden  deaths  are  remembered.  Varicose 
veins  are  rare.  Direct  examination  in  many  hundreds  of  indivi- 
duals failed  to  show  one  very  pronounced  instance.  Hemorrhoids 
are  also  infrequent.  No  case  of  a  nevus  came  under  the  observation 
of  the  ■v\Titer. 

Diseases,. of  the  respiratory  apparatus  are,  on  the  other  hand,, 
relatively  common  and  cause  numerous  deaths.  Among  the  non- 
civilized  tribes  the  chief  of  the  more  serious  of  these  affections  is 
pneumonia;  among  the  tribes  on  the  road  to  civilization  this  begins 
to  be  rivaled  by  pulmonary  consumption.  This  latter  disease,, 
which  in  all  probability  was  extremely  rare,  if  it  existed  at  all,  in 
the  prehistoric  Indians,  and  was  seldom  seen  up  to  a  century  ago,, 
is  gradually  becoming  everywhere  more  common,  even  among  the 
Indians  of  the  Sierras.  It  attacks  especially  the  adolescents  and 
younger  adults.  It  follows  a  very  rapid  course  in  some  individuals; 
and  moderately  rapid  in  others,  and  is  nearly  always  fatal;  in  a  few 
only  it  becomes  chronic.  Judging  from  descriptions,  pleurisy  is  not 
uncommon  at  certain  seasons,  while  milder  grades  of  bronchitis  and 
allied  affections  are  met  with  quite  often  during  the  cold  weather. 
No  instances  of  severe  asthma,  of  "false,"  or  of  membranous  croup 
were  encountered. 

Disorders  of  the  digestive  apparatus  are  very  common,  but  they 
are  rarely,  except  in  infants,  of  a  serious  nature. 
Contrary  to  all  expectations,  typhoid  is  very  rare. 
Forms  of  bloody  diarrhea  or  dysentery,  often  probably  of  malarial 
origin,   attack  the  Indians,   children  as  well   as  adults,   in  certain 
localities,  especially  in  the  lowlying  parts  of  Mexico. 

Intestinal  parasites  (tapeworms)  are  heard  of  but  seldom. 
No  case  of  appendicitis,  peritonitis,  ulcer  of  th^  stomach,  or  of  any 
grave  disease  of  the  liver,  was  observed. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  189 

Constipation,  while  by  no  means  as  common  as  among  the  whites 
(and  especially  as  among  white  women),  was  heard  of  quite  often. 

An  occasional  case  of  dropsy  shows  the  occurrence  of  nephritis. 
Kidney  disorders  in  pregnancy  and  eclampsia  appear  to  be  rare. 

Diseases  of  the  sexual  organs,  excepting  syphilis  and  gonorrhea,  are 
very  seldom  alluded  to,  or  indicated  by  any  external  signs,  among 
those  who  approac-h  or  are  approached  by  the  physician.  The 
women  usually  deny  their  existence.  Perineal  and  uterine  lacera- 
tions, prolapsus,  and  other  morbid  conditions  presumably  should 
be  rather  common,  but  whatever  evidence  is  obtainable  in  the  mat- 
ter contradicts  such  an  opinion.  Amenorrhea,  dysmenorrhea,  and 
metrorrhagia  occur,  though  rarely. 

Venereal  diseases,  while  carefully  guarded  against — in  some  instances 
with  apparent  success — prevail  more  or  less  in  the  tribes  near  rail- 
road centers  and  near  larger  white  settlements.  Notwithstanding 
the  unhygienic  condition  of  the  Indians,  neither  syphilis  nor  gonor- 
rhea is  commonly  attended  by  great  destruction  of  tissue  or  grave 
general  consequences.  The  bones  of  the  syphilitics,  however,  ulti- 
mately become  affected  as  in  whites.  '  In  women  syphilis  generally 
conditions  premature  births,  and  the  infants  are  usually  dead.  Inher- 
ited signs  of  syphilis  in  living  children  are  very  uncommon.^ 

With  few  exceptions,  diseases  of  the  skin  are  restricted  to  cases  of 
eczema,  favus,  or  ulcers  (pemphigus,  and  especially  impetigo  con- 
tagiosa) in  the  children,  acne  in  adolescents  or  young  adults,  and 
some  ulcers,  due  to  neglect,  in  the  older. 

Of  nervous  and  mental  disorders  headache  is  quite  common;  ver- 
tigo is  heard  of  occasionally;  hysteria  of  light-to-moderate  form  is 
met  with  occasionally  in  growing-up  girls;  tremors  occur  in  those 
addicted  to  drink;  epilepsy  and  weak-mindedness  are  quite  rare, 
though  perhaps  not  more  so  than  among  whites ;  insanity  and  paraly- 
sis are  very  infrequent,  and  high-grade  idiocy  is  almost  unknown.  Of 
many  nervous  or  mental  pathological  conditions  nothing  at  all  could 
be  learned. 

Diseases  and  defects  of  the  sense  organs  include  numerous  opthal- 
mias,  some  trachoma,  and  occasionally  a  cataract.  Strabismus  is 
very  rare.  Narrowing  of  the  lids  in  consequence  of  chronic  inflam- 
mation of  the  conjunctiva  is  common  in  old  people.  Corneal  ulcera- 
tion and  opacities  are  not  infrequent.  In  every  tribe,  but  particu- 
larly among  some  of  the  Pueblos,  there  are  found  a  nimiber — in  some 
instances  a  relatively  large  number — of  individuals  who  have  lost 
their  sight  in  consequence  of  some  eye  affection.  In  a  few  the  cause 
has  been  an  attack  of  smallpox.  Minor  disorders  of  vision  are  com- 
mon among  the  more  advanced  Indian  scholars.     Ear  diseases  and 

aln  the  older  burials  in  the  Southwest  and  northern  Mexico,  the  bones  show  no  syphilis,  or  at 
most  a  very  few  doubtful  cases. 


190  BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

defects  of  hearing  are  quite  rare,  even  in  the  aged.  In  a  few  tribes 
there  are  from  one  to  several  deaf  and  dumb. 

Dental  caries  is  not  rare,  though  much  less  frequent  than  among 
the  wliites.  It  is  usually  a  premolar  or  a  molar  that  is  affected. 
Occasio:^ally  the  gum  or  alveoli  become  involved,  resulting  in  sup- 
puration. Necrosis  of  importance  was  not  seen  in  the  living  or  in 
the  bones  examined.  Defects  of  the  palate  in  an  Indian  of  full  blood 
have  not  been  met  with,  and  but  one  minor  case  of  harelip  came 
to  notice. 

Of  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  not  before  specially  men- 
tioned, the  most  dangerous,  and  one  by  which  none  of  the  tribes 
visited  has  been  spared,  is  smallpox.  Localized  epidemics  of  measles 
are  quite  common.  The  disease  attacks  both  children  and  adoles- 
cents, and  occasionally,  usually  in  the  absence  of  proper  treatment,  is 
attended  with  mortality  much  greater  than  is  the  same  disease  among 
whites.  Where  early  hospital  treatment  was  afforded,  the  fatal  or 
even  grave  cases  were  rare.  Scarlet  fever,  curiously,  seems  to  be  very 
uncommon,  if  it  occurs  at  all  in  these  regions.  The  writer  could 
learn  of  no  case  of  it  either  personally  or  from  the  resident  physicians 
or  from  the  Indians.  Whooping  cough,  on  the  other  hand,  is  not  very 
rare;  it  does  not  seem  to  be  more  severe  or  dangerous  than  it  is 
among  the  whites.  Diphtheria  of  moderate  severity  existed  in  1902 
and  at  other  seasons  in  the  Albuquerque  school;  it  also  occurred 
within  recent  years  at  Zuni.  Influenza  has  been  reported  from  a 
number  of  localities  among  the  Southwestern  Indians.  Pneumonia, 
in  isolated  cases,  has  appeared  in  an  epidemic  form.  Parotitis  is 
seldom  heard  of.  Malaria,  known  as  "fever,"  frios,  or  calentura, 
occurs  more  or  less,  in  various  forms,  among  all  the  tribes.  Usually 
it  is  not  fatal  in  the  north  and  on  the  highlands,  but  assumes  more 
dangerous,  including  hemorrhagic  and  not  infrequently  fatal,  forms 
in  the  valleys  and  especially  in  the  lower  coast  lands  of  northern 
Mexico.  Leprosy  is  not  heard  of,  but  there  were  observed  a  few 
cases  of  a  condition  allied  to  elephantiasis.  The  pinto  malady  was 
not  met  with,  though  among  the  Mexican  Indians  there  were 
allusions  to  its  existence  farther  south  (Guerrero,  etc.) 

Malignant  diseases,  if  they  exist  at  all — that  they  do  would  be 
difficult  to  doubt — must  be  extremely  rare.  The  writer  heard  of 
"tumors,"  and  saw  several  cases  of  the  fibroid  variety,  but  has 
never  come  across  a  clear  case  of  an  epithelioma  or  other  cancer; 
nor  has  he  as  yet  encountered  unequivocal  signs  of  a  malignant 
growth  on  an  Indian  bone  (see  notes  in  Bibliography). 

Rheumatic  affections  are  quite  common,  but  are  very  seldom  of  a 
serious  nature.  They  seem  to  be  restricted  to  the  muscular  variety, 
lumbago,  and  the  arthritis  of  senility.  Of  rachitis,  or  osteomalacia, 
not  a  trace  was  encountered  either  in  the  living  or  in  the  bones,  and 
though  goiter  exists,  there  was  found  no  case  of  cretinism. 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  191 

Hernia  is  rare,  and  the  few  cases  seen  or  heard  of  were  nearly  all  of 
the  umbilical  variety  and  nearly  all  in  children. 

Pathological  obesity  does  not  exist  (see  Obesity,  pp.  156-157). 

For  albinism,  which  is  restricted  almost  entirely  to  the  Hopi  and 
Zimi,  see  special  section  at  the  end  of  the  chapter. 

Fractures  of  bones  are  infrequent,  more  rare  than  among  white 
people. 

In  general,  then,  the  morbid  conditions  that  occur  frequently,  and 
those  that  occur  more  rarely  among  the  Southwestern  and  the  north- 
Mexican  Indians  than  among  average  white  Americans,  are  as  follows: 

Frequent  aviong  Southwestern  Indians 

Affections  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract.       \  Smallpox;  measles. 

Affections  of  the  respiratory  organs.  |  Malaria:  dysentery. 

Affections  of  the  eyes.  [  Pemphigo  contagiosa  (in  children). 

Muscular  rheumatism  and  senile  arthritis.  ; 

Rare  among  Southwestern  Indians 


Anemia. 

Affections  of  breasts. 

Diseases  of  heart,  arteries,  and  veins. 

Asthma. 

Affections  of  the  liver. 

Affections  of  the  female  sexual  organs 


Dental  caries. 

Cancer. 

Rachitis. 

Hernia  (femoral,  inguinal). 

Idiocy  (high-grade). 

Insanity. 


(including    those    of    pregnancy    and  j  Nervous  diseases  (excepting  epilepsy), 
puerperium,  and  lacerations).  Scarlatina. 

Many  affections  of  the  skin.  !  Bone  fractures. 

A  few  special  remarks  may  be  made  in  this  place  concerning  syphilis 
among  the  Southwestern  and  the  north-Mexican  natives  before 
the  advent  of  whites.  As  already  remarked,  the  disease  in  the  Indian 
affects  the  bones  as  it  does  in  the  whites,  and  in  some  of  the  recent 
cases,  of  which  there  are  good  examples  from  Alaska,  the  destruction 
of  the  bony  tissues,  particularly  in  the  skull,  is  great;  if,  therefore, 
syphilis  existed  before  the  Spaniards  reached  this  country,  signs  of 
it  should  be  at  least  occasionally  discovered  in  the  ancient  burials. 
But  the  bones  and  particularly  the  skulls  from  the  old  burials  are, 
generally,  free  of  signs  characteristic  of  the  disease;  and  this  is  true 
of  the  bones  from  ancient  graves  in  California,  the  Northwest  coast, 
and  other  localities,  exclusive  of  the  southeastern  mounds.  If  this 
easily  communicable  disease  existed  for  any  length  of  time  before  the 
whites  (Columbian  and  post-Columbian)  came,  it  is  difficult  to  see 
how,  with  the  well-known  widespread  intercourse  among  the  Indians, 
whole  great  regions  could  escape  it.  It  may  be  remarked  that  signs 
of  the  disease  are  absent  also  from  the  older  burials  from  Peru  and 
other  localities  in  South  America.  FromL  some  of  the  regions  men- 
tioned the  osteological  collections  are  extensive  and  have  been  made 
in  a  thorouo'h  manner. 


192  BUREAU   OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOG"S  [bull.  34 

A1.BINISM 

In  stiidpng  the  defects  of  pigmentation  we  meet  with  two  appar- 
ently related  classes  of  phenomena.  One  is  a  regular,  more  or  less 
complete  and  extended  congenital  lack  of  the  usual  pigmentation,  or 
what  may  be  termed  albinism  proper ;  the  other  being  a  generally  irregu- 
lar, more  or  less  incomplete  and  extended,  depigmentation  occurring 
at  some  period  during  life,  and  known  more  commonly  as  vitiligo. 
Both  of  these  conditions,  originally  probably  neuropathic,  yet  seem- 
ingly radically  different,  were  met  with  among  the  Indians  visited,  but 
in  the  southwestern  United  States  the  cases  found  are  comparatively 
few  in  number  and  restricted  to  a  few  tribes,  while  no  instance  of  either 
condition  was  encountered  among  the  Mexican  Indians,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Tarahumare,  among  whom  an  albino  was  found  by 
Hartman,*  and  possibly  the  Mayo,  among  whom  are  said  to  occur, 
far  down  the  Mayo  river,  individuals  with  light  hair,  skin,  and  eyes. 
The  Mexican  Indians  are  much  scattered,  however,  and  all  detailed 
inquiry  is  very  difficult. 

Among  the  Hopi  and  the  Zuni  albinism  has  been  known  since  early 
historic  times,  and  apparently  shows  no  tendency  toward  either  a 
marked  increase  or  a  marked  diminution.  The  writer  learned  of  one 
case  of  complete  albinism  among  the  Navaho ''  and  of  another  at  Isleta, 
besides  which  he  saw  a  woman  50  years  of  age,  a  partial  or  atypical 
albino  (yellow  hair,  but  moderately  brown  skin),  among  the  Southern 
Ute,  and  a  case  of  vitiligo  in  a  male  Papago  of  about  55  years. 
Finally,  in  four  full-blood  Mohave  girls  at  the  Fort  Mohave  school 
were  seen  lighter,  but  not  quite  vitiligo-like,  spots  on  the  exposed 
portions  of  the  otherwise  normal-looking  skin. 

The  writer  made  it  a  point  to  see  all  the  albinos  among  the  Hopi, 
and  was  able  to  measure  all  but  one  as  well  as  to  inquire  somewhat 
into  their  family  history,  for  at  the  present  time  the  condition  is 
doubtless  propagated  to  some  degree  through  heredity.  Among  the 
Zuni  he  was  able  to  examine  but  two  of  the  men  (see  pi.  xxvi)  .*=  As 
the  Hopi  and  Zuni  tribes  are  closely  related  physically  and  as  the 
albinism  occurring  among  them  is  of  the  same  nature,  the  data 
relating  to  them  will  be  presented  conjointly. 

The  writer  found  among  the  Hopi  (March,  1900)  11  and  among  the 
Zuni  (same  year)  6  albinos.  The  proportion  to  the  whole  population 
was  5.5  per  thousand  among  the  Hopi  and  3.8  per  thousand  among 
the  Zuni. 

Of  the  Hopi  albinos,  3  were  males  and  8  females ;  of  the  Zuni,  3  males 
and  3  females;  total,  6  males  and  11  females.     Nine  out  of  the  total 

aC.  W.  Hartman,  The  Indians  of  North-western  Mexico,  Congrhs  international  des  Americanistes, 
1894,  128-120.  Stockholm,  1897. 

b  Bourke  (p.  4C0J  mentions  an  albino  family  among  the  Navaho. 

c  See  also  notes  on  the  Zuni  albinos  in  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson's  The  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Report  of 
Bureau  o)  A  merican  Ethnology. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  193 

17  albinos  were  children,  8  adults.  All  17  were  complete  albinos,  but 
of  slightly  differing  shades.  There  was  found  in  the  two  tribes  no 
instance  of  partial  albinism  or  vitiligo. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  albinos  in  both  tribes  was  much 
alike.  Their  physiognomy,  irrespective  of  their  slightly  variant  color, 
differed  from  that  of  the  other  Indians.  Their  skin  seemed  to  be  of 
ordinary  texture,  but  more  sensitive  to  exposure  than  in  the  fidl 
colored.  It  was  pink  or  white  with  a  slight  flush,  and  the  exposed 
parts  usually  showed  a  more  or  less  pronoimced  sun  discoloration, 
much  like  the  ordinary  sunburn  among  the  wliites.  On  the  body  the 
skin  looked  absolutely  normal;  on  the  face,  neck,  and  hands,  in  the 
adults,  however,  it  was  rather  redundant  and  wrinkled,  or  in  folds, 
giving  these  parts  in  some  cases  myxedematous-like  appearance. 
The  lips  were  in  many  somewhat  irregular,  exfoliating,  cracked,  or  sore. 

The  hair  ranged  in  color  from  that  of  the  unbleached  flax  fiber 
(pale  yellowish)  through  various  shades  of  yellowish  and  brownish — 
always  with  a  slight  golden  luster — to  medium  brown.  In  no  in- 
stance was  there  any  trace  of  red  in  the  hair.  The  eyebrows  and 
eyelashes  as  a  rule  were  lighter  than  the  hair,  in  some  cases  practically 
colorless.  The  consistency  and  quality  of  the  hair  showed  no  features 
strikingly  different  from  those  found  in  ordinary  Indians  of  the  same 
tribes. 

The  eyes  were  light  gray  or  light  blue  to  moderate  gray-blue,  with 
sclera  white — very  much  like  eyes  of  similar  shades  in  blond  white 
people.  In  no  case  was  the  iris  colorless,  with  pink  reflection,  as  in  the 
albino  rabbit.  In  every  instance  there  was  a  more  or  less  marked 
nystagmus  and  heUophobia.  The  vision  was  not  strong,  but  short- 
sightedness was  not  noticed. 

Owing  to  the  blinking  eyes  and  the  more  or  less  abnormal  skin, 
the  face  was  generally  somewhat  sheepish  in  expression,  reminding 
one  of  the  faces  of  some  epileptics.  In  most  of  the  adults  the  nose 
wgas  thicker  than  the  average,  while  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  lips 
were  thickened  and,  as  already  mentioned,  somewhat  irregular  in 
shape.  These  conditions  are  undoubtedly  very  largely  the  effects  of 
irritation  by  wind  and  sun.  In  four  cases  the  teeth  were  somewhat 
crowded  or  irregularly  set.  In  one  of  the  Zuni  men  half  of  the  teeth 
had  been  lost.  In  no  case  was  there  found  any  decided  retardation 
in  dentition  or  any  anomalies  of  the  teeth.  The  palate  was  in  all 
fairly  regular. 

Measurements  oif  the  body  showed  that  neither  the  children  nor 
the  adults  differ  much  from  normal  individuals  of  similar  age  and  full 
color.  In  no  instance  were  there  seen  signs  of  scrofula,  congenital 
syphilis,  or  rachitis.  The  pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  two 
of  the  albinos,  who  were  in  perfect  health,  approached  closely  the 
average  of  the  tribe;  in  other  individuals  these  tests  were  interfered 
3452— Bull.  34— 08 13 


194  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

with  by  .various  minor  disorders.  All  those,  however,  who  could  be 
tested  for  strength  by  the  dynamometer  were  found  to  be  weaker  than 
average  full-colored  individuals  of  the  same  age  in  the  same  tribe. 

Among  the  Hopi  the  albinos  are  known  as  Ico-lo-ko-cha-te  (white 
people) .  Neither  among  the  Hopi  nor  among  the  Zuni  are  they  ostra- 
cized or  looked  on  as  inferiors.  They  marry  full-colored  individuals 
of  the  other  sex,  but  they  themselves  are  generally  ashamed  of  their 
condition.  They  are  not  inclined  to  play  or  to  take  part  in  the  life 
of  the  village  as  others  do.  In  associating  with  them  the  writer  found 
all  of  them  to  be  sensitive,  bashfid,  and  easily  irritated  or  made  to 
cry.  With  two  exceptions  among  the  men,  they  appeared  from 
slightly  to  moderately  submedium  in  intelligence ;  the  testimony  of 
teachers  and  others  agreed  with  this  conclusion. 

An  inquiry  into  the  family  history  of  an  Indian  is  seldom  very  sat- 
isfactory. According  to  the  scanty  and  perhaps  not  always  reliable 
data  obtainable,  in  most  instances  the  albino  was  the  second  child 
of  the  mother;  in  one  case  he  was  the  third;  in  one  case  the  eighth 
(last) .  In  the  nine  cases  (children)  here  considered  the  father,  the 
mother,  and  all  the  other  children  were  of  normal  color.  In  one 
family  the  second  and  sixth  children  were  albinos;  in  one  family  the 
second  and  third;  and  finally  one  woman  had  three  children,  all 
albinos.  In  all  these  instances  the  father,  mother,  and  remaining 
children,  where  such  existed,  were  full-colored.  The  albinos  married 
to  full-colored  individuals  seldom  raise  any,  and  never  large,  families 
of  their  own.  This  point  seems  of  importance  and  needs  further 
attention.  The  Indians  have  no  rational  idea  as  to  the  cause  of 
albinism,  and  have  not  noticed  that  it  runs  in  certain  families.^ 

There  is  among  the  Hopi  considerable  intermarriage  of  distant  rel- 
atives, but  marriage  is  regulated  by  the  clan  system,  which  prevents 
all  close  interbreeding;  on  the  whole  this  factor  is  not  greater  or  even 
as  great  as  in  some  still  smaller  tribes,  for  example,  the  Maricopa, 
among  whom  no  albinism  has  been  recorded.  There  are  indications 
that  the  actual,  original  cause  of  the  condition  lies  in  the  nervous 
centers,  and  is  of  a  degenerative  nature,  being  propagated  in  the  tribe 
through  hereditary  influences.  No  definite  clue  as  to  any  special 
predisposing  or  exciting  cause  has  been  found  in  connection  with  the 
series  here  reported.  Prolonged  lactation  of  the  youngest  in  common 
with  a  previous  child  was  considered,  but  this  is  frequent  among  all 
Indians  and  takes  place  with  all  the  children  in  families  where  only 
single  albinos  occur.  Careful  and  detailed  observations  in  this  line 
should  be  made  in  future  by  the  resident  physicians  in  partidular. 

The  following  are  the  results  of  the  examinations  of  Hopi  and  Zuni 
albinos  in  detail;  the  Hopi  subjects  are  arranged  by  villages. 

a  It  is  a  supposed  consequence  of  transgressing  some  tabus  by  the  pregnant  woman,  or  of  making,  in 
an  erroneous  way,  certain  jpahos  or  prayer  sticks;  but  the  majority  of  tliose  questioned  had  no  expla- 
nation. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEKVATIONS  195 

(1)  Kivanocliwuiiiima  (Pueblo  of  Mishongnovi) :  Girl  about  10  years  of  age.  Father 
and  mother  normal;  only  albino  in  the  family;  is  the  third  child.  Hair  straight, 
unbleached  flax  color,  with  slight  golden  reflex;  eyelashes  and  eyebrows  very  pale; 
eyes  grayish  blue,  light  yellowish  about  the  iris;  face  pinkish  white,  exactly  as  in 
many  white  blonds.  Features  regular,  expression  slightly  sheepish.  Teeth  regular, 
second  dentition  fairly  advanced;  all  front  teeth  and  first  permanent  molars  (in  all  24 
teeth)  fully  erupted.  Hands  and  feet  slightly  dusky  (sunburn).  Height,  131.3  cm.; 
diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  15.8 ;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  14.2 ; 
height  of  head  (biauric.  line-bregma) ,  13.0;  face  height  to  nasion,  9.7;  face  height  to 
crinion,  15.4;  diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  12.7.  Occiput  slightly  flattened.  Body 
normal.     Intelligence  slightly  below  average  (teacher's  estimate). 

(2)  Maina  (Mishongnovi) :  Girl  about  14  or  15  years  old.  Father  and  mother  normal; 
the  other  children  normal;  is  the  second  child  of  the  family.  Hair  straight,  flax  color, 
eyelashes  and  eyebrows  lighter.  Eyes  medium  blue.  Face  pinkish  white;  hands 
and  feet  show  effects  of  exposure.  Teeth  normal,  28  of  second  dentition  erupted. 
Face  normal.  Is  not  very  bright  in  school;  intelligence  in  general  slightly  below 
medium.  Height,  151.5  cm. ;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  17.6;  diameter 
lateral  maximum  of  head,  14;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line-bregma),  12.7;  face  height 
to  nasion,  11.2;  face  height  to  crinion,  16.4;    diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  13.2. 

(3)  Komaiaunima  (Mishongnovi):  Girl  between  15  and  16  years  of  age.  Father  and 
mother  normal;  only  albino  in  the  family;  is  the  second  child,  both  the  first  and  third 
normal.  Hair  straight,  medium  to  light  yellowish  brown;  eyebrows  and  eyelashes 
light  flax  color.  Eyes  grayish  blue.  Color  of  face  and  body  exactly  as  in  white 
blonds,  i.e.,  pinkish  white.  Shows  sunburn  on  exposed  part  of  limbs  and  on  face. 
Features  normal.  Expression  not  very  bright.  Intelligence  not  above  the  average, 
possibly  slightly  below.  Teeth  normal,  28  second  teeth  fully  erupted.  Height,  151.5 
cm.;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  17.3;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head, 
14.4;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line-bregma),  13.55;  height  of  face  to  nasion,  11;  height 
of  face  to  crinion,  17.9;  diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  13.4. 

(4)  Naqualashtiva  (Mishongnovi) :  Man  about  30.  Parents  normal.  Four  children ; 
is  the  second.  No  albino  relation.  Fairly  well  nourished.  Face  slightly  dull,  net 
Indian-like  in  type.  Hair  straight,  very  light  brownish;  eyebrows  and  eyelashes 
nearly  colorless;  eyes  grayish  blue.  Nystagmus  (lateral).  Very  slight,  if  any,  com- 
pression of  the  occiput.  Lips  thick.  Upper  lip  somewhat  defective  in  middle  line, 
notched^a  slight  degree  of  harelip.  Intelligence  fair.  No  upper  wisdom  teeth; 
lower  incisors  irregularly  set,  crowded.  Sexually  potent.  Genitals  slightly  sub- 
medium  in  size,  normal  in  shape.  Body  normal.  Had  a  wife;  no  conception;  did 
not  live  long  together;  was  jealous.  Height,  173  cm. ;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum 
of  head,  18.4;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  15.6;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line- 
bregma),  14.35;  face  height  to  nasion,  11.8;  face  height  to  crinion,  19.4;  diameter 
bizygom.  maximum,  14.1. 

(5)  Shakwentiva  (Mishongnovi):  Man  about  33  years  of  age.  Parents  normal;  had 
five  children;  subject  is  the  second.  No  albino  in  family  or  relatives.  Hair 
straight,  light  brownish.  Eyes  more  grayish  than  blue.  Body  well  developed; 
medium  (for  Hopi)  height.  Face  coarse,  like  that  of  some  epileptics,  not  Indian-like; 
some  strabismus,  nystagmus  (lateral).  Somewhat  sheepish  expression.  Intelligence 
fair,  but  certainly  not  higher.     Would  not  be  measured. 

(6)  Puliasnima  (Shupaulovi):  Girl  about  6  years  old.  Father  and  mother  normal; 
has  an  older  albino  sister,  a  bright  child,  at  Phoenix;  family  of  six,  first  child  normal, 
second  Kucasnima,  the  albino  in  Phoenix,  the  third  normal,  fourth  normal,  fifth  normal, 
sixth  albino,  Puliasnima.  Hair  is  straight,  of  a  very  light  flax  color.  Eyebrows  and 
eyelashes  very  light  (not  white).  Eyes  clear  medium  blue.  Face  very  pinkish  and 
blond;  hands  and  feet  somewhat  darker  (sunburned).  Features  ordinary,  not  of  the 
regular  Indian  type.  Lower  incisors  crowded,  otherwise  teeth  and  dentition  normal. 
Not  bright.     Height,  108.3  cm;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  16.6;  diam- 


196  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

eter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  12.8;  height  of  head  (biam'ic.  line-bregma) ,  12;  face 
height  tonasion,  9.3;  face  height  to  crinion,  14.9;  diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  11.3. 

(7)  Sivenka  (Shupaulovi):  Woman  about  28  years  old.  Father  and  mother  normal ; 
family  of  five  or  six  children ;  is  the  second  child ;  all  the  other  children  normal.  Hair 
flax  to  light  brown  in  color,  straight;  eyelashes  very  light  flax  color  (not  white).  Eyes 
grayish  blue.  Skin  light,  pinkish  white.  Features  normal;  look  ordinary.  Not 
very  bright.  Teeth  normal;  dentition  normal  (32  second  teeth  erupted).  Hands 
and  feet  quite  small,  somewhat  sunburned.  Body  (nude)  normal,  color  exactly  as 
in  whites.  Rather  frail,  but  not  emaciated.  Breasts  submedium,  approach  conical 
in  shape;  nipples  quite  well  developed,  areola  light,  but  slightly  darker  than  sur- 
rounding skin.  Genitals,  externally,  normal,  covered  with  thin,  not  very  long,  light 
flax-colored  hair.  Stature,  151.8  cm. ;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  IG.O  ; 
diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  14.2;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line-bregma),  13.15; 
face  height  to  nasion,  11.1;  face  height  to  crinion,  16.5;  diameter  bizygom.  maximum, 
12.6.  Head  normal,  as  in  all  the  albinos,  but  shows  a  quite  marked  cradle-board 
occipital  flattening.     Married  three  years  to  a  full-colored  Hopi;  no  conception. 

(8)  Sikiahoinima  (Shongopovi) :  A  girl  about  7  years  old.  Parents  normal;  had 
three  children;  subject  is  the  second.  No  albino  among  relatives.  Very  well  nour- 
ished; face  quite  bright,  nice;  otherwise  very  similar  in  every  particular  to  the  other 
albinos.  Hair  straight,  light  brown  in  color.  Eyebrows  and  eyelashes  lighter.  Eyes 
bluish. "  Skin  as  that  of  a  white  child.  Cries  and  sobs  at  slight  provocation.  Teeth 
normal;  dentition  normal  (for  that  age).  Height,  100.7  cm.;  diameter  antero-post. 
maximum  of  head,  15.7;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  13.4;  height  of  head 
(biauric.  line-bregma),  12.35;  face  height  to  nasion,  8.8;  face  height  to  crinion,  14.6; 
diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  11.9. 

(9)  Lominimka  (Shongopovi) :  Woman  about  35  years  of  age.  Parents  normal ;  had 
two  children;  subject  is  the  second.  No  relatives  albinos.  Fairly  well  nourished; 
features  regular,  not  Hopi-like.  Hair  straight,  of  flax  color;  skin  pinkish  white.  Eyes 
bluish.  Teeth  normal;  dentition  normal.  Intelligence  fair.  Height,  145.1  cm.; 
diameter  antero-post.  maximum  of  head,  17.0;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head, 
14.6;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line-bregma),  12.5;  face  height  to  nasion,  11.2;  face 
height  to  crinion,  18.4;  diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  13.5.  Had  a  male  child  by  a 
full-colored  Hopi;  the  child,  which  was  brought  to  the  writer,  is  full-colored  and 
looks  exactly  like  other  normal  Hopi  children. 

(10)  Komaweniouma  (Oraibi):  Man  about  55  or  60  years  old.  Stooped,  but  well 
developed  and  healthy.  Parents  and  family  normal;  mother  had  four  children;  he 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  second.  Intelligence  fair.  Nystagmus.  Color  pink- 
ish, as  in  others.     Flax-colored,  straight  hair.     Face,  albino  type,  wrinkled. 

(11)  Oleson  (Zuiii,  pi.  xxvi) :  Male  about  35  years  of  age.  Parents  normal. 
Is  the  seventh  of  eight  children.  All  the  rest  of  the  children  and  all  relatives  full- 
colored.  Skin  pinkish  white;  where  exposed  it  is  dusky  and  furrowed.  Hair  light 
brown.  Eyebrows  and  eyelashes  lighter.  Eyes  gray.  Features  quite  coarse,  but 
body  is  well  developed.  The  face  shows  sunburn,  the  forehead,  protected  by  the 
hair,  is  white.  The  skin  of  the  neck  is  much  coiTUgated.  The  skin  on  the  hands  looks 
like  that  after  scalding.  Is  left-handed.  Eyes  blink  in  light  (as  in  all  the  described 
albinos).  Some  lateral  nystagmus.  Had  been  married  and  had  one  child  by  his 
wife;  the  child  was  full-colored.  Height,  162.7  cm.;  diameter  antero-post.  maximum 
of  head,  17.7;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  14.3;  height  of  head  (biauric.  line- 
bregma),  13.75;  face  height  to  nasion,  11;  face  height  to  crinion,  17.2;  diameter 
bizygom.  maximum,  13.45.  Pulse  (6.30  p.  m.),  48;  respiration,  18;  temperature, 
98.8;  present  state  of  health  normal.  Pressure  force,  right  hand,  37  kilos;  left  hand, 
38;  traction  force,  19.5  kilos  (Mathieu  dynamometer). 

(12)  Cumashki  (Zuni,  pi.  xxvi):  Man  api:)roximately  45  ycara  old.  Parents 
full-colored,  normal.  No  albinism  in  relatives.  Is  the;  third  child  out  of  six,  four 
of  whom  were  normal.  A  boy  all)ino,  second  child,  died.  Color  of  skin  closely 
.iiinilar  I  o  that  of  whites,  except  on  1  he  face,  where  it  is  qviite  rosy.    Hair  pale  yellowish. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


ULLETIN   34     PLATE   XXVI 


CUMASHKI 

ZUNI    ALBINOS 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIOiSrS 


197 


Evfbruws  and  eyelat^hes  nearly  colorless.  Eyes  light  blue.  Is  very  well  nourished  and 
in  general  normally  developed.  The  skin,  however,  of  the  face,  neck,  forearms,  and 
legs  has  a  somewhat  myxedematous  appearance.  Teeth  somewhat  irregularly  set, 
much  worn,  nearly  a  half  lost  thi'ough  caries;  impossible  to  determine  whether  or  not 
the  dentition  was  complete.  The  eyes  show  lateral  continuous  nystagmus.  The  man 
is  of  fair  intelligence  and  good-natured.  The  lips  are  slightly  thickened  and  irregu- 
larly curved.  The  subject  was  never  mamed.  Height,  166.8  cm.;  diameter  antero- 
post.  maximum  of  head,  18.8;  diameter  lateral  maximum  of  head,  15.6;  height  of  head 
(biamic.  line-bregma),  14.7;  face  height  to  nasion,  11.2;  face  height  to  crinion,  18.3; 
diameter  bizygom.  maximum,  15.  Pulse  (3  p.  m.),  64;  respiration,  16;  temperatm'e, 
99;  present  state  of  health,  normal.  Pressure  force,  right  hand,  30  kilos;  left  hand, 
same;  traction  force,  20  kilos  (Mathieu  djoiamometer) . 

The  thickness  and  quantity  of  hair  in  all  the  albinos  is  about  the 
same  as  in  those  full-colored. 


Diseases  among  Indians  in  Various  Parts  of  the  United  States 

The  second  part  of  the  inquiry  into  diseases  among  the  Indians 
consisted,  as  before  mentioned,  in  inquiries  addressed  by  the  Bureau 
of  Indian  Affairs  to  the  physicians  in  the  Indian  Service.  These 
inquiries  were  extended  to  all  the  reservations  and  schools  in  the 
United  States.  The  list  to  be  reported  on,  arranged  by  the  ^\Titer, 
was  in  the  f ollo^^dng  form : 


Report  of  Dr. 


-,  ^physician  at 


agency  {or  scJiool),  under  date  of- 


19- 


on  diseases,  etc. 
[Abbreviations:  C.=children;  A.=adalts.] 


Albinism,  com- 
plete. 


Male.  ;  Female. 


Albinism,^ 
partial. 


Goiter. 


Male. 


C.     A 


Pemale.  |    Male.  '  Female. 


C.      A.     C.  I  A. 


Cretinism. 


Male. 


G.    A. 


Female. 


C.     A, 


Insanity,  6  aU 
forms. 


Male. 


Female. 


C.     A 


Epilepsy,  all 
forms. 


Male.  !  Female. 


A. 


Idiocy,  all 
grades. 


Deaf  and  dumb. 


Male. 


C. 


Female. 


Male,  i  Female. 


Monstrosities, 
all  varieties. 


Report  individ- 
A         ual  by  cases. 


Spinal  curva- 
tures. 


Male.     Female. 


Nature 
of  de- 
form- 
ity. 


Nature 
of  de- 
formity. 


Tuberculosis. 

Latest 

census 

Pulmonary. 

Bones  and  joints. 

Glandular. 

of  tribe. 

Male.      1     Female. 

Male.      I     Female. 

Male.      1     Female. 

Male. 

Fe- 

C. 

A. 

C.         A. 

c. 

A. 

C. 

A. 

C. 

A.         C. 

A. 

male. 

. 

• 

"Vitiligo. 

6  Record  each  case  separately,  giving  sex,  age,  and  principal  symptoms. 


198  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Eeports  were  received  from  102  localities,  and  in  numerous  in- 
stances these  were  accompanied  by  additional  data  or  by  explanatory 
notes.  The  reports  are  not,  however,  equally  accurate.  It  was 
evident  that  the  physicians  endeavored  to  give  as  far  as  possible 
correct  information,  but  on  many  of  the  larger  reservations  it  is 
exceedingly  difficult  to  do  so.  The  physician  and  those  who  could 
aid  liim  in  filling  out  the  blank  have  usually  a  good  knowledge  of 
those  natives  only  who  live  within  a  moderate  distance  of  the 
agency,  and  the  data  concerning  those  in  the  remote  parts  of 
the  reservation  can  not  but  be  defective.  The  reports  from  the 
schools  and  the  smaller  tribes  are  more  reliable,  and  so  probably  are 
those  on  albinism,  insanity,  and  the  deaf  and  dumb,  conditions 
known  widely  among  every  people.  On  the  whole,  it  will  be  well 
to  regard  the  data  here  presented  as  approximate;  further,  it 
should  be  remembered  that,  unfortunately,  these  data  pertain  to 
a  population  embracing  both  mixed-bloods  and  full-bloods,  although 
the  former  are  not  numerous. 

The  detail  reports  are  given,  tabulated  alphabetically  by  the 
tribes,  in  the  Appendix;  the  separate  notes  from  the  physicians, 
some  of  them  very  interesting,  are  added  to  this  chapter.  In  abstract, 
the  reported  conditions  were  as  follows : 

Albinism  complete  existed  in  only — 

1  Cheyenne  (male  adult),  at  the  Seger  school,  Okla.,  in  population  of  551. 

1  Crow  (male  adult),  at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in  population  of  1,826. 

10  Hopi  (2  male  and  2  female  children,  3  male  and  3  female  adults),  at  the  Hopi  agency, 

Ariz.,  in  population  of  1,878. 
1  Menominee  (male  child),  at  the  Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.,  in  population  of  1,283. 
5  Navaho  (1  male  child,  2  female  children,  1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Navaho 

agency,  N.  Mex.,  part  of  the  tribe,  in  population  of  12,000.a 
1  Papago  (female  child),  at  the  Phoenix  Indian  school,  Ariz.,  in  population  of  725. 
1  Laguna  Pueblo  (male  child),  at  the  Laguna  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of  2,102. 
4  Zuni  (2  male  and  2  female  adults),  at  the  Zuili  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of 

1,521. 

In  all  there  were  24  complete  albinos  (8  male  adults  and  5  male 
children,  6  female  adults  and  5  female  children)  living  at  the  end  of 
1904,  and  21  of  these  were  among  the  Indians  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. 

Partial  defects  of  pigmentation  were  reported  in — 

1  Cherokee  (male  adult),  at  the  Eastern  Cherokee  school,  N.  C,  in  a  population  of  1,453. 
3  Blackfeet  or  Sioux  (2  male  and  1  female  adults),  at  the  Cheyenne  River  agency, 

S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  2,477. 
1  Sioux  (male  adult),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,651. 
1  (tribe  ?)  (female  adult),  at  the  Kiowa  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  3,675. 
3  Menominee  (all  male  adults),  at  the  Green  Bay  agency.  Wis.,  in  a  population  of  1,283. 
1  Navaho  (male  child),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  12,000. 

a  None  reported  from  other  parts  of  the  tr'.be.  There  is  a  Hopi  admixture  among  the  Navaho, 
which  m_y  jjossiljly  account  for  some  of  the  albinos. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  199 

1  Osage  «  (male  adult),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  1,895. 

1  Papago«  (male  adult),  at  the  San  Xavier  settlement,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  514. 

1  Piegan  (male  adult),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  2,059. 

1  (tribe  ?)  (male  adult),  at  the  Warm  Springs  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  786. 

1  Southern  Ute  «  (female  adult),  at  the  Southern  Ute  agency,  Colo.,  in  a  population  of 
962. 

1  Winnebago  (male  adult),  at  the  Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebr.,  in  a  popula- 
tion of  1,085. 

In  all  16  cases  of  partial  defects  of  pigmentation,  among  which  were 
13  males  and  3  females,  and  15  adults  with  but  1  child.  ^  It  is  plain 
that  the  condition  differs  essentially  from  the  congenital  albinism 
proper,  which  occurs  in  both  sexes  in  nearly  an  equal  proportion. 
It  is  also  much  more  scattered  and  corresponds  in  no  way  with  true 
albinism. 

Goiter:  The  instructive  reports  on  this  pathological  condition  are 
as  follows — 

6  Apache  (1  male  adult,  1  female  child,  and  4  female  adults),  at  the  Fort  Apache 

(White  Mountain)  agency,  Ariz.,  out  of  a  population  of  2,058,  or  2.9  per  thousand. 

1  Apache  (female  child),  at  the  Jicarilla  agency,  southern  Colorado,  in  p'opulation  of 

782,  or  1.3  per  thousand. 

2  Cherokee  (male  adults),  at  the  Eastern  Cherokee  school,  N.  C,  in  population  of 

1,453,  or  1.4  per  thousand. 

36  Cheyenne  (8  male  and  28  female  adults).  Tongue  River  agency,  Mont.,  out  of  popu- 
lation of  1,408,  or  25.6  per  thousand. 

1  Cheyenne  (female  adult),  at  the  Seger  school,  Okla.,  in  population  of  551,  or  1.8  per 
thousand. 

151  Blackfeet  or  Sioux  (24  male  and  127  female  adults),  at  the  Cheyenne  River  agency, 
S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  2,477,  or  61.4  per  thousand. 

1  Chippewa  (female  child),  at  the  Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn.,  in  population  of  3,387, 

or  0.3  per  thousand. 

2  Chippewa  (female  children),  at  the  Mount  Pleasant  school,  Mich.,  in  population  of 

about  300,  or  6.7  per  thousand. 
1  Coeur  d'Alene  (female  adult),  at  the  Colville  agency.  Wash.,  in  population  of  577, 

or  1.7  per  thousand. 
12  Crows  (1  male  child,  5  male  and  6  female  adults),  at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in 

population  of  1,826,  or  6.6  per  thousand. 

7  Sioux  (2  male  and  5  female  adults),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  population 

of  1,651,  or  4.2  per  thousand. 

8  Indians  (all  female  adults),  at  the  Fort  Berthold  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  population  of 

1,210,  or  6.6  per  thousand. 

3  Indians  (all  female  children),  at  the  Genoa  school,  Nebr.,  in  population  of  about 

300,  or  10  per  thousand. 

4  Hopi  (all  female  adults),  at  the  Hopi  agency,  Ariz.,  in  population  of  1,878,  or  2.1  per 

thousand. 
4  Oneida  (1  male  and  3  female  children),  at  theTomah  school.  Wis.,  in  population  of 

150,  or  26.7  per  thousand. 
4  Oneida  (1  male  adult,  2  female  children,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Oneida  agency , 

Wis.,  in  population  of  2,055,  or  1.9  per  thousand. 

"  No  report,  but  subject  known  personally  to  the  writer. 

*  It  is  very  probable  that  quite  a  number  of  cases  belonging  to  this  category  were  not  reported. 
Nevertheless  the  condition  is  by  no  means  frequent. 


200  BUREAU    O.F    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

1  I  Mcnoiuincc  (o  maU'  and  1)  fciiialc  a(lulls),al  (licdrccii  l>ay  a.gt'iicy,  Wis.,  in  popu- 

lation ot  l,28o,  or  10. !)  per  fhousaiul. 

2  ^Vli.syioii  Indians  (both  female  adults),  at  Round  Valley,  Cal.,in  population  of  (>43, 

or  3.1  per  thousand. 

1  Navaho  (female  adult),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of  12,000,  or 

0.08  per  thousand. 

2  Navaho  (female  adults),  at  the  Navaho  school,  Ariz.,  out  of  population  of  493,  or 

4.1  piar  thousand. 
1  Osage  (female  adult),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  population  of  1,895,  or  0.5  per 

thousand. 
1  Pawnee  (female  adult),  at  the  Pawnee  agency,  Okla.,  in  population  of  608,  or  1.6  per 

thousand. 

3  Piegan  (1  male  and  2  female  adults),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.,  in  population  of 

2,059,  or  1.5  per  thousand. 

3  Rio  Grande  Pueblos  (all  female  adults),  at  the  Santa  Fe  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  popu- 
lation of  566,  or  5.3  per  thousand. 

6  Shoshoni  or  Arapaho  (2  male  and  4  female  adults),  at  the  Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo., 
in  population  of  1,659,  or  3.6  per  thousand. 

1  Sioux  (female  child),  at  the  Chamberlain  school,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  about  70, 

or  14.3  per  thousand. 

2  Sioux  (female  adults),  at  the  Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  470,  or 

4.3  per  thousand. 

8  Sioux  (3  male  and  5  female  adults),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  popu- 
lation of  6,690,  or  1.2  per  thousand. 

39  Sioux  (2  male  children,  5  male  adults,  3  female  children,  and  29  female  adults),  at 
the  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  4,977,  or  7.3  per  thousand. 

2  Sioux  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Sisseton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population 

of  1,874,  or  1.1  per  thousand. 

10  Sioux  (4  male  and  6  female  adults),  at  the  Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  popu- 
lation of  3,514,  or  2.8  per  thousand. 

5  Sioux  (1  male  and  4  female  children),  at  the  Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population 
of  1,702,  or  2.9  per  thousand. 

3  Sioux  (all  adult  females),  at  the  Crow  Creek  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  1,025, 

or  2.9  per  thousand. 
28  Ute  (11  male  and  17  female  adults),  at  the  Uinta  agency,  Utah,  in  population  of  791, 

or  35.4  per  thousand. 
1  Southern  Ute  (female  child),  at  the  Fort  Lewis  school,  Colo.,  in  population  of  178, 

or  5.6  per  thousand. 
1  Yuma  (female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Yuma  reservation,  Cal.,  in  population  of  650,  or  1.5 

per  thousand. 

In  the  aggregate  there  were  reported  376  cases  of  goiter,  from  36  locali- 
ties, °  while  from  66,  or  nearly  two-tliirds  of  all  the  localities  heard  from, 
goiter  was  absent ;  the  proportion  of  cases  to  the  total  Indian  popula- 
tion was  3  per  thousand.  Of  all  the  cases  21  per  cent  were  among  the 
males  and  79  per  cent  among  the  females,  showing  that  among  the 
Indians  goiter  is  four  times  as  prevalent  among  the  latter.  It  is 
well  known  that  the  female  sex  also  is  more  liable  to  this  affection 
among  the  whites  and  other  races.''     Seven  per  cent  of  the  cases  were 

o Goiter  is  also  quite  prevalent  among  the  women  at  the  La  Pointe,  Wis.,  Chippewa  agency,  but 
accurate  data  from  that  locality  are  wanting. 

tFor  a  summary  of  data  on  goiter  in  various  parts  of  the  world  see  Tlirsch,  Handbook  of  Geographical 
and  Historical  Pathology,  London,  188.j,  n. 


hrdlickaJ 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


201 


among  cliildren  and  adolescents,  showing  that  in  quite  a  number  of 
instances  the  condition  starts  before  the  period  of  growth  is  completed. 
The  extent  of  the  disease  in  different  tribes  is  indicated  below.  The 
detailed  data  make  it  plain  that  goiter  does  not  depend  on  any  con- 
dition inherent  in  the  tribes,  but  is  due  to  purely  local  agencies,  the 
nature  of  which  is  not  yet  well  known. 

Goiter  among  Indians — proportion  per  thousand  of  population 


Tribe. 

State. 

Per 
thou- 
sand. 

Tribe. 

State. 

Per 
thou- 
sand. 

South  Dakota 

Utah 

61.4 

35.4 

26.7 

25.6 

14.3 

10.9 

10.0 

7.8 

6.7 

6.6 

6.6 

5.6 
5.3 
4.3 
4.2 
4.1 
3.6 

Mission  Indians 

Apache  (White  Moun- 
tain). 

Sioux  (branch) 

do 

California 

3.1 

Ute                            .  .  . 

Arizona 

2.9 

Oneida 

Wisconsin 

South  Dakota 

do 

2.9 

South  Dakota 

Wisconsin 

2.9 

do 

North  Dakota 

Arizona 

2.8 

Indians  (Genoa  school) . 

2.1 

South  Dakota 

Oneida 

Wisconsin 

Oklahoma 

Washington 

Oklahoma 

Montana 

1.9 

Cheyenne 

1.8 

Coeur  d'Alenes 

1.7 

Indians  (Fort  Berthold 
agency). 

North  Dakota 

1.6 

1.5 

Yuma 

California 

1.5 

New  Mexico 

South  Dakota 

Montana 

North  Carolina... 
Southern   Colo- 
rado. 

South  Dakota 

do 

1.4 

Apache 

1.3 

do 

Sioux  (branch) 

do 

1.2 

Shoshoni  and  Arapaho.. 

Wyoming 

1.1 

Cretinism,  notwithstanding  the  prevalence  of  goiter,  is  a  very  rare 
condition.     The  reported  cases  were :  ** 

1  Indian  (female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont.,  in  population  of  1,234. 
1  Navaho  (female  child),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of  12,000. 
1  Winnebago  (male  adult),  at  the  Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebr.,  in  popula- 
tion of  1,085. 

In  all  these  localities  goiter  is  very  rare.  In  many  tribes  in 
which  goiter  is  relatively  common  cretinism  is  entirely  absent. 

Insanity:  The  reports  on  insane  Indians  show  more  or  less  rare 
instances  of  this  condition  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  They  em- 
brace the  following : 

1  Apache  (male  adult),  at  the  San  Carlos  agency,  Ariz.,  in  population  of  2,553. 
1  Apache  (female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Apache  agency,  Ariz.,  in  population  of  2,058. 
1  Apache  (male  adult),  at  the  Jicarilla  agency,  Colo.,  in  population  of  782. 
1  Apache  (male  adult),  at  Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  in  population  of  298. 

3  Blackfeet  or  Sioux  (1  male  young,  1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the   Cheyenne 
River  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  2,477. 

1  Indian  (male  adult),  at  the  Colville  agency,  Wash.,  in  population  of  457. 

10  Crows  (7  male  and  3  female  adults), at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in  population  of  1,826. 

2  Iroquois  Oneida  (female  adults),  at  the  Oneida  agency.  Wis.,  in  population  of  2,055. 

a.\  few  cases  are  said  to  exist  also  among  the  Chippewa  in  northeastern  Wisconsin. 


202  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

2  Indians  (1  female,  young,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Kiowa  agency,  Olda.,  in  popu- 
lation of  3,679. 

1  Nespelim  (male  adult),  at  the  Colville  agency,  Wash.,  in  population  of  457. 

2  Navaho  (male  adults),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of  12*000. 

2  Osage  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  population  of  1,895. 

2  Piegan  (male  adults),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.,  in  population  of  2,059. 

4  Pima  and  Papago  (all  male  adults),  at  the  Pima  agency,  Ariz.,  in  population  of  6,600. 

1  Pueblo  (female,  young),  at  the  Laguna  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  population  of  2,102. 

2  Shoshoni  or  Bannock   (1  male    and    1    female    adult),  at   Fort  Hall,  Idaho,  in 

population  of  1,351. 

1  Shawnee  (male  adult),  at  the  Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla.,  in  population  of  491. 

2  Sioux  (male  adults),  at  the  Devils  Lake  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  population  of  1,013. 
1  Sioux  (male  adult),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  6,690. 

1  Sioux  (female  atlult),  at  the  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  4,977. 

1  Sioux  (male,  21  years  old),  at  the  Sisseton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  population  of  1,874. 

2  Sioux  (female  adults),  at  the  Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  population  of  3,514. 
1  Sauk  and  Fox  (male  adult),  at  the  Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla.,  in  population  of 

581. 
1  Tulalip  (male  adult),  at  the  Tulalip  agency,  Wash.,  in  population  of  1,451. 
1  Ute  (male  adult),  at  the  Uinta  agency,  Utah,  in  population  of  791. 
1  Indian  (male  adult),  at  the  Umatilla  agency,  Oreg.,  in  population  of  1,196. 

Summary:  There  were  reported  in  all,  48  cases  of  insanity  of  all 
forms,  from  26  localities:  no  cases  existed  in  76  localities.  Of  the  48 
cases,  33  were  among  males  and  15  among  females,  which  is  in  the 
proportion  of  220  of  the  former  to  100  of  the  latter.  It  is  evident 
that  insanity  in  the  Indians  predominates  in  the  male  sex,  being 
more  than  twice  as  frequent  as  in  the  females.  Among  the  whites,  the 
female  insane  exceed  the  male  in  the  proportion  of  104  to  100.  Of 
the  33  males,  but  one,  and  of  the  15  females,  only  two,  were  young,  all 
the  rest,  94  per  cent,  being  adults."  There  is  but  one  tribe  in  which 
the  proportion  of  insane  is  large,  namely,  the  Crows,  where  there  is 
one  insane  to  every  183  individuals  of  the  population.  The  total 
Indian  population  reported  upon  amounting  in  round  numbers  to 
125,000,  the  proportion  of  insane  is  1  to  2,730  of  population,  or  0.38 
per  1,000,  against  1  to  552,  or  1.81  per  1,000,  among  the  whites.* 

Epilepsy,  all  forms  included,  is  somewhat  more  common  among  the 
Indians  than  insanity.     The  following  cases  were  reported : 
1  Apache  (male  adult),  at  the  San  Carlos  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  2,523. 
1  Apache  (female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Apache  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  2,058. 
1  Apache  (male),  at  the  Mescalero  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  460. 

1  Arapaho  (male  adult),  at  the  Cantonment,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  237. 

2  Cherokee  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Eastern  Cherokee  school,  N.  C,  in  a 

population  of  1,453. 

3  Cheyenne  (all  female  children),  at  the  Cantonment,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  528. 

1  Cheyenne  (male  child),  at  the  Seger  school,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  551. 

3  Blackfeet  or  Sioux  (1  male  and  2  female  adults),  at  the  Cheyenne  River  agency, 
S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  2,477. 

2  Chippewa  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn.,  in  a  popu- 

lation of  3,387. 


a  The  21 -year-old  Sioux  are  more  properly  counted  with  the  adults  than  with  the  young. 
''  See  the  Report  on  the  Insane,  etc.,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  7,  Washington,  1895. 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  203 

2  Chippewa  (1  male  adult  and  I  female  child),  at  Mf)unt  Pleasant,  Mich.,  in  a  popu- 
lation of  300. 

2  Indians  (1  male  child  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Colville  agency,  Wash.,  in  a  popu- 
lation of  708. 

1  Crow  (male  adult),  at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,826. 

2  Sioux  (female  children),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,651. 

1  Indian  (female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,234. 

2  Indians  (1  male  child  and  1  male  adult),  at  the  Fort  Berthold  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in 

a  population  of  1,210. 

5  Indians  (2  male  children,  2  male  adults,  and  1  female  adult},  at  the  Flathead  agency, 

Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,835. 

1  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Genoa  school,  Nebr.,  in  a  population  of  310. 

2  Hopi  (1  male  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Hopi  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  1,878. 
1  Hupa  (male  child),  at  the  Hupa  Valley  agency,  Cal.,  in  a  population  of  414. 

1  Kickapoo  (male  child),  at  the  Potawatomi  agency,  Kans.,  in  a  population  of  199. 

1  Indian  (female  child),  at  the  Klamath  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  1,164. 

10  Menominee  (3  male  children,  1  male  adult,  3  female  children,  and  3  female  adults), 

at  the  Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.,  in  a  population  of  1,283. 
1  Mission  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Round  Valley  agency,  Cal.,  in  a  population  of  643. 
1  Mohave  (female  child),  at  the  Fort  Mohave  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  892. 
1  Omaha  (male  adult),  at  the  Omaha  agency,  Nebr.,  in  a  population  of  1,287. 

1  Oto  (male  child),  at  the  Oto  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  364. 

2  Osage  (2  female  adults),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  1,895. 
1  Paiute  (female  adult),  at  the  Nevada  agency,  Nev.,  in  a  population  of  494. 

7  Piegan  (1  male  child,  3  male  adults,  2  female  children,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the 

Blackfeet  agency,  Moift.,  in  a  population  of  2,059. 
1  Pima  (female  child),  at  the  Pima  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  6,600. 

1  Quileute  (male  child),  at  the  Neah  Bay  agency,  Wash.,  in  a  population  of  730. 

2  Shoshoni  (male  children),  at  the  Lemhi  agency,  Idaho,  in  a  population  of  470. 

3  Shoshoni  or  Arapaho  (1  male  child  and  2  male  adults),  at  the  Shoshoni  agency, 

Wyo.,  in  a  population  of  1,659. 

3  Shoshoni  or  Bannock  (1  female  child  and  2  female  adults),  at  the  Fort  Hall  agency, 

Idaho,  in  a  population  of  1,351. 
1  Sioux  (female  child),  at  the  Chamberlain  school,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  153. 

1  Sioux  (female  adult),  at  the  Devils  Lake  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,013. 

4  Sioux  (1  male  child,  2  male  adults,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Lower  Brule  agency, 

S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  470. 
17  Sioux,  Oglala  (6  male  children,  1  male  adult,  8  female  children,  and  2  female 

adults),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  6,690. 
23  Sioux,  mixed  (4  male  adults,  7  male  children,  7  female  children,  and  5  female 

adults),  at  the  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  4,977. 
4  Sioux  (1  male  child,  1  male  adult,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Sisseton 

agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,874. 

4  Sioux  (male  adults),  at  the  Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  3,514. 

6  Sioux,  Yankton  (2  male  and  4  female  adults),  at  the  Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak., 

in  a  population  of  1,702. 

5  Sioux,  Lower  Yankton  (4  male  children  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Crow  Creek 

agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,025. 

2  Ute  (male  adults),  at  the  Uinta  agency,  Utah,  in  a  population  of  790. 

3  Walapai  (1  male  child,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Truxton  Canyon 

agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  514. 
2  Indians  (1  female  child  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Warm  Spring  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a 
population  of  786. 

4  Winnebago  (1  male  child,  1  male  adult,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the 

Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebr.,  in  population  of  1,085. 


204  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

III  all,  14(3  cases,  vciy  proljahly  all  of  gi'and  inal  in  various  degrees, 
in  47  localities.  No  cases  were  reported  from  55,  or  a  little  more  than 
half  of  the  schools  and  reservations.  The  proportion  of  epileptics  to 
the  total  Indian  population  would  be  1.17  per  thousand,  which  is 
quite  near  the  mean  proportion  among  whites.  In  central  and 
southern  Europe,  according  to  Hirsch's  summary,^  an  approximate 
estimate  would  put  the  average  frequency  of  the  disease  at  about  1  or 
1.5  per  1,000  inhabitants.  In  France  it  ranges  in  the  various  depart- 
ments from  0.5  to  3.4,  and  among  Italian  conscripts  from  1.3  to  5.1 
per  thousand.     The  tribes  most  afflicted  with  the  disease  are: 


Epileptics 
per  1,000. 

Yankton  Sioux 3.  5 


Epileptics 
per  1,000. 

Lower  Brule  Sioux 8.5 

Menominee 7.8   '   Piegan 3.4 

Walapai 5.  8   1   Flathead  Agency  Indians 2.  7 

Cheyenne  (Cantonment) 5.7      Oglala  Sioux 2.5 

Lower  Yankton  Sioux 4.  9   j   Shoshoni  and  Bannock 2.  2 

Sioux  (Rosebud  agency) 4.6  j   Sisseton  Sioux 2.1 

Winnebago 3.  7   i 

It  is  noticeable  that  half  of  the  tribes  where  epilepsy  is  prevalent 
are  branches  of  the  Sioux  and  that  10  of  the  13  tribes  live  in  cold 
regions. 

Among  the  146  epileptics  76  were  males  and  70  females;  that  is, 
nearly  equal  proportions  of  the  two  sexes.  As  to  age,  35  of  the  males 
were  adults  and  41  adolescents  and  children,while  among  the  females 
32  were  adults  and  38  young.  It  is  evident  that  the  disease  develops 
in  most  cases  during  the  period  of  growth. 

Idiocy,  all  grades  of  feeble-mindedness  included,  is,  it  appears, 
widely  distributed.     The  reported  cases  were  as  follows: 

5  Apache  (1  male  child,  2  male  adults,  and  2  female  children),  at  the  Fort  Apache 

agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  2,058. 
3  Apache  (all  male  children),  at  the  Mescalero  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  460. 

1  Apache  (male  child),  at  the  Jicarilla  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  780. 

2  Apache  or  Kiowa  (1  male  adult  and  1  female  child),  at  Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  in  a  popula- 

tion of  298. 

3  Arapaho  (2  female  children  and  1  female  adult),  at  Cantonment,  Okla.,  in  a  popula- 

tion of  237. 
1  Cheyenne  (male  adult),  at  Cantonment,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  528 
1  Cheyenne  (male  child),  at  the  Seger  School,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  551. 
1  Indian  (female  child),  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population 

of  1,297. 

4  Indians  (]  male  and  3  female  adults),  at  the  Cheyenne  River  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a 

population  of  2,477. 

1  Coeur  d'Al&ne  (male  adult),  at  the  Colville  agency,  Wash.,  in  a  population  of  577. 

3  Crows  (2  male  children  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  popula- 
tion of  ]  ,826. 

2  Indians  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population 

of  1,651. 


a  Handbook  of  Geographical  and  Historical  Pathology,  537,  m. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  205 

1  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,234. 

2  Indians  (1  male  adult  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Flathead  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  popu- 

lation of  1,835.  * 

1  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Grande  Ronde  school,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  352. 

8  Hopi  (3  male  children,  1  male  adult,  3  female  children,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the 

Hopi  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  1,878. 

2  Iroquois,  Oneida  (male  adults),  at  the  Oneida  agency,  Wis.,  in  a  population  of  2,055. 
11  Menominee  (3  male  children,  4  male  adults,  3  female  children,  and  1  female  adult), 

at  the  Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.,  in  a  population  of  1,283. 
2  Navaho  (male  children),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  12,000. 
1  Omaha  (male  adult),  at  the  Omaha  agency,  Nebr.,  in  a  population  of  1,287. 

1  Osage  (male  adult),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  1,895. 

2  Paiute  (1  male  child  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Carson  school,  Nev.,  in  a  population 

of  494. 

3  Piegan  (1  male  child,  1  male  adult,  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency, 

Mont.,  in  a  population  of  2,059. 

4  Pima  or  Papago  (1  male  child,  1  male  adult,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at 

the  Pima  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  6,600. 
1  Potawatomi  (male  child),  at  the  Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  609. 
1  Pueblo  (male  child),  at  the  Santa  Fe  school,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  225. 
1  Pueblo  (male  adult),  at  the  Santa  Fe  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  566. 

4  Pueblos  (1  male  child,  1  female  child,  and  2  female  adults^,  at  the  Santa  Fe  school, 

N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  924. 
1  Quileute  (male  adult),  at  the  Neah  Bay  agency.  Wash.,  in  a  population  of  730. 
1  Shoshoni  or  Arapaho  (male  adult),  at  the  Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo.,  in  a  population 

of  1,659. 
1  Shoshoni  (male  child),  at  the  Western  Shoshoni  agency,  Nev.,  in  a  population  of  509. 

1  Sioux  (male  child),  in  the  Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  470. 

25  Sioux,  Oglala  (11  male  children,  2  male  adults,  11  female  children,  and  1  female 
adult),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  6,690. 

11  Sioux  (5  male  children,  3  male  adults,  and  3  female  children),  at  the  Rosebud 
agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  4,977. 

2  Sioux  (]  male  and  1  female  child),  at  Sisseton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,874. 

1  Sioux  (male  adult),  at  the  Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  3,514. 

2  Sioux,  Yankton  (female  children),  at  the  Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population 

of  1,602. 

9  Ute  (4  male  children,  3  male  adults,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Uinta 

agency,  Utah,  in  a  population  of  791. 

1  Walapai  (male  child),  at  the  Truxton  Canyon  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  514, 

5  Indians  (2  male  children,  1  male  adult,  and  2  female  children),  at  the' Warm  Springs 

agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  786. 

2  Yuma  (1  male  child  and  1  male  adult),  at  the  Fort  Yuma  school,  Cal.,  in  a  popula- 

tion of  650. 

Greatest  ■proportion  of  idiocy 

Per  1,000.  Per  1,000. 


Arapaho  (Oklahoma) 12.  7 

Ute  (THnta) 11.4 

Menominee  (Wisconsin) 8.  6 

Apache  (Mescalero) 6.  5 

W^arm  Springs  agency  (Oregon) 6.4 

Hopi 4.3 

The  tables  show,  besides  other  facts,  that  there  is  some,  but  not  a 
general,  agreement  between  the  proportion  of  idiocy  and  other  neuro- 
pathic conditions  in  various  tribes. 


Pueblos  (Santa  Fe) 4. 3 

Sioux  (Pine  Ridge) 3.7 

Chippewa  (Wisconsin) 2.  9 

Apache  (Fort  Apache) 2.4 

Sioux  (Rosebud) 2. 2 


206  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull. 34 

The  total  number  of  cases  of  idiocy  of  all  grades  reported  is  134, 
which  amounts  to  1.07  per  1,000  population.  Among  the  whites  in 
the  United  States  the  proportion  was,  in  1890  (Eleventh  Census),  1.55 
per  1,000  population. 

Of  the  134  cases,  84,  or  more  than  three-fifths,  were  males;  50,  or  less 
than  two-fifths,  females,  giving  the  proportion  of  168  to  100.  Among 
the  wliites  enumerated  by  the  Eleventh  Census  the  proportion  of 
male  to  female  idiots  was  118  to  100.  Sixty  per  cent  (51  individuals) 
of  the  male  and  74  per  cent  (37  individuals)  of  the  female  idiots  were 
cliildren  and  adolescents.  Many  of  the  cases  of  idiocy  under  con- 
sideration are  in  all  probability  due  to  diseases  and  neglect  in  early 
childhood. 

The  deaf  and  dumb  among  the  Indians  are  rather  numerous.  The 
reported  cases  were  as  follows: 

1  Apache  (male  adult),  at  the  Fort  Apache  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  2,058. 
1  Apache  (male  child),  at  the  Jicarilla  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  782. 
1  Apache  or  Kiowa  (male  adult),  at  Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  in  a  popula  ion  of  298. 
4  Cheyenne  (1  male  child,  1  male  adult,  1  female  child,  and  1  female  adult),  at  Canton- 
ment, Okla.,  in  a  population  of  528. 
1  Cheyenne  (male  child),  at  the  Seger  school,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  551._ 

1  Indian  (male  adult),  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population 

of  1,297. 

2  Indians  (male  adults),  at  the  Cheyenne  River  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,477 

1  Chippewa  (female  adult),  at  the  Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn.,  in  a  population  of  3,387. 

4  Coeur  d'Alenes  (2  male  and  2  female  adults),  at  the  Colville  agency,  V/ash.,  in  a  popu- 

lation of  577. 

5  Crows  (2  male  children,  2male  adults,  and  1  femalechild),  at  the  Crow  agency ,  Mont., 

in  a  population  of  1,826 

2  Indians  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population 

of  1.651. 
2  Indians  (1  female  child  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont.,  in 
a  population  of  1,234. 

6  Indians  (5  male  adults  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Flathead  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  popu- 

lation of  1,835. 
1  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Fort  Shaw  Industrial  School,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of 

315. 
1  Hopi  (female* child),  at  the  Hopi  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  1,878. 
1  Iroquois,  Oneida  (male  child),  at  the  Oneida  agency,  in  a  population  of  2,055. 
1  Indian  (male  child),  at  the  Kiowa  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  3,675. 

1  Kiowa  (female  child),  at  the  Rainy  Mountain  school,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  102. 

2  Menominee  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.,  in  a  popula- 

tion of  1,283. 

1  Mission  Indian  (male  child),  at  Round  Valley,  Cal.,  in  a  population  of  643. 

2  Navaho  (1  male  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population 

of  12,000. 

1  Nez  Perce  (female  child),  from  Idaho,  in  a  population  of  1,578. 

3  Omaha  (I  male  child,  1  male  adiilt,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Omaha  agency,  Nebr., 

in  a  population  of  1,287. 

2  Oto  (1  male  child  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Oto  agency,  Okla.,  in  ;    population  of 

364. 
1  Osage  (mal(^),  at  the  Osage  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  jxtpulat  ion  of  \  ,895. 


erdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


207 


3  Piegan  (2  male  adults  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  popu' 

■  lation  of  2,059. 

1  Pueblo  (male  child),  at  the  Santa  Fe  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  566. 

2  Shoshoni  or  Arapaho  (1  male  child  and  1  male  adult),  at  the  Shoshoni  agency, 

Wyo.,  in  a  population  of  1,659. 
1  Sioux  (male  child),  at  the  Devils  Lake  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,013. 

1  Sioux  (female  child),  at  the  Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  570. 

25  Sioux,  Oglala  (15  male  children,  4  male  adults,  5  female  children,  and  1  female 
adult),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  6,690. 

13  Sioux,  mixed  (3  male  children,  5  male  adults,  4  female  children,  and  1  female 
adult),  at  the  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  4,977. 

7  Sioux  (1  male  child,  2  male  adults,  2  female  children,  and  2  female  adults),  at  the 
Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  3,514. 

4  Sioux,  Yankton  (1  male  adult,  2  female  children,  and  1  female  adult),  at  the  Yankton 

agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,702. 

3  Sioux,  Lower  Yankton  (1  male  child  and  2  male  adults),  at  the  Crow  Creek  agency, 

S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,025. 

2  Ute  (1  male  and  1  female  child),  at  the  Uinta  agency,  Utah,  in  a  population  of  791. 
1  Ute  (male  child),  at  the  Southern  Ute  agency,  Colo.,  in  a  population  of  403. 

1  Indian  (male  adult),  at  the  Umatilla  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  1,196. 

1  Walapai  (female  adult),  at  the  Truxton  Canyon  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  514. 

The  above  reports  embrace  113  cases  in  39  localities;  in  63,  or  three- 
fifths,  of  the  schools  and  reservations  deaf  and  dumb  were  not  found. 
The  proportion  of  deaf  and  dumb  per  thousand  population  is  0.87  in 
the  Indians,  against  0.68  in  the  United  States  whites.'*  The  excess  in 
the  Indians  is  very  probably  chargeable  to  neglect  and  improper  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  organs  of  hearing,  and  not  to  a  greater  propor- 
tion of  deaf  and  dumb  born.  The  influence  of  climate  and  heredity  is 
suggested  by  the  facts  that  nearly  all  the  tribes  in  which  the  condition 
predominates  live  in  cold  regions,  and  that  the  majority  of  these 
belong  to  one  people — the  Sioux. 


Deaf  and  diunb  per  1,000. 

Cheyenne  (Oklahoma) 7.6 

Coeur  d' Alenes 6.  9 

Sioux  (Oglala) 3.  7 

Flathead  Agency  Indians  (Montana) .  3.  2 

Sioux  (Lower  Yankton) 2.9 

Crows  (Montana) 2.7 


Deaf  and  dumb  per  1,000. 

Sioux  (Rosebud  agency) 2.6 

Sioux  (Yankton) 2.  3 

Omaha 2.  3 

Sioux  (Standing  Rock,  N.  Dak.) 1.9 

Piegan 1. 5 


Among  the  total  113  cases  74,  or  65.5  per  cent,  were  males,  and  39, 
or  34.5  per  cent,  were  females,  which  gives  the  proportion  of  190  to  100. 
Among  the  whites,  according  to  the  data  of  the  Eleventh  Census,  the 
proportion  of  male  to  female  deaf  and  dumb  was  only  as  116  to  100. 
The  cause  of  this  marked  discrepancy  between  the  two  races  is  not 
apparent. 

As  to  age,  among  the  males  38,  or  a  little  more  than  half,  among  the 
females  10,  or  one-fourth,  were  adults,  the  remainder  being  adoles- 
cents and  children. 


1  Report  on  the  Insane,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  Washington,  1895- 


208  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Spinal  curvatures:  Under  this  heading  are  included  curvatures  of 
every  variety  A\athout  distinction  as  to  the  cause.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  a  large  majority  of  the  cases  are  due  to  tuberculous  disease,  and 
some  are  the  result  of  injury.  The  following  cases  of  spinal  curvature 
were  reported : 

1  Apache  (male),  at  the  Rice  station,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  210. 

1  Cheyenne  (female),  at  the  Seger  school,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  551. 

1  Indian  (female),  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  1,297. 

2  Coeur  d'Alenes  (female),  at  the  Colville  agency,  Wash.,  in  a  population  of  577. 
1  Indian  (female),  at  the  Colville  agency.  Wash.,  in  a  population  of  708. 

7  Crows  (5  males  and  2  females),  at  the  Crow  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,826. 

3  Indians  (2  males  and  1  female),  at  the  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of 

1,659. 
1  Indian  (male),  at  the  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  1,234. 
1  Indian  (male),  at  the  Genoa  school,  Nebr.,  in  a  population  of  310. 

1  Indian  (male),  at  the  Hayward  training  school.  Wash.,  in  a  population  of . 

5  Hopi  (3  males  and  2  females),  at  the  Hopi  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  1,878. 

2  Iroquois,  Oneida  (1  male  and  1  female),  at  the  Oneida  agency,  Wis.,  in  a  population 

of  2,055. 
1  Indian  (female),  at  the  Kiowa  agency,  Okla.,  in  a  population  of  3,675. 

3  Menominee  (all  males),  at  the  Green  Bay  agency.  Wis.,  in  a  population  of  1,283. 
10  Nez  Perces  (4  males  and  6  females),  from  Idaho,  in  a  population  of  1,578. 

1  Paiute  (male),  at  the  Carson  school,  Nev.,  in  a  population  of  494. 

1  Piegan  (female),  at  the  Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.,  in  a  population  of  2,059. 

3  Pima  (1  male  and  2  females),  at  the  Pima  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population  of  6,600. 

1  Pueblo  (male),  at  the  Laguna  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  2,102. 

1  Pueblo  or  Navaho  (male),  at  the  San  Juan  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  7,000. 

2  Pueblos,  mixed  (1  male  and  1  female),  at  the  Santa  Fe  school,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  popula- 

tion of  924. 

1  Shoshoni  (female),  at  the  Lemhi  agency,  Idaho,  in  a  population  of  470. 

2  Shoshoni  or  Arapaho  (1  male  and  1  female),  at  the  Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo.,  in  a 

population  of  1,659. 

1  Shoshoni  (male),  at  the  Western  Shoshone  agency,  Nev.,  in  a  population  of  509. 

3  Sioux  (all  males),  at  the  Chamberlain  school,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  153. 
i  Sioux  (female),  at  the  Indian  school,  Pierre,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  150. 

5  Sioux  (2  males  and  3  females),  at  the  Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  ol 
470. 

14  Sioux,  Oglala  (4  males  and  10  females),  at  the  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  popu- 
lation of  6,690. 

3  Sioux,  mixed  (2  males  and  1  female),  at  the  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population 
of  4,977. 

2  Sioux  (males),  at  the  Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,702. 

3  Sioux  (all  females),  at  the  Crow  Creek  agency,  S.  Dak.,  in  a  population  of  1,025. 

2  Indians  (1  male  and  1  female),  at  the  Umatilla  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population  of  1,196. 
2  Walapai  (1  male  and  1  female),  at  the  Truxton  Canyon  agency,  Ariz.,  in  a  population 

of  614. 
7  Indians  (4  males  and  3  females),  at  the  Warm  Springs  agency,  Oreg.,  in  a  population 

of  786. 
1  Zuni  (female),  at  the  Zuni  agency,  N.  Mex.,  in  a  population  of  1,521. 

The  total  number  of  cases  amounts  to  96,  from  35  localities.  No 
cases  of  spinal  curvature  were  reported  from  66,  or  very  nearly  two- 
thirds  <^f  the  schools  and  agencies.     The  number  of  Indian  population 


HRDLicKA]  ■  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  209 

to  which  the  101  reports  apply  being  in  round  numbers  113,000,  the 
proportion  of  the  individuals  with  spinal  curvatures  per  1,000  popu- 
lation is  0.85.°^  There  were  found  no  suitable  data  on  the  whites  that 
could  be  utilized  for  comparison,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  pro- 
portion of  cases  of  deformities  of  this  nature  in  the  Caucasian  race  is 
larger. 

As  to  the  nature  of  the  curvatures,  kyphosis  seems  to  be  the  most 
frequent,  then  comes  scoliosis,  and  then  lordosis. 

As  to  the  sex,  48,  or  exactly  the  half  of  the  96  cases,  were  males  and 
48  females. 

The  tribes  in  which  the  deformities  were  most  frequent  were  as 
follows : 

Spinal  curvatures 


Per  1,000. 

Sioux  (Cliambeiiain) 19.  6 

Sioux  (Lower  Brule) 10.  6 

Warm  Springs  Agency  Indians,  Ore- 
gon  - 8.9 

Nez  Perces 6. 3 

Crows 3.8 


Per  1,000. 

Sioux  (Crow  Creek  agency) 2.9 

Hopi 2.7 

Menominee 2.3 

Sioux  (Oglala) 2. 1 

Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont 1. 8 


If  the  data  on  tuberculosis  be  referred  to,  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
is  much  correspondence  between  the  prevalence  of  that  condition  and 
the  frequency  of  spinal  curvatures,  pointing  to  the  tubercular  origin 
of  the  latter.  The  simple  character  of  all  of  the  curvatures  whose 
nature  was  specified  (see  detail  table  m  Appendix) ,  speaks  also  more 
for  tuberculous  than  for  rachitic  origin  of  deformities  of  this  kind. 

Tuberculosis. — Separate  reports  were  called  for  on  pulmonary 
tuberculosis,  on  that  of  bones  and  joints,  and  on  the  glandular  form, 
or  scrofula.  It  is  with  these  diseases  that  physicians  reporting 
encountered  most  difficulty,  owing  to  the  size  and  scattered  popular 
tion  of  some  of  the  reservations,  and  to  uncertainty  regarding  cases  in 
the  early  stage.  On  this  account  a  number  of  answers  given  were 
merely  estimates,  which  did  not  accord  with  the  mortality  among 
the  same  people,  and  had  to  be  excluded.  Even  the  remaining  data, 
moreover,  should  be  taken  as  less  accurate  than  those  on  other 
morbid  conditions.  The  following  columns  give  the  various  agencies 
and  schools  arranged  according  to  the  prevalence  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis.  It  is  noticeable  that  among  the  localities  with  the 
highest  proportion  of  the  disease  are  several  schools;  this  is  due  to 
some  extent  to  the  spiall  population  of  these  places,  in  which  every 
case  means  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  whole,  but  also  to  other 
reasons. 

a  Two  reports,  one  on  the  La  Pointe  Agency  Chippewa  and  the  other  from  the  Navaho  agency,  both 
referring  to  a  larger  number  of  cases,  had  to  be  excluded  pending  further  inquiry. 

3452— Bull.  34—08—14 


210 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


Frequency  of  tuberculosis 


Designation. 


Agency  or  school. 


Tuberculosis 
(per  1,000). 


Pul- 
mo- 
nary. 


Bones 

and 
joints. 


Paiute 

Osage 

Hupa 

Menominee 

Indians 

Quinaielt 

Cheyenne 

Sioux  (Oglala) 

Chippewa 

Sioux 

Sioux  (mixed) 

Mohave 

Sioux  (Lower  Yanlcton) . 

Ute 

Indians 

Oto 

Sioux  (Yankton) 

Cheyenne 

do 

Paiute 

Apache 

Iroquois  (Oneida) 

Crows 

Potawatomi 

Hopi 

Indians 

Ute 

Walapai , 

Sauk  and  Foxes 

Arapaho 

Pawnee 

Sioux 

Shoshoni 

Indians 

Shoshoni  and  Bannock. 

Chippewa 

Quileute 

Sioux 

Pima 

Mission  Indians 

Indians 

Winnebago 

Kickapoo 

Indians 

Piegan 

Sioux 

Shoshoni 

Indians 

Pueblos 

Indians 

Ca-iir  d' Alines 

Apache 


Fort  Bidwell  school,  Cal 

Osage  Agency  school,  Okla 

Hupa  Valley  agency,  Cal 

Green  Bay  agency,  Wis 

Grand  Junction  school,  Colo 

Puyallup  agency.  Wash 

Seger  school,  Okla 

Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak 

Mount  Pleasant  school,  Mich 

Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak 

Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak 

Colorado  River  agency,  Ariz 

Crow  Creek  agency,  S.  Dak 

Uinta  agency,  Utah 

Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont 

Oto  agency,  Okla 

Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak 

Cantonment,  Okla 

Tongue  River  agency,  Mont 

Nevada  agency,  Nev 

Mescalero  agency,  N.  Mex 

Tomah  school.  Wis 

Crow  agency,  Mont , 

Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla 

Hopi  agency,  N.  Mex 

Shawnee  agency,  Okla 

Fort  Lewis  school,  Colo 

Truxon  Canyon  agency,  Ariz 

Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla 

Cantonment,  Okla 

Pawnee  agency,  Okla 

Devils  Lake  agency,  N.  Dak 

Western  Shoshoni,  Nev 

Umatilla  agency,  Oreg 

Fort  Hall,  Idaho 

Vermilion  Lake  school,  Wis 

Neah  Bay  agency,  Wash 

Indian  school,  Pierre,  S.  Dak 

Pima  agency,  Ariz 

Round  Valley,  Cal 

Grande  Ronde  school,  Oreg 

Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebr . . . 
Potawatomi  and  Nemaha  agency,  Kans 

Flathead  agency,  Mont 

Blackfeet  agency,  Mont 

Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak 

Lemhi  agency,  Idaho 

Colyille  agency,  Wash 

Sante  ¥&  school,  N.  Mex 

Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Okla. , . 

Colville  agency,  Wash 

Fort  Apache  agency,  Ariz ,,,,.,,,.,,,,., 


17.2 


68.2 

60.4 

58.4 

47.1 

36.2 

34.5 

30.8 

30.0 

29.8 

29.7 

29.5 

26.3 

25.3 

24.2 

21.9 

21.7 

18.9 

17.0 

16.3 

15.2 

13.3 

13.1 

13.1 

12.7 

12.6 

11.2 

9.7 

8.6 

8.4 

8.2 

7.9 

7.8 

7.5 

7.4 

7.4 

6.9 

6.7 

6.5 

6.2 

5.7 

5.5 

5.0 

4.9 

4.8 

4.5 

4.3 

4.2 

4.0 

3.9 

3.5 

3,4 


24.2 
1.6 
9.4 


5.4 
6.8 


.9 
6.3 
4.2 


2.3 

5.8 

5.4 

38.1 

3.2 

8.1 

4.3 

8.7 

80.0 

.5 

18.6 

13.8 

9.1 



5.6 

5.8 

31.1 

16.9 
1.6 
1.9 
9.8 

.8 
3.7 


1.1 
3.1 


1.8 
5.0 
2.7 
2.9 
2.0 
6.4 


5.9 

32.5 

2,3 

12.3 

1.7 

13.8 

,5 

3.V) 

HRDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


211 


Frequency  of  tuberculosis — Continued 


Designation. 


Agency  or  school. 


Tuberculosis 
(per  1,000). 


Pul- 
mo- 
nary. 


Bones 

and 
joints. 


Gland- 
ular. 


Shawnee 

Yuma 

Chippewa 

Indians 

do 

do - 

Ute 

Omaha 

Mohave 

Paiute 

Iroquois  (Oneida) 

Cherokee 

Apache 

Indians 

do -. 

Shoshoni  and  Arapaho 

Navaho 

Pueblos  and  Navaho  - . 


Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla 

Fort  Yuma  school  and  reservation,  Cal 

Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn 

Klamath  agency,  Oreg 

Fort  Berthold  agency,  N.  Dak 

Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont 

Southern  Ute  agency,  Colo 

Omaha  agency,  Nebr 

Fort  Mohave  agency,  Ariz 

Carson  school,  Nev 

Oneida  agency,  Wis 

Eastern  Cherokee  school,  N.  C 

Jicarilla  agency,  N.  Mex 

HaskeU  Institute,  Lawrence,  Kans 

Pecane  school,  Ind.  T 

Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo 

Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex 

San  Juan  agency,  N.  Mex 


3.4 
3.1 
2.9 
2.6 
2.5 
2.4 
2.4 
2.3 
2.2 
2.0 
1.4 
1.4 
1.3 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
.9 
.6 


1.7  1. 

1.5    . 

I 

7.4 

2.6 

.8 

4.1 

3.2 

8.1 

2.3 

1.1 

2.4 

.5 


16.3 
0.7 
4.0 
7.3 


1.3 
2.6 


There  were  in  all  91  acceptable  reports  on  tubercular  diseases, 
applying  to  107,000  Indian  population.  They  gave  2,836  cases  of 
the  disease,  of  which  1,038  were  of  the  pulmonary,  208  of  the  bone 
and  joint,  and  1,590  of  the  glandular  variety.  The  given  relation 
was  100  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis  to  20  of  that  of  bones  and  joints 
and  153  of  glands. 

The  proportion  of  the  several  forms  of  the  diseases  to  the  popula- 
tion was  as  follows: 

Cases  per  1,000. 

Pulmonary  tuberculosis 9.7 

Tuberculosis  of  bones  and  joints 1.  95 

Glandular  tuberculosis 15. 0 

The  writer  searched  in  vain  for  suitable  statistics  with  which  the 
above  could  be  compared.  There  are  many  and  extensive  data  as 
to  the  mortality  from  tuberculous  diseases,  but  not  as  to  the  mor- 
bidity. Deaths  from  phthisis  among  the  whites  of  the  United  States 
var}"  according  to  localities  from  1.5  to  5.5  and  in  Europe  from  2  to 
9  per  thousand  of  population,  or  1  in  5  to  1  in  7  of  all  deaths;  but 
these  figures  give  no  accurate  clew  as  to  the  distribution  of  the  dis- 
ease among  the  living.  In  all  probability  the  proportion  of  the  sev- 
eral main  varieties  of  tuberculosis  is  not  much  if  any  larger  among 
the  Indians  as  a  whole  than  it  is  among  the  poorer  classes  of  white 
people,  particularly  those  of  industrial  centers,  as  a  whole.  There 
are,  however,  great  differences  among  the  tribes.  In  some  the  disease 
is  decidedly  rare,  while  in  other  tribes  its  proportions  are  appalling. 


212  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Among  the  large  tribes  the  greatest  sufferers  are  the  Sioux,  the  least 
the  Navaho.  The  geographical  distribution  of  the  disease  is  some- 
what irregular;  nevertheless  the  most  involved  are  the  northwestern 
and  northern  regions,  west  of  the  lakes — hence  the  humid  and  cold 
parts  of  the  country,  with  the  consequences  of  much  indoor  life,  and 
greater  chance  of  exposure  and  infection. 

The  frequency  of  other  forms  of  tuberculosis  corresponds  for  the 
most  part  to  that  of  the  lungs,  but  there  are  numerous  exceptions  to 
the  rule. 

All  forms  of  the  disease  predominated  somewhat  in  the  males,  as 
shown  below: 


Tuberculosis.  Females.   Males. 


Pulmonary - 100  110 

Bones  and  joints 100  124 

Glandular 100  111 

As  the  ratio  of  males  to  females  in  the  total  mainland  Indian 
population  is  at  present  as  101.5  to  100,  it  seems  that  there  is  actu- 
ally a  slightly  greater  predisposition  to  tuberculous  diseases  among 
the  male  than  among  the  female  Indians.  It  is  well  known  that 
phthisis,  at  least,  is  also  somewhat  more  common  in  the  male  seX 
among  white  people. 

As  to  age,  pulmonary  consumption  predominates  in  the  adults  in 
the  proportion  of  nearly  3  to  2,  but  of  both  the  other  forms  there  are 
more  cases  in  the  young. 


Tuberculosis. 


Adults, 


Child  r^ 
and  ado- 
lescents. 


Pulmonary 

Bones  and  joints. 
Glandular 


100 
100 
100 


67 

126 

1248 


a  The  more  proper  way  would  be,  of  course,  to  compare  each  group  of  cases  with  the  number  of 
individuals  in  the  population  of  that  particular  age  division. 

The  relation  of  tuberculosis  to  other  morbid  conditions  can  not 
well  be  studied  from  general  statistics... 

As  to  the  prevalence  of  morbidity  in  general,  it  was  seen  that 
many  of  the  northern  and  some  northwestern  tribes,  as  the  Sioux, 
Menominee,  etc.,  showed  a  larger  percentage  of  most  of  the  patho- 
logical conditions  inquired  into  than  the  tribes  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  The  conclusion  seems  fully  justified  that  the  northern 
regions,  including  especially  parts  of  Wisconsin,  the  Dakotas,  and 
Montana  are  at  present,  whatever  the  direct  causes  may  be,  the  most 
unfavorable  to  the  health  of  the  Indian. 


hedlicka]         physiological  and  medical  observations  213 

Physicians'  Notes 
albinism 

CHEYENNE    AND   ARAPAHO 

During  sixteen  years  residence  among  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  Indians  I  have 
never  met  with  a  case  of  albinism. 

We  have  an  Indian  on  the  reservation  by  the  name  of  White  Buffalo,  which  appel- 
lation was  derived  from  the  color  of  his  hair,  it  being  of  an  iron  gray  from  his  boyhood. 
In  all  other  respects  he  conforms  to  the  normal  type  of  his  race.  He  is  the  nearest 
approach  to  a  partial  albino  among  these  Indians. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 


Since  my  first  connection  with  the  tribe,  in  1889,  I  have  not  seen  nor  heard  of  a  case 

of  albinism. 

.  Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 

GOITER    AND    CRETINISM 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

Have  never  seen  a  case  of  goiter  or  cretinism  among  the  Indians. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 

FORT    BERTHOLD  (ARIKARA,  GROSVENTRES,  MANDAN) 

Fully  a  fourth  of  these  women  have  goiter  in  various  stages,  from  a  slight  fullness 
to  an  immense  size.  Of  their  histories  1  know  nothing,  except  in  such  cases  as  have 
come  under  my  care;  these  only  have  I  reported. 

Mary  H.  McKee. 


Some  years  ago  there  was  under  my  care  here  a  well-marked  case  of  cretinism  which 
died. 

Dr.  Geo.  S.  Martin. 

INSANITY 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

There  is  no  insane  among  these  Indians  to-day.  Some  years  ago  there  was  an  Indian 
among  the  Cheyenne  who  was  insane.  He  was  possessed  with  the  delusion  that  he 
was  a  civil  engineer  and  went  by  the  name  of  Surveyor.  A  party  of  surveyors  locating 
the  route  of  some  railroad,  in  passing  through  the  country,  attracted  his  attention, 
and  from  that  time,  so  the  Indians  say,  his  insanity  dated.  He  could  be  seen  at  most 
any  hour  of  the  day  walking  across  the  prairies  dragging  a  long  rope,  in  lieu  of  a  chain, 
and  every  now  and  then  h* would  stop,  pull  up  on  the  rope,  and  pretend  to  read  off 
some  figures;  then  he  would  proceed  just  like  a  lineman  dragging  a  chain. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 

FORT   hall  (bannock    AND    SHOSHONi) 

One  male,  35  years,  dementia  precox,  now  in  Idaho  State  Insane  Asylum,  Black- 
foot,  Idaho,  awaiting  transfer  to  Canton,  S.  Dak.;  one  female,  40  years,  dementia, 
gradually  improving. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Poole. 


214  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 


No  case  known  to  have  occurred  in  the  tribe  within  sixteen  years. 

Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 


One  male,  46  years  old;  in  1894,  while  a  policeman,  after  being  exposed  to  long 
cold,  became  violently  insane,  showing  homicidal  tendency,  which  condition  grad- 
ually gave  place  to  settled  melancholia,  with  almost  total  loss  of  mind. 

Two  males,  38  years  old.  "Weak-minded,"  always  showing  some  symptoms  of  the 
cretin;  at  present  harmless  melancholia  agitata. 

Dr.  Geo.  S.  Martin. 


(1)  An  adult  male  about  55  years  old;  melancholia,  followed  by  violence;  taken  to 
the  insane  asylum  for  Indians  October,  1903;  reported  as  improved. 

(2)  An  adult  male  about  22  years  old;  dementia,  with  occasional  violence;  was 
taken  recently  to  the  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

(3)  An  adult  male  about  25  years  old;  occasional  attacks  of  mania;  is  at  his  home. 

(4)  An  adult  male  about  45  years  old;  religious  melancholy,  with  attempted  vio- 
lence on  himself;  was  in  the  insane  asylum  at  Phoenix  four  years  ago  for  several 
months;  he  was  sent  home  much  improved,  and  is  now  in  fair  health,  mentally  and 
physically. 

Cases  1,  2,  and  4  are  Indians  who  were  never  in  school;  case  3  a  man  well  educated 
for  an  Indian. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Maeden. 

SAUK    AND   POX   AGENCY 

The  male  Indian  designated  in  the  report  as  insane  did  not  come  under  my  personal 
observation.  Some  two  years  ago  he  was  arrested  and  convicted  for  horse  stealing, 
was  confined  in  the  penitentiary,  and  while  there  became  insane.  He  is  now  in  an 
asylum  in  New  York. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Wyman. 

EPILEPSY 

CHEYENNE   AND   ARAPAHO 

Before  the  segregation  of  the  Indians  of  this  reservation  there  was  a  girl  at  Canton- 
ment afflicted  with  grand  mal,  but,  if  my  memory  serves  me  right,  she  is  dead. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 

FORT   HALL  (bANNOCK   AND   SHOSHONi) 

One  female,  40  years;  several  years'  duration;  grand  mal. 
One  female,  19  years;  two  years'  duration;  grand  mal. 

One  female,  12  years;  recently  developed;  probably  associated  with  pubescence; 
grand  mal. 

Dr.  F.  H.  PooLE. 


Since  the  report  was  made  the  child  having  epilepsy  has  died.     It  died  in  an  epi- 
leptic seizure  which  lasted  more  than  twenty-four  hours. 


PAWNEE 

No  case  learned  of  within  sixteen  years. 


Dr.  J.   S.  LiNDLEY. 


Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  215 

IDIOCY    (all    grades) 


CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 


The  patient  reported  as  idiotic  is  a  Cheyenne  girl  about  10  years  of  age.     She  is 

also  deformed  or  paralyzed  on  one  side. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 


Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 


pawnee 
Never  knew  or  learned  of  a  case  within  sixteen  years. 

DEAF    AND    DUMB 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

The  mute  is  a  Cheyenne  youth  who  speaks  the  sign  language  fluently.     He  is 
bright  and  well  developed,  alert  and  active. 


Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 


Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 


PAWNEE 

No  case  ever  heard  of.     With  the  tribe  since  1889. 

MONSTROSITIES 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

I  have  never  met  with  a  case  of  monstrosity  during  my  long  residence  at  this  agency. 

Doubtless  they  do  occur,  but  unless  they  gave  rise  to  some  dystocia  my  attention 

would  not  be  called  to  the  case.     Indians  are  very  peculiar  in  this  respect  and  seldom 

or  never  call  a  physician  unless  some  difficulty  arises.     If  an  Indian  woman  was  to 

give  birth  to  a  monster,  it  would  undoubtedly  be  allowed  to  perish  and  the  case 

would  never  be  made  public. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 

FORT    HALL  (bANNOCK    AND    SHOSHONi) 

I  am  told  that  the  Indians  in  their  precivilized  state  were  wont  to  destroy  the 

congenitally  deformed  as  a  measure  best  compatible  with  the  very  nature  of  their 

existence. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Poole. 

ONEIDA  (Wisconsin) 

One  male,  age  35,  congenital.  Limbs  of  lower  extremities  folded  crosswise  as  in 
fetus  in  utero.     Joints  ankylosed,  limbs  atrophied. 

One  male,  age  25,  congenital.  Lacks  muscular  development  and  control  of  limbs. 
Dull  and  stupid  and  unable  to  articulate  words.     Senses  normal. 

One  female,  age  12,  congenital.  Limb  diminished  in  size.  Never  in  school,  but 
quite  intelligent. 


PAWNEE 

No  case  ever  heard  of.     With  the  people  since  1889. 

PIEGAN 


Dr.  J.  PowLAS. 


Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 


The  case  of  monstrosity  is  a  male  child  8  years  old,  born  with  only  rudimentary 
fingers  on  both  hands. 

Dr.  Geo.  S.  Martin. 


216 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


One  case  of  double  harelip  and  cleft  palate  in  a  boy  of  12  years. 

Dr.  E.  J.  Davis. 

SPINAL    CURVATURES 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

The  hunchback  subject  is  a  girl,  among  the  Cheyenne;  I  should  judge  to  be  about 
16  or  18  years  of  age.  The  kyphosis  is  marked,  but  notwithstanding  the  deformity 
she  apparently  enjoys  a  very  fair  degree  of  health. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 


In  making  report  "Diseases,  etc.,  in  relation  to  education  and  civilization,"  under 
date  of  October  1, 1904,  I  reported  25  cases  of  spinal  curvature — 20  males  and  5  females. 
In  reviewing  the  subject  I  find  I  overlooked  2  cases — 1  male  and  1  female — so  I  am 
able  to  report  27  cases  posterior  curvature,  all  full-bloods,  and  all  caused  by  caries  of 
dorsal  vertebrae,  varying  only  in  degree. 

I  append  the  names  and  ages  of  the  27  cases  I  report: 


Name. 

Approxi- 
mate age. 

Name. 

Approxi- 
mate age. 

MALES. 

Hosteen  Tolbai                                      ^ 

40 
25 
25 
20 
20 
18 
25 
40 
40 
15 
25 
40 
17 
20 
55 

MALES — continued. 
Hosteen  Altsissy 

60 

Tode  Cheny 

Nez  Ahn 

13 

Sinnn,  Oinpy 

Ahl  Hoshe                                

20 

llostine  Yazza 

Hosteen  Been  Gahne.    .               

60 

Percy  Haven 

Beno  Yazhe                                         . .   . . 

35 

Ben  Catron 

16 

FEMALES. 

Garnet 

Whane 

50 

Suhya 

Cho  a  ye  na 

50 

Tel  e  chee .        

70 

Hosten  Nez 

Cocoaninne  . .         

80 

Naljeen . .              

Ah  zan  tel  o  lie 

Zan  Choi  gehey 

Gosh  Joe 

65 

Natane ...                 

50 

Atclohe                            

Dr.  Chas.  J.  Logan. 

This  report  was  not  included  into  the  general  statistics,  pending 
further  inquiry. 

ONEIDA  (Wisconsin) 

One  male,  aged  60,  backward  curvature;  no  cause  ascertained. 
One  female,  aged  18,  backward  and  lateral;  probably  a  fall  when  young.     Fairly 
intelligent. 

Dr.  ,T.  Pt)WLAS. 


We  have  one  case  of  kyphosis  in  an  adult  female,  the  result  of  Pott's  disease. 

Dr.  E.  J.  Davis. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


217 


TUBERCULOSIS 

APACHE  (white    MOUNTAIN) 

The  figures  relative  to  pulmonary  tuberculosis  are  subject  to  change.  In  six  months 
all  cases  cited  here  may  ha»ve  passed  away  and  a  new  series,  more  or  less,  have  taken 
their  places.  Only  definite  cases  are  set  forth  in  the  report  and  incipient  or  cases  of 
predisposition  avoided.  In  the  past  two  months  two  cases  that  suffered  with  glandu- 
lar tuberculosis  for  many  years  became  infected  in  the  lungs  and  died.  Others  in 
robust  health  become  infected  and  perish  as  rapidly. 

Hemorrhage  is  rare  in  Indians  and  secondary  infection,  by  the  germs  causing  pus, 
rapidly  follows  invasion  by  the  tubercular  bacilli. 

Dr.  A.  M.  "VVlGGLESWORTH. 
APACHE  (white    MOUNTAIN) 

Children  whose  lives  have  been  spent  practically  out  of  doors  from  birth  to  the  day 
they  enter  school  find  on  entering  school  a  strange  and  uneasy  condition,  which  some- 
times causes  temporary  ailment.  I  have  ordered  that  Apache  children  in  school 
receive,  in  addition  to  good,  wholesome,  well-cooked  food,  the  purest  air  that  they 
may  remain  healthy;  the  sleeping  rooms  must  be  open  and  cool.  One  of  the  means 
of  checking  tuberculosis  in  the  school  is  to  subject  the  children  before  being  received 
in  school  to  a  careful  examination  by  the  physician  and  accept  only  the  healthy. 

From  a  special  report  of  C.  W.  Grouse,  agent. 

CARLISLE    INDIAN    SCHOOL 

The  only  case  of  tuberculosis  is  that  of  glandular  form  in  a  female  adult  Chippewa. 

CHEYENNE    AND    ARAPAHO 

The  patients  reported  are  of  the  following  ages : 


No.  of 
case. 


Form  of  tuberculosis. 


Age  of    Age  of 
male,    female. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5,6 

7 

8,9 

10,11 

11,12 

13 

14,15 

1 

.2 


Pulmonary 

do 

...do 

do 

do 

Glandular 

do..... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

Bones  and  joints, 
-...do 


28 


Tuberculosis  is  met  with  among  these  people  in  all  its  varied  manifestations.  It 
can  not  be  said  that  the  disease  is  on  the  increase  among  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho 
Indians,  but  until  they  learn  to  observe  more  carefully  the  laws  of  hygiene,  any 
marked  diminution  of  the  disease  among  them  can  not  be  hoped  for. 

Dr.  Geo.  R.  Westfall. 


218  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 


One  of  the  greatest  drawbacks  in  dealing  with  tuberculosis  among  these  Indians  is 
the  lack  of  nourishing  food,  such  as  milk,  eggs,  and  butter.  Very  few  keep  cows  or 
chickens,  and  it  is  impossible  for  the  majority  of  them  to  obtain  either  milk,  eggs,  or 
butter. 

There  are  59  cases  of  tuberculosis  given  on  the  blank.  There  are  probably  others 
on  the  reservation  in  their  incipiency.  This  number  equals  a  little  more  than  3  per 
cent  of  the  total  population.  Of  the  13  males  given  on  the  blank  as  suffering  from 
pulmonary  tuberculosis,  but  1  has  ever  been  in  school.  This  was  a  boy  6  years  old, 
who  was  admitted  and  released  at  once  upon  thorough  examination,  so  that  in  reality 
his  school  life  could  have  no  influence  one  way  or  the  other. 

Of  the  11  females,  but  3  have  ever  been  in  school.  One  of  these,  a  girl  13  years  of 
age,  developed  the  disease  early  last  spring.  She  was  under  treatment  last  summer 
and  is  now  again  in  school,  having  gained  10  pounds  since  September  1  and  is  now  the 
picture  of  health.  The  second  of  the  females,  who  has  been  in  school,  is  a  girl  of  13. 
She  contracted  the  disease  from  her  father  and  mother,  who  were  both  consumptives, 
while  she  was  at  home  on  her  vacation  some  fourteen  months  ago.  She  improved  at 
first,  but  after  getting  from  the  physician's  direct  control  grew  gradually  worse,  and  at 
the  present  time  is  in  a  precarious  condition  and  no  doubt  will  soon  pass  away.  Her 
mother  died  six  months  ago  from  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  The  third  one  is  a  married 
woman  and  is  18  years  of  age.  She  contracted  consumption  while  home  from  school 
in  attendance  upon  her  father,  who  died  from  the  disease.  She  is  now  under  treat- 
ment and  is  very  much  improved,  but  in  all  probability  will  succumb  to  the  disease 
within  a  year. 

Of  the  18  males  suffering  from  glandular  tuberculosis,  14  have  been  in  school,  but 
nearly  all  were  affected  with  the  disease  before  entering.  Twelve  of  the  females  with 
the  glandular  form  have  also  been  in  school  at  various  times,  but  nearly  all  had  enlarged 
glands  before  entering. 

A  marked  loss  of  weight  in  an  Indian  invariably  Mdicates  the  invasion  of  the  tuber- 
cular bacilli. 

Dr.  W.  Q.  G.  Tucker. 

PORT   HALL    (bannock   iiND    S.    :)SHONl) 

Tuberculosis,  pulmonary: 

1  male,  20  years;  cough,  hectic  fever. 

1  male,  22  years;  cough,  fever,  and  sweat. 

1  male,  28  years;  cough,  fever,  emaciation, 

1  male,  30  years;  cough,  hemoptysis,  also  laryngeal  sjmptoms. 

1  female,  18  years;  fever,  hemoptysis. 

1  female,  20  years;  fever,  emaciation. 

1  female,  24  years;  fever  and  hemoptysis. 

1  female,  26  years;  fever. 

1  female,  30  years;  fever. 

1  female,  33  years;  fever. 
Tuberculosis,  bones  and  joints: 

1  male,  14  years;  tuberculosis  of  the  hip  joint. 

1  female,  12  years;  tubercular  arthritis    both  elbow  joints  and    Iujdus  vulgaris 
both  hands. 

1  female,  5  years;  tubercular  spondylitis. 

1  male,  50  years;  kyphotic  spine  due  to  tubercular  spondylitis  during  childhood. 
Tuberculosis,  glandular  (cervical  glands  in  all): 

Males— ages:  8,  9,  9,  10,  25,  34. 

Females— ages:  7,  9,  9,  10,  12. 


HR.LirKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  219 

The  physical  examination  of  the  children  prior  to  their  admission  into  the  Fort  Hall 
Training  School  for  the  present  term  shows  a  large  percentage  affected  with  enlarged 
tubercular  lymphatic  glands,  not,  however,  in  a  suppurating  condition.  Many  show 
chronic  enlargement  of  one  or  both  tonsils. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Poole. 

HUPA 

The  report  of  the  various  forms,  or  rather  the  three  forms  of  tuberculosis,  is  based 
upon  a  personal  knowledge  gained  by  having  cases  under  my  care,  and  having  been  in 
the  various  families  of  the  reservation.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  if  a  full  and 
searching  investigation  was  made  the  number  of  cases  of  the  glandular  variety  would 
be  increased  by  at  least  25  per  cent  and  each  of  the  other  two  varieties  10  per  cent. 
Those  afflicted  with  the  pulmonary  variety  are  constantly  dying,  while  those  attacked 
with  the  glandular  and  bones  and  joints  continue  to  accumulate ;  it  very  rarely  happens 
that  a  death  comes  from  either  of  them. 

Dr.  J.  S.  LiNDLEY. 
MOHAVE    (COLORADO    RIVER   AGENCY) 

Pulmonary  tuberculosis : 

Males  (4  adults  and  4  children) 8 

Females  (6  adults  and  1  child) 7 

Of  the  15,  5  (3  male,  2  female)  are  students,  7  (3  male,  4  female)  are  former  students, 
and  3  (2  male,  1  female)  have  never  been  in  school. 
Glandular  tuberculosis : 

Males  (adult,  student) 1 

Females  (all  children,  4  at  school,  1  former  student) 5 

Dr.  T.  R.  White. 

NESPELIM 

I  would  state  that  the  Indians  here  are  greatly  afflicted  with  lymphatic  tuberculosis. 
I  have  only  reported  the  cases  now  under  treatment,  but  I  think  25  per  cent  of  the 
entire  population  are  infected  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  Frequently  these  scrofulous 
persons  on  catching  cold  will  rapidly  drift  into  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  I  must  say 
that  these  people  are  very  free  from  venereal  diseases;  only  occasionally  am  I  called 
to  treat  gonorrhea,  and  during  all  the  years  of  my  association  with  them  I  have  not 
known  of  one  true  case  of  syphilis. 

Dr.  Edward  H.  Latham. 

NEZ   PERCES 

The  report  obtained  wan  apparently  an  estimate  and  had  to  be  excluded  pending 
further  inquiry. 

PAWNEES 

My  observation  is  that  pulmonary  tuberculosis  has  greatly  increased  among  the 
Pawnees  as  they  have  advanced  in  civilization.  I  do  not  think  this  iiicrease  in 
tubercular  disease  is  due  to  civilization  as  much  as  to  the  lack  of  attention  to  the 
laws  of  health.  The  climate  is  milder  here  than  that  of  their  former  Nebraska  home; 
but  they  do  not  take  the  usual  and  necessary  precautions  against  the  changes  and 
vicissitudes  of  climate.  Then,  again,  their  income  is  such  that  they  have  no  induce- 
ment to  work.  Therefore  they  do  not  get  the  physical  exercise  necessary  for  a  vigor- 
ous body.     (Connected  with  the  Pawnees  since  1889.) 

Dr.  G.  H.  Phillips. 

PIEGAN 

There  are  certainly  many  other  cases  of  tuberculosis  in  its  early  stages  among  these 
people;  but  I  have  reported  on  this  blank  only  those  cases  in  which  I  have  made  a 
sure  diagnosis  existing  at  the  present  time. 

Dr.  Geo.  S.  Martin. 


220  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  Ibull.  34 

MISCELLANEOtTS 

From  three  of  the  agencies,  the  Nez  Perce  in  Idaho,  La  Pointe  in  Wisconsin,  and 
that  of  the  Sisseton  Sioux,  only  estimates  ot  tuberculous  cases  were  given,  and  these 
apparently  included  possible  incipient  cases  as  well  as  the  developed  cases  of  the 
disease.  The  data  were  not  accurate  enough  to  be  included  with  the  others,  but 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  prevalence  in  these  localities  of  the  disease  in  its  various 
forms.     The  matter  is  under  further  investigation. 


XII.  INDIAN  CONCEPTION  OF  DISEASE,  ITS  PREVENTION 
AND  TREATMENT;  FOLK  MEDICINE  AND  MEDICINE-MEN 

Altliough  Indian  views  concerning  disease  and  Indian  methods  and 
means  of  treatment  are  really  subjects  of  ethnological  rather  than  of 
medical  interest,  they  deserve  attention  here  as  they  bear  an  impor- 
tant relation  to  the  morbidity  and  mortality  of  the  people.  These 
views  and  methods  are  not  uniform  among  the  tribes,  or  even  within 
the  larger  individual  tribes;  nevertheless  they  present  throughout  a 
homogeneous  basis  and  admit  of  treatment  in  common. 

For  the  greater  part  the  Indian  conceptions  of  disease  differ 
radically  from  those  of  modern  civilized  and  educated  man,  but  they 
are  closely  related  to  those  of  other  peoples,  including  whites,  in  sim- 
ilar stages  of  social  development. 

Of  his  own  initiative  the  southwestern  Indian  north  of  central 
Mexico  has  never  approached  scientific  study  and  explanation  of 
disease  or  scientific  methods  of  treatment.  He  has  observed  keenly, 
but  has  not  reached  the  stage  of  systematic,  critical  investigation. 
His  knowledge  consists  of  memories  of  experiences  and  of  traditional 
interpretations  of  experiences.  Hi^  mind  being  untutored,  these 
memories  are  often  imperfect  and  the  interpretations  biased  and 
erroneous.  His  reasoning  is  largely  confined  to  simple  or  apparent 
analogies  which  are  not  usually  sufficient  for  correct  determinations, 
and  is  much  influenced  by  traditional  views,  religion,  and  unbridled 
fantasy.  One  of  the  chief  results  of  such  reasoning  with  the  Indian, 
as  with  other  primitive  men,  is  that  every  object,  organic  or  inorganic, 
may  exert,  it  is  believed,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  mysterious  power 
for  good  or  evil  on  every  other  object,  and  his  conception  of  sickness 
is  largely  based  on  this  notion. 

From  all  that  the  writer  could  learn  on  this  very  complex  subject 
the  more  general  ideas  of  disease  and  its  etiology  among  many  of  the 
southwestern  Indians  are  as  follows :  Illness  is  a  deleterious  spell  which 
induces  bodily  suffering,  is  generally  inimical  to  physical  welfare,  and 
may  even  bring  an  untimely  death.  These  manifestations  excite  the 
closest  attention  of  those  affected  and  their  friends  and  a  strong  desire 
to  learn  the  causes.  The  Indian,  who  is  not  devoid  of  common 
sense,  knows  that  ceriain  natural  conditions,  such  as  extremes  of  cold 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  221 

and  heat,  are  capable  of  affecting  him  adversely,  and  that  men, 
animals,  plants,  and  other  objects  may  harm  him.  Ailments  thus 
caused  are  observed  to  be  accompanied  by  various  symptoms,  as 
pain,  debility,  loss  of  appetite,  fever,  etc.  These  occurrences,  if  no 
complications  arise,  are  viewed  quite  rationally;  but  similar  symp- 
toms arise  at  other  times  without  their  cause  having  been  observed. 
They  may  develop  suddenly  or  during  a  night  or  they  may  approach 
gradually,  but  their  origin  remains  obscure.  Under  such  circum- 
stances there  is  no  rational  explanation  at  hand,  and  the  inquisitive 
but  uninstructed  mind  is  readily  led  to  suspect  natural  or  super- 
natural secret  agencies  as  the  volitional  causes  of  the  illness;  and 
often  also  the  Indian  comes  to  suspect  as  the  actual  agent  of  a  disease 
some  material  or  magic  object  such  as  in  his  belief  might  cause  the 
principal  symptoms  if  introduced  into  the  body  in  a  natural  way 
and  with  his  knowledge. 

Thus  in  regard  to  etiology,  pathology,  and  necessarily  also  the  treat- 
ment of  disease,  the  Indian  reached  the  conclusion  that  there  exist 
two  chief  classes  of  ailments:  (1)  Those  of  an  ordinary  character,  which 
have  their  origin  in  extreme  old  age,  in  accidents,  or  in  some  other 
palpable  manner,  and  which  can  be  interpreted  and  occasionally  dealt 
with  in  a  more  or  less  simple  way;  and  (2)  those  of  a  mysterious 
nature,  incited  by  some  adverse  natural  or  supernatural  power,  sus- 
tained often  by  magic  or  particularly  by  some  material  agent  intro- 
duced secretly  into  the  body,  and  requiring  special,  largely  thauma- 
turgic,  treatment. 

In  brief,  the  fundamental  and  universal  characteristics  of  Indian 
medicine  in  the  Southwest  and  northern  Mexico  are  the  notions  that 
all  serious  or  protracted  illness  the  cause  of  which  is  not  clearly 
appreciated  by  the  senses  is  due  to  occult  evil  influences  of  men,  ani- 
mate or  inanimate  objects,  spirits,  or  deities,  and  that  the  influence 
is  exercised  by  a  magic  or  a  secret  introduction  into  the  body,  par- 
ticularly during  ^leep  or  through  touch  while  awake,  of  a  noxious 
object  or  objects,  as  poison,  a  worm,  an  insect,  a  hair,  a  thorn,  a 
live  coal,  which  produce  and  keep  up  the  morbid  manifestations. 

Death  from  disease,  especially  of  a  young  male  adult,  is  regarded 
as  the  work  of  supernatural  agencies  superior  in  power  to  the  counter 
agencies  that  were  employed  as  a  cure. 

Medicine-men 

The  supernatural  elements  in  the  Indian's  notions  of  disease  led 
him  to  offer  invocations  (or  prayers)  and  incantations,  to  make  offer- 
ings, to  establish  and  practise  an  intricate  system  of  tabus,  regula- 
tions, propitiatory  rites,  and  fetishism,  and  to  seek  persons  capable, 
through  supernatural  endowment,  of  employing  or  of  determining 
the  proper  safeguards  and  remedies  or  of   controlling  or  counteract- 


222  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull. 34 

ing  the  powers  that  caused  the  disease.  Thus  arose  the  class  of  indi- 
viduals, mainly  elders,  popularly  called  " medicine- men"  and  "med- 
icine-women," supposed  to  possess  the  extraordinary  and  mysterious 
powers  described,  as  well  as  special  fitness  for  serving  in  other  con- 
tingencies as  priests  or  priestesses.  These  individuals  are  believed  to 
have  come  into  possession  of  their  sacred  healing  powers  prenatally, 
or  to  have  received  them  in  dreams  or  in  connection  with  some 
notable  event  in  their  lives.  By  means  of  these  special  gifts,  and 
with  the  aid  of  fetishes  and  other  expedients,  they  are  supposed  to 
recognize  the  mystic  or  volitional  inciting  cause,  particularly  the 
active  or  instrumental  evil  agent  of  the  disease,  to  choose  the  most 
effectual  invocations,  incantations,  '^  medicines,"  and  physical  means 
necessary  to  prevent  further  action  of  this  cause,  and  to  remove  or 
neutralize  the  objective  agent  to  whose  presence  the  suffering  is  due. 
Generally  the  medicine-man  is  supposed  to  have  received,  also  from 
supernatural  sources,  a  particular  song  or  songs,  fetishes,  and  other 
expedients  or  aids,  which  constitute  the  essential  means  of  his  prac- 
tice. These  resources  vary  in  character  with  practitioners,  though 
apparently  not  much  with  the  same  individual.  The  priest-healer 
may  "be  given"  other  songs  or  discover  other  fetishes  in  time,  or 
he  may  acquire  them  by  purchase  or  gift  from  other  medicine-men. 

Particular  songs  and  other  expedients  are  employed  for  partic- 
ular diseases  or  classes  of  disease,  real  or  imaginary.  Many  of  the 
practitioners,  not  having  a  large  supply  of  songs,  fetishes,  and  other 
requisites,  are  specialists  only,  assuming  to  cure  but  a  limited  num- 
ber of  affections.  In  some  tribes  nearly  all  the  medicine-men  are 
thus  limited  in  their  practice,  while  others  treat  all  classes  of  dis- 
orders. Among  the  Pueblos,  in  addition  to  the  professional  med- 
icine-men there  are  many  who  are  supposed  to  aid  in  curing  special 
diseases  by  virtue  of  their  membership  in  certain  societies.  Some 
of  the  medicine-men  have  acquaintance  with  the  use  of  the  knife, 
splints,  massage,  and  other  physical  means,  as  well  as  with  medicinal 
T^emedies;  but  usually  these  are  employed  in  association  with  songs, 
invocations,  passes  with  saliva,  and  practices  of  more  mystic  nature. 
Their  whole  treatment,  especially  when  practised  with  sincerity,  is 
strongly  suggestive  and  impressive,  and  must  exercise  a  deep  influence 
on  the  mind  of  the  patient.  Among  some  tribes  there  are  grades  of 
medicine- men,  and  among  the  Pueblos  are  found  societies  of  healers, 
though  not  all  of  the  members  actually  practise.  The  organization 
of  these  societies  is  very  complex,  and  their  study  belongs  purely 
to  the  domain  of  ethnology. 

The  medicine-man  is  generally  called  for  the  treatment  of  those 
only  who  are  seriously  ill,  and  often  he  has  one  or  even  two  or 
more  assistants.  He  may  have  to  be  paid  in  advance,  and  not  sel- 
dom, exacts  a  large  compensation.     His  first  aim  is  to  find  a  cause 


HRDLicKA]       -      PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  223 

for  the  disease;  his  second,  to  determine  the  particular  objective 
agent  employed  thereby.  The  procedure  with  the  patient  differs 
much  with  the  various  practitioners.  If  the  cause  of  the  illness  is 
not  manifest,  the  medicine-man  inquires  into  the  dreams,  symptoms, 
transgressions,  especially  of  tabus,  of  the  patient,  and  examines  him 
visually  'and  even  by  touch  to  determine  to  what  category  of  influ- 
ences the  ailment  should  be  attributed.  When  he  decides  this,  he 
is  expected  to  make  known  the  cause,  and  usually  he  tells  also  what 
tabus  have  been  broken,  and  occasionally  even  points  out  a  sorcerer. 
The  medicine-man  sometimes  calls  in  or  refers  the  patient  to  other 
practitioners,  specialists  in  the  particular  line  of  affections  under 
treatment,  this  course  being  adopted  probably  as  a  means  of  avoid- 
ing the  responsibility  of  a  hopeless  case. 

The  treatment  varies  according  to  the  supposed  necessities  of  the 
case,  consisting  of  propitiation  for  broken  tabus,  repeated  prayers 
to  the  elements  or  deities,  the  deposit  of  prayer  sticks  or  counter- 
charms  in  shrines,  appeal  to  the  patient's  personal  protector  or  totem, 
the  use  of  especially  effectual  songs,  rubbing  or  kneading  (sometimes 
quite  violent,  though  employed  more  commonly  for  supposed  magic 
effects),  rubbing  liquid  medicine  into  the  skin,  extraction  of  the 
objective  cause  of  the  disease,  blowing  air  or  tobacco  smoke  on  the 
patient,  passes  with  fingers  moistened  with  saliva,  ceremonial  observ- 
ances and  rites,  including  painting  of  the  body  of  the  patient  as  well 
as  that  of  the  medicine-man,  and  making  sand  paintings,  noises  (made 
with  voices,  rattle,  or  drum),  commands  and  exhortations  to  drive 
away  bad  spirits,  assurances  given  the  patient,  various  symbolic  rep- 
resentations, purification  of  the  body  by  sweat  baths,  purging  and 
emesis,  strong  sucking,  cauterizing,  scarifying,  bleeding,  external 
applications,  the  administration,  externally  or  internally,  of  secret, 
magic,  or  other  medicine,  and  various  regulations  of  the  behavior  of 
the  patient.  In  the  larger  curative  ceremonies  several  medicine- 
men act  conjointly,  or,  if  but  one  is  present,  he  may  have  from  one 
to  several  assistants. 

The  extraction  of  the  material  agent  of  the  disease,  by  means  of 
the  hand  or  by  strong  sucking  with  the  mouth,  is  sometimes  per- 
formed symbolically,  but  more  frequently  the  object  is  assumed  to 
be  actually  removed.  It  may  be  a  thorn,  a  piece  of  coal,  a  hair,  an 
insect,  a  worm,  or  other  substance  suggesting  by  its  appearance  or 
nature  the  symptoms  of  the  disease.  It  is  usually  exultingly  shown, 
and  then  destroyed. 

The  Indian  medicine-men  of  to-day  are  chiefly  men  of  advanced 
years,  shrewd,  and  knowing  (see  pi.  xxvii,  a).  Their  dress  and 
daily  life  are  in  no  way  distinctive.  Many  are  undoubtedly  sincere 
in  all  they  do,  and  among  them  are  most  impressive  figures,  but  the 
majority  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  are  cha^rlatanS:     Most  of  the  lat- 


224  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

ter  are  adept  in  jugglery.  The  medicine-men  are  called  on  in  many 
contingencies  by  individuals,  and  even  by  the  tribe,  and  the  duties  of 
some  are  those  of  the  priest  rather  than  of  the  healer.  A  few  among 
them  are  trusted  implicitly,  but  the  majority  are  chiefly  feared. 
They  exercise  a  profound  influence  for  good  or  evil  in  the  tribes, 
but  they  themselves  occasionally  suffer.  Of  course  they  do  not 
always  cure.  Failures  in  the  case  of  children  are  readily  excused. 
Single  failures  with  adults  may  also  be  satisfactorily  explained  on 
the  ground,  for  example,  that  the  bad  heart  of  the  patient  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  trouble,  but  if  a  number  of  patients  die  succes- 
sively the  career  of  the  medicine-man  concerned  generally  comes  to 
an  end.  He  is  believed  to  have  lost  his  curative  powers,  or  even 
to  have  become  a  wizard,  and,  to  prevent  his  doing  further  harm, 
the  tribe  may  kill  him.  While  the  killing  of  a  medicine-man  under 
such  circumstances  has  never  been  witnessed  by  whites,  so  far  as 
known  to  the  writer,  the  evidence  given  by  the  natives  themselves 
must  be  regarded  as  conclusive." 

The  writer  was  shown  the  skeleton  of  a  Pima  medicine-man  (with 
which  were  associated  some  of  his  paraphernalia  for  curing)  executed 
by  his  tribe  more  than  thirty  years  ago.  About  the  year  1900, 
according  to  information  obtained  among  the  Yuma,  a  medicine-man 
in  that  tribe  was  condemned  to  death,  and  soon  afterward  dis- 
appeared.'' 

Medicine-women 

In  addition  to  medicine-men,  there  are  also  in  numerous  tribes 
one  or  more  medicine-women.  A  few  of  these  practise  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  men,  but  the  majority  serve  chiefly  as  midwives  and 
herbalists  in  much  the  same  manner  as  do  corresponding  practi- 
tioners among  the  less  civilized  whites.  They  are  not  addicted  to 
the  tricker}^  of  the  men,  but  aid  in  confinements  for  a  fee,  and 
give  simple  remedies,  mostly  herbs.  Some  of  the  medicine- women 
met  by  the  writer  were  shrewd  and  experienced,  and  their  methods 
were  quite  rational  and  effectual. 

Tribal  Details 

Medicine-men  and  a  few  medicine-women  are  still  found  among  the 
Apache,  particularly  on  the  White  Mountain  reservation;  there  are 
also  women  especially  skillful  in  confinements,  and  others  who  sell 
medicinal  herbs  and  roots.  The  medicine-men  and  medicine-women 
proper  are  called  by  the  Apache  ty-yin,  which  means  "wonderful" 
(see  ]>1.   xxvii,  a).     Their  reputed   knowledge  and   their  songs  are 

a  Mrs.  Stevenson  states  that  sho,  saved  a  Zuni  maclicine-man  from  hanging,  which  was  to  have  been 
inflicted  on  him  for  supposed  witchcraft. 

''About  1800  four  Yuma  were  tried  and  found  guilty  of  killing  a  nipdicine-man  who  had  lost  four  patients 
(W.  T.  Hefferman,  Medicine  Among  the  Yumas,  California  Medical  Journal,  San  Francisco,  1896,  xvii, 
J36-137J. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN   34     PLATE  XXVII 


a  "BRIGHAM    YOUNG,"    WHITE   RIVER   APACHE 
MEDICINE-MAN 


/'   WALAPAI    HUT    FOR   THE  CHRONICALLY   ILL  OR   THE  VERY  AGED 


C  REMAINS  OF  A  SOUTHERN  UTE  DWELLING  IN  WHICH  A  DEATH  OCCURRED 

MEDICiNE-MAN;    WALAPAI     HUT     FOR    THE    SICK;     REMAINS 
OF    SOUTHERN    UTE    DWELLING 


HBDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS  225 

given  them  in  dreams,  and  they  are  accepted  as  worthy  healers  on 
demonstration  of  their  abihty  to  cure. 

The  usual  treatment  of  a  patient  by  a  San  Carlos  Apache  medicine- 
man consists  in  rubbing  the  affected  part  with  hadntin,  the  sacred 
yellow  pollen  of  Scirpus  lacustris,  then  singing,  and  playing  on  the 
flute  or  violin,  and  finally  pretending  to  extract  the  objective  cause 
of  the  sickness  by  sucking  over  the  most  painful  spot.  A  little  of  the 
pollen  is  also  often  put  into  the  patient's  mouth.  Recently  some  of  the 
medicine-men  have  adopted  the  practice  of  painting  on  the  body  of 
the  patient,  with  hadntin,  the  figure  of  the  crucified  Christ,  praying 
at  the  same  time  to  God  that  the  patient  may  be  cured. 

Among  the  White  Mountain  and  the  Jicarilla  Apache  the  more  im- 
portant healings  require  the  construction  of  special  medicine  lodges. 

All  the  Apache  still  retain  belief  in  witch  medicines.  At  San  Car- 
los they  killed  a  young  woman  who  pretended  to  be  a  witch  doctor 
and  who  in  1881  and  1882  made  some  marvelous  cures.  Two  murders 
committed  in  1903  are  commonly  attributed  to  difficulties  arising 
from  the  practice  of  witch  medicine  among  the  Mescal eros.  Belief 
in  the  practice  of  harmful  (witch)  medicine  by  whites  is  also  enter- 
tained to  some  extent. 

The  Walapai  have  several  native  medicine-men.  There  are  no 
specialists  among  these,  each  practitioner  being  considered  able  to 
cure  all  diseases.  They  treat  their  patients,  usually  at  night,  by  invo- 
cations and  songs,  accompanied  by  the  rattle,  and  by  various  sha- 
manistic  practices.  They  also  blow  on  the  part  affected  and  on 
the  hands  of  the  patient. 

Navaho  medicine-men  occasionally  engage  in  very  elaborate  cur- 
ing ceremonies.*  Frequent  use  is  made  of  body  painting  and  of  dry 
sand  paintings;  some  of  the  latter  are  highly  symbolic,  as  well  as 
artistic  in  execution. 

Among  the  Hopi''  the  subject  of  healers  is  both  rich  and  complex. 
There  are  medicine -men,  society  healers,  and  medicine -women. 
Several  fraternities  exist,  the  members  of  which  claim  they  can  cure 
disease,  but  each  of  the  societies  limits  itself  to  the  treatment  of  a 
special  line  of  ailments.  There  are  medicine-men  known  as  'posh- 
hutu  or  pochwimkias,  who  relieve  by  touch  only  or  massage.     One 

a  See  Dr.  Washington  Matthews'  publications,  particularly  The  Night  Chant,  Memoirs  of  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  1902,  vi. 

A  friendly  Navaho  medicine-man  in  Chaco  canyon,  New  Mexico,  was  induced  by  the  writer,  not  with- 
out difficulty,  to  perform  one  of  his  more  ordinary  incantations  over  a  patient.  Both  sat  down  on 
the  ground  in  an  isolated  spot.  The  medicine-m_an  tools  in  one  hand  a  sort  of  small  club,  wrapped 
around  with  a  piece  of  old  cloth,  and  beginning  to  sing  seconded  the  rhythm  of  the  chant  by  striking 
the  earth  between  his  feet  with  the  club,  at  the  same  time  passing  the  other  hand  over  the  part  of  the 
body  of  the  patient  where  the  pains  were.  As  tlie  patient  was  only  slightly  ill,  there  was  no  further 
treatment. 

6  For  a  portion  of  the  information  concerning  this  tribe  the  writer  is  indebted  to  Dr.  J.  W.  Fewkes  and 
Dr.  Walter  Hough. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 15 


226  BUREAU    OF   AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

such  lived  in  1898  in  one  of  the  Middle  Mesa  villages.  These  men 
are  believed  to  be  endowed  with  special  power  of  determining  and 
finding  the  objective  cause  of  a  disease  by  touch  or  by  inspection,  and 
their  treatment  culminates  in  finding  and  destroying  this  object.'^ 

Another  class  of  healers  among  the  Hopi  are  the  fire  priests,  who 
pretend  to  be  masters  of  fire  and  capable  of  performing  many  won- 
derful feats.  These  are  known  as  yayawimkias.  They  treat  inflam- 
mation of  the  skin  and  afi^ections  accompanied  by  fever  or  burning. 
Their  theory  is  that  burning  sensations  of  the  body  and  inflamma- 
tory cutaneous  affections  are  due  to  magic  of  fire  and  can  be  over- 
come by  the  use  of  fire  or  its  products.  Their  methods,  though  in 
appearance  somewhat  different  from  those  of  the  pochwimkias ,  are 
really  of  the  same  character. 

A  representative  of  a  third  class  of  healers  among  the  Hopi  is  the 
chief  priestess  of  a  society  known  as  marauwimJcias.^  She  is  sup- 
posed to  have  the  power  of  curing  such  affections  as  convulsions, 
twitching,  jerking,  and  other  contortions.  In  her  treatment  she  uses 
a  wooden  image,  the  body  of  which  somewhat  resembles  a  tapering 
screw.  This  figure  she  moves  in  a  horizontal  plane  over  the  head  of 
the  afflicted.  The  above-mentioned  affections  are  supposed  to  be  due 
to  a  twisted  heart,  which  the  figure  has  the  power  to  restore  to  its 
normal  condition.  Certain  healers,  according  to  Fewkes,  use  a  treat- 
ment by  constriction.  The  body  is  loose,  according  to  their  idea, 
and  must  be  tied  together.  Under  this  treatment  a  man  is  tied  by  a 
rope  wound  so  tightly  about  trunk,  legs,  and  arms  that  he  can  not 
move.  The  head  men  of  the  principal  Hopi  societies  are  believed 
to  possess  curative  powers  of  special  kinds  in  a  higher  degree  than 
the  other  members.  Thus,  the  head  of  the  Snake  society  is  a  reputed 
healer  of  snake  bites  and  the  bites  of  other  noxious  creatures.  At 
Oraibi,  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit,  there  lived  a  medicine-man 
who  had  a  reputation  as  an  accoucheur,  and  was  said  to  be  the  only 
one  in  the  tribe  having  this  qualification.  His  treatment  consisted 
principally  of  prayers,  songs,  and  devices  like  those  of  other  medicine- 
men, partly  of  the  use  of  herbs  and  other  things,  and  partly  of  mechan- 
ical manipulation,  the  latter  consisting  chiefly  of  manual  pressure 
upon  the  fundus  of  the  uterus.  There  are  old  women  among  the  Hopi 
villages  who  serve  as  midwives,  and  any  adult  woman  or  man  of 
the  family  might  sometimes  aid  a  woman  in  labor,  yet  the  services 
of  the  above  medicine-man  were  regarded  as  the  most  efficacious. 
No  material  agent  is  sought  by  the  medicine-men  among  the  Hopi 
in  ailments  attributed  to  the  violation  of  a  tabu,  as  the  unwarranted 
touch  of  some  sacred  ceremonial  object. 

"See  J.  W.  Fewkes,  A  Few  Summer  Ceremonials  at  the  Tusayan  Pueblo,  Journal  of  American  Eth- 
nology and  Archxology,  Boston  and  New  York,  1892,  ii,  157. 
6 Compare  Fewkes,  Minor  Ilopi  Festivals,  American  Anthropologist,  n.  s.,  iv,  July-Sept.,  1902. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL.  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIONS  227 

In  addition  to  having  professional  medicine-men  and  society  healers, 
the  Zuni  have  also  a  few  medicine- women. ^  As  among  the  Hopi  and 
other  Pueblos  the  whole  subject  of  medicine-men  and  healing  is  very- 
complex  in  this  tribe.  In  searching  for  the  cause  of  sickness  the  medi- 
cine-men employ  crystals.  The  treatment  includes  prayers,  songs, 
rubbing  or  kneading,  and  other  physical  means,  and  numerous  vege- 
tal remedies. 

The  Pima,  although  not  averse  to  medical  treatment  from  the 
whites,  have  still  a  number  of  medicine-men  of  their  own.  Accord- 
ing to  Chief  Antonio  Azul,  medicine-men  become  such  through  the 
inspiration  of  peculiar  dreams,  in  which  they  are  transported  by  spirits 
or  deities  to  a  mountain  and  there  shown  remedies  and  taught  how 
to  use  them,  as  well  as  what  and  how  to  sing  in  treating  the  ill.  By 
virtue  of  this  spiritual  instruction  the  man  proclaims  himself  a  medi- 
cine-man, but  before  he  is  allowed  to  "practise"  he  must  demon- 
strate his  ability  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  tribe  by  successively 
removing  from  patients  injurious  objects  supposed  to  be  the  cause 
of  their  illnesses.  Among  the  Pima  a  medicine-man  is  supposed  to  be 
endowed  with  power  to  cure  only  a  certain  class  of  diseases  and  "has 
no  songs  for  others."  Each  variety  of  ailment  must  be  treated  with 
special  and  appropriate  songs  and  invocations. 

The  Pima  medicine-man  also  occasionally  uses  the  feathers  of  an 
eagle  or  an  owl,  which  he  wets  with  saliva  and  rubs  over  the  affected 
part  or  pretends  to  introduce  into  it.  He  also  pretends  to  draw  out 
the  material  cause  of  the  sickness  by  sucking,  and  occasionally  pre- 
scribes some  vegetal  decoction  either  for  internal  or  for  external 
appHcation.  Some  Pima  medicine-men  claim  to  have  power  to  com- 
municate with  the  dead.  Usually  they  say  that  for  this  purpose 
they  must  visit  the  graveyard  where  the  person  is  buried,  but  recently 
one  has  introduced  an  innovation,  saying  that  for  calling  the  dead 
person  it  suffices  to  take  a  little  earth  from  his  grave;  the  ghost, 
desiring  to  know  what  is  to  be  done  with  the  earth,  follows,  and  can 
be  spoken  with  wherever  the  medicine-man  wishes.'' 

Notwithstanding  the  influence  of  missionaries  for  a  long  period,  and 
their  ministrations  in  time  of  sickness,  there  are  still  to  be  found 
among  the  San  Xavier  Papago  native  medicine-men  who  treat  disease 

oFor  details  see  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson,  Tha  Zuni  Indians,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  Bureau 
of  Arnerican  Ethnology. 

b  A  medicine-man  stUl  living  at  the  Casa  Blanca  group  of  villages  resorted  to  the  following  subter- 
fuge: A  man  among  the  Pima  became  very  sick.  He  had  lost  his  wife  some  time  before,  and  the 
medicine-man  who  was  called  to  treat  him  said  that  he  would  summon  the  dead  wife  and  ask  her  whether 
she  was  not  trying  to  take  her  husband  to  her  and  whether  this  was  not  the  cause  of  his  sickness.  The 
medicine-man,  who  was  suspected  of  trickery  by  some  young  men  and  secretly  followed,  set  up  in  the 
bushes  an  object  that  resembled  a  crouching  woman,  which  he  addressed  in  his  natural  voice  and 
answered  in  a  somewhat  weaker  tone.  Before  starting  he  suspected  that  he  might  be  watched  and 
warned  one  of  the  young  men  not  to  follow  him,  as  the  uninitiated  could  not  bear  the  presence  of  the 
dead.  The  young  men  who  witnessed  the  fraud  were  afraid  to  confront  the  medicine-man  on  the  spot, 
but  on  returning  to  the  village  related  the  affair  to  others. 


228  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

according  to  aboriginal  methods.  As  among  their  congeners,  the  Pima, 
heahng  powers  are  beHeved  to  be  conferred  on  certain  individuals  in 
dreams.  These  are  usually  elder  men,  who  announce  their  dreams 
and  the  powers  they  are  supposed  to  have  acquired;  if  their  pre- 
tensions are  satisfactory  to  the  elders  of  the  tribe  they  are  accepted 
as  healers  without  ceremony.  Among  the  Papago  there  is  also  a 
medicine- woman . 

Among  the  Maricopa  the  medicine-men  also  become  such  through 
the  influence  of  dreams.  They  are  said  to  commence  to  dream  about 
their  destiny  in  childhood,  but  do  not  become  accepted  practitioners 
before  attaining  the  experience  of  manhood. 

The  Mohave  have  numerous  medicine-men.  In  the  past  they  had 
also  some  medicine-women,  but  none  of  these  are  found  to-day.  A 
Mohave  expressed  it  by  saying,  "None  are  born  now."  Every  medi- 
cine-man is  endowed  with  his  reputed  powers  from  birth,  for  the 
Mohave  believe  that  each  lived  in  another  world  before  this  and 
there  became  possessed  of  his  qualifications  as  a  healer.  The  medi- 
cine-men also  tell  the  people  that  power  to  cure  is  given  them  by 
the  deities.  These  healers  are  nearly  all  specialists.  They  are, 
according  to  one  of  the  English-speaking  Mohave,  the  rattlesnake 
doctor,  the  fever  doctor,  the  rheumatism  doctor,  the  "cold"  doctor, 
the  dropsy  doctor,  and  the  doctor  of  wounds. 

Unsuccessful  Mohave  medicine-men  were  severely  dealt  with.  As 
the  writer's  informant  expressed  it,  recalling  a  case  known  to  him, 
"He  was  a  good  doctor;  then  he  lost  a  good  many;  people  got  tired 
of  it;  other  doctors  sa}^  he  not  doing  the  best,  we  have  got  to  punish 
him ;  that  is  all ;  we  killed  him ;  that  was  some  time  ago ;  now  white 
men  will  not  let  us  kill.  There  is  one  at  Needles  now  we  would  kill, 
but  white  men  protect  him.  We  think  he  gave  poison  to  some  of 
the  sick  and  that  they  died  of  it." 

The  Yuma  have  several  medicine-men  and  at  least  one  medicine- 
woman,  and  are  averse  to  white  doctors.  They  employ  massage  or 
vigorous  kneading  and  often  treat  by  diminishing  the  diet  of  the 
patient,  or  even  by  prohibiting  food  and  drink  entit^ly.  As  among 
the  Mohave,  unsuccessful  medicine-men  are  believed  to  have  become 
wizards  and  are  severely  dealt  with.'* 

The  Tarahumare  medicine-men,  in  addition  to  their  other  fimc- 
tions,  take  charge  in  cases  of  gestation  and  parturition,  but  their 
role  is  usually  mainly  spiritual.  They  exercise  their  powers  in  order 
that  the  child  may  be  born  in  the  right  position  and  not  be  bewitched 
or  malformed.  The  ordinary  aid  at  confinement  is  given  by  elder 
women,  but  a  medicine-man  may  be  called  in  case  of  necessity. 
The  medicine-men  also  supply  medicine  to  those  who  desire  to  be 
successful  at  the  races  or  games. 


o  Compare  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  222,  Washington,  1894;  also  W.  T.  Heflerman, 
Medicine  among  the  Yumas,  California  Medical  Journal,  San  Francisco,  1898,  xvn,  135-140, 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  229 

The  treatment  administered  usually  by  the  medicine-man  among 
the  Tepecano  was  described  to  the  writer  by  one  of  the  tribe  sub- 
stantially as  follows : 

When  the  medicine-man  comes  the  patient  lies  down;  the  healer  prays  and  exhorts 
the  winds  and  spirits;  he  lights  a  cigarette,  draws  in  the  smoke,  and  applies  his  mouth 
over  the  painful  spot,  which  he  bites  a  little  or  sucks,  then  puffs  the  smoke  away 
from  the  patient  and  spits  into  his  own  hands.  With  the  saliva  comes  usually  some 
small  object — a  cactus  spine,  a  bit  of  stone,  or  the  like — which  the  medicine-man 
either  breaks  up  in  his  palm  or  throws  into  the  fire.  He  then  throws  away  the  saliva. 
Occasionally  he  gives  also  some  remedy  internally,  but  his  prayers,  his  touches  (espe- 
cially with  the  fingers  moistened  with  saliva),  and  the  exercise  of  his  magic  power 
are  the  essentials. 

Fetishes  are  much  used. 

Among  the  Huichol  a  medicine-man  was  observed  to  treat  a  case 
of  headache  by  muttering  prayers  and  making  passes  over  the  head 
and  face  with  his  fingers  moistened  with  saliva. 

In  a  number  of  instances,  even  among  the  most  primitive  tribes, 
Indian  medicine-men  applied  for  treatment  or  for  medicine  to  the 
writer,  in  common  with  other  patients. 

Prevention 

Preventive  means  applied  to  disease,  independent  of  fetishes,  are 
not  commonly  employed  among  the  Pima. 

In  delivery,  illness,  or.  wounds  there  are  neither  proper  precautions 
nor  antisepsis.  However,  in  labor  and  in  wounds  some  of  the  steam- 
ings,  lotions,  powders,  or  gums  serve,  more  or  less,  as  cleansing  agents 
or  antiseptics.  Absolute  ignorance,  with  its  sad  results,  exists  every- 
where concerning  the  transmissibility  and  modes  of  aggravation  of 
diseases  like  ophthalmia  or  tuberculosis,  and  other  contagious  diseases 
are  hardly  better  understood.  If  an  epidemic  develops,  isolation  is  not 
thought  of,  but  an  attempt  is  made  to  find  a  sorcerer  who  caused  it  or 
to  propitiate  the  angry  deities.  If  the  disease  continues,  general  help- 
lessness and  demoralization  set  in.  Resort  may  be  had  to  banishing 
or  killing  a  supposed  witch  or  to  magic  procedures.  Once,  when 
smallpox  app<L-d,red  among  them,  the  Hopi  tried  to  catch  and  bury  the 
disease.  As  a  last  resort,  and  from  sheer  fright,  the  people  among 
whom  an  epidemic  rages  flee  from  their  houses,  abandoning  every- 
thing, even  some  of  the  dead  or  dying.  There  were  in  1898,  after  a 
visitation  of  smallpox,  several  abandoned  Navaho  corpses  in  deserted 
hogans  about  the  Chaco  canyon. 

When  a  disease  or  epidemic  recurs  with  some  frequency,  as  is  the 
case,  for  example,  with  smallpox  among  the  Tarahumare,  the  natives 
come  to  regard  the  afHiction  as  almost  a  necessity.  With  this  tribe  a 
young  man  who  has  had  smallpox  marries  more  easily  than  one  who 
has  not,  being  regarded  as  more  likely  to  live  and  hence  as  better  able 
to  take  care  of  his  family.     Among  the  Opata,  mothers  deliberately 


230  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

expose  their  little  ones  to  measles  and  other  contagious  diseases, 
believing  that  they  must  contract  them  sooner  or  later  and  that  it  is 
better  for  them  to  get  tlirough  with  the  ordeal.  They  appreciate, 
though  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  tlirough  their  own  deductions, 
or  through  other  channels,  that  one  attack  of  such  diseases  gives 
immunity  for  the  future. 

A  few  hygienic  observances  that  appear  rational  are  the  generally 
observed  sexual  abstinence  during  menstruation;  recognition  of  the 
transmissibility  of  venereal  diseases,  with  consequent  employment  of 
practical  safeguards  against  them;  the  knowledge  of  numerous 
poisonous  plants  and  animals,  with  the  employment  of  antidotes; 
and  to  a  certain  extent  the  use  of  the  sweat  bath  and  steaming.  But 
even  concerning  these  matters  occult  views  are  often  mingled  with 
the  practical.  Among  the  Walapai,  Yuma,  and  others,  some  of  the 
chronically  ill  or  helpless  are  isolated  in  special  huts  built  near  the 
other  habitations,  but  the  practice  is  due  to  superstition  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  desire  to  get  rid  of  the  inconveniences  caused  by  the 
patient  (see  pi.  xxvii,  h). 

A  beneficial  custom,  which  was  probablj^  general  in  former  times 
and  is  still  followed  in  many  localities,  is  the  abandonment  or  destruc- 
tion, after  the  death  of  an  adult  person,  of  the  house  in  which  he  died, 
and  also  the  destruction  of  his  clothing  and  other  personal  property. 
Wliatever  may  have  been  the  original  reason  for  this  custom,  to-day 
many  of  the  tribes  recognize  clearly  that  the  burning  of  everything 
with  which  the  deceased  came  in  contact  hinders  contagion.  Among 
the  Ute  the  hut  in  which  an  adult  person  dies  is  burned  and  all 
property  of  the  deceased,  even  his  pan  and  cup,  is  destroyed  (see 
pi.  XXVII,  c).  The  Navaho  abandon  the  hut  and  bury  most  of  the 
property  of  the  deceased  with  him.  The  Apache  burn  the  hut  with 
all  contents,  including  objects  of  metal.  Among  the  San  Carlos 
Apache  the  burning  of  the  dwelling  and  all  its  contents  after  the  death 
in  it  of  a  grown  person  is  general.  The  people  have  now  very  sensible 
ideas  on  the  subject.  They  say  they  do  not  know  what  the  person 
died  of,  and  if  they  should  preserve  the  house  or  any  of  his  belongings 
and  touch  them  they  might  contract  the  same  disease  and  die  also. 
When  they  build  a  new  khuva,  they  know  it  to  be  uncontaminated. 
The  Pima  used  to  burn  the  dwelling  in  which  a  death  occurred,  but 
do  so  no  more.  The  Yuma  and  Mohave  abandon  or  burn  the  hut 
and  consign  to  the  funeral  pyre  all  the  property  of  the  dead.  An 
adult  dying  among  the  Zuhi  is  buried  as  soon  as  the  habitual  observ- 
ances have  been  complied  with;  his  blankets  are  buried  with  him; 
his  extra  clothing  and  bedding  are  thrown  away;  the  door  of  the 
house  is  left  wide  open  four  days  and  nights ;  then  the  house  is  white- 
washed and  the  floor  newly  plastered  with  mud,  after  which  the 
dwelling  is  again  ready  for  occupancy.  The  Tarahumare  abandon 
the  dwelling  in  cas6  of  death  within  it. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  231 

The  Jicarillas,  Mescaleros,  and  Tarahumare  guard  themselves  with 
much  care  against  venereal  contagion.  The  Jicarilla  women,  who 
are  threatened  with  death  by  the  men  of  the  tribe  should  they  con- 
tract a  venereal  disease,  believe  that  all  white  men  have  such 
diseases,  and  in  consequence  avoid  them. 

Folk  Medicine 

Independent  of  and  not  interfering  with  supernatural  means  of 
healing  there  is  much  simple  general  knowledge  of  actual  remedies. 
There  are  numerous  plants  .and  modes  of  treatment,  the  use  and 
utility  of  which  are  known  to  all  in  a  given  locality,  even  to  the  older 
children ;  while  others  are  known  only  by  phratries  or  individuals.  The 
use  of  such  means  is  empirical  and  by  no  means  always  effectual ; 
yet  some  are  of  service,  and  the  mode  of  their  employment  is  occa- 
sionally quite  rational.  Separate  tribes  and  even  portions  of  one 
tribe  use  different  herbs  and  means;  a  few  plants,  however,  as  well 
as  various  physical  practices  are  apparently  known  over  a  wide  ter- 
ritory; but  a  few  of  the  plants  given  as  remedies  are  poisonous.  The 
parts  utilized  are  mostly  roots,  least  often  seeds  and  flowers.  In 
most  instances  the  medicine  is  taken  in  the  form  of  a  decoction,  but 
it  is  used  also  as  an  infusion;  in  the  latter  case,  after  being  prepared 
by  chewing,  it  is  applied  externally  as  a  salve  or  a  poultice.  The  dose 
given  is  generally  ample  and  is  not  repeated,  though  to  this  rule  there 
are  exceptions.  In  only  a  few  tribes  are  several  herbs  mixed  together 
in  one  medicine. 

Other  curative  means  employed  by  the  tribes  include  sweating, 
bandaging,  splints,  scarification,  cauterizing, '  rubbing  or  kneading, 
pressure  (see  under  Labor),  clyster,  and  vesication.  Some  of  the  cur- 
ative agents  may  have  been  introduced  by  whites,  but  no  evidence 
was  obtained  on  this  point.  Many  of  the  practices  and  remedies  are 
undoubtedly  original  with  the  Indians,  and  some  are  quite  ancient. 

The  curing  of  diseases  among  the  Southern  Ute  is  in  the  hands  of 
several  native  medicine-men  and  seems  different  in  no  important 
respect  from  that  among  other  tribes  of  the  Southwest.  The  people 
are  more  than  commonly  superstitious  in  all  that  pertains  to  disease. 
At  Navaho  Springs  the  writer  obtained  and  brought  to  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  a  fine  old  painted  skin  which  used  to  be 
the  property  of  a  Ute  medicine-man  and  was  believed  never  to  have 
failed  when  employed  by  him  in  curing  the  sick.  After  the  death  of 
this  man,  however,  the  skin  ''lost  all  its  power"  and  was  readily  sold 
by  his  wife.  The  piece  is  a  well-tanned  elk  skin,  covered  dorsally 
with  the  hair  of  the  animal,  while  the  ventral  face  bears  an  interesting 
and  artistic  design  in  several  colors  (see  pi.  xxviii,  a). 

The  Jicarillas  and  particularly  the  White  Mountain  Apache  have 
numerous  native  remedies.     The  latter  have  at  least  six  distinct 


232  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  (bull.  34 

vegetal  medicines  for  gonorrhea.  They  also  use  more  extensively 
in  curing  than  any  other  Apache  the  sacred  yellow  pollen  known  as 
hadntin.  This  comes  from  a  plant  known  as  tlie-tlie,  also  tnle,  or  totara 
(Scirpus  lacustris).  The  powder  is  generally  used  externally  and  in 
connection  with  prayers;  its  action  is  wholly  magical.'^ 

The  San  Carlos  Apache  know  many  vegetal  remedies.  As  in  other 
tribes,  not  all  of  these  are  of  common  knowledge. 

Xosli-lca-ya  is  a  very  spiny,  low,  cylindrical  cactus  (Opuntia 
emorcyi)  growing  in  patches  and  known  more  commonly  as  cholla. 
They  take  some  of  the  woody  part  from  the  inside  of  this  cactus,  tie 
it  on  a  string,  and  hang  it  on  the  neck,  particularly  in  children,  as  a 
charm  to  keep  away  disease.  When  there  is  any  contagion  about, 
they  place  whole  plants  of  this  cactus  about  10  paces  away  from  the 
dwelling  and  in  the  four  cardinal  directions,  to  keep  away  the  dis- 
ease. On  bright  days  persons  who  are  very  sick  lie  in  the  sun  out- 
side of  the  dwelling.     Both  men  and  women  were  seen  thus. 

A  mixture  of  the  cin-lco-ja  berries  with  water  is  believed  to  be  a 
good  food  for  t.he  sick.  Vomiting,  produced  by  tulipi  or  other  means, 
is  a  remedy  of  much  repute  for  weak  women.  It  ''cleans  them  up," 
and  after  that  they  grow  fat.  The  roots  of  i-ze  i-gag-goh-e-lii  ("medi- 
cine-clean-out":  Euphorbia),  are  chewed  raw  and  fresh  to  induce 
diarrhea  as  well  as  vomiting.  The  remedy  is  used  for  general  ''clean- 
ing out."  I-ze  vla-tal-ka-ia  ("white  tops" — "white  blossoms  some- 
thing like  cotton":  Clematis  drumondii)  is  a  remedy  the  root  and 
sometimes  also  the  stem  of  which  are  employed  to  induce  vomiting 
and  diarrhea.  A  decoction  made  from  this  plant  is  administered, 
especially  in  prolonged  indigestion.  Another  root  that  produces 
vomiting  as  well  as  laxation  grows  in  the  lowlands  and  is  known  as 
Mish  i-ze  ("snake  medicine").  Still  another  emetic  which  the  people 
sometimes  use  is  the  inside  bark  of  a  bush  known  as  ta-dla-tsin.  This 
bark  is  used  fresh.  It  is  pounded  up  and  boiled,  and  the  liquor  is  then 
drunk. 

The  root  of  ceh-ji  ("stones":  Ghrysothamnus,  sp.)  is  boiled,  the 
resulting  liquor  being  taken  for  pains  in  the  chest.  The  leaves  and 
small  twigs  of  el-zes-pa-lie  ("brown-medicine" :  Bouchea  ehrenbergii) 
are  pounded  up,  mixed  with  water,  and  applied  with  the  hand  in  a 
small  quantity  over  the  head  in  headache.  The  root  of  nau-h-cTiin-lco-je 
("white-man's  berry" :  Lycium  andersoni  wrightii),  is  ground,  boiled, 
and  taken  for  headache.  Na-go-nel-thi  is  a  plant  the  root  of  which  is 
used  for  colds  and  sore  throat.  The  patient  eats  a  little  of  the  root  as 
it  is  or  drinks  a  decoction  of  it.  The  root  of  cliil-to-je  (canaigre: 
Rumex  hymenosepalus),  besides  having  other  uses,  is  taken  in  the 
form  of  a  decoction  for  cough  or  consumption.    Thlo-til-che-ge  (Janusia 

a  A  collection  of  White  Mountain  Apache  remedies  is  preserved  in  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural 
History. 


BUREAU   OF  AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


BULLETIN   34     PLATE   XXVIII 


a  PAINTED   ELK  SKIN   (SOUTHERN   UTE) 
Specimen  in  Hyde  coliection,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 


h  STONE   BEARING  A  GLYPH    (ANCIENT   PUEBLO) 
Specimen  in  Hyde  collection,  Amer.  Mu.s.  Nat.  Hist. 

OBJECTS    USED    BY    MEDICINE-MEN     IN 
HEALING    CEREMONIES 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  233 

gracilis)  is  a  plant  the  root  of  which  is  chewed  by  some  of  the  San 
Carlos  Apache  as  a  remedy  in  sore  throat.  Tha-Jia-ne-tsa-i  ("bushy- 
weed":  Ephedra  viridis)  is  used  by  the  San  Carlos  Apache  as  a 
cough  medicine.  The  tops  and  young  twigs  are  boiled  and  sweeten- 
ing is  added;  dose,  from  half  a  cupful  to  a  cupful.  Occasionally  the 
tops  are  chewed  raw  for  the  same  purpose.  The  root  of  i-ze  Jita-ni 
(''medicine  eating"),  also  known  as  i-ze  vla-tal-cJii-hi  ("medicine  red 
top"),  is  chewed  raw  about  an  inch  at  a  time  to  restore  the  appetite, 
and  also  for  headache.  The  root  of  ~kesh-tsoz  i-ze  ("slim-wood  medi- 
cine": ocotillo,  Fouquiera  splendehs)  is  much  used  in  the  form  of  a 
decoction,  in  gonorrheal  dysuria.  The  seeds,  and  the  bark  of  the  root, 
of  sas-cJhil  (Canotia  holocantha),  boiled,  are  used  in  stomach  ache, 
diarrhea,  and,  in  menstruation  in  cases  in  which  women  have  "black 
blood." 

I-ze  M-cJii;  i-ze  V-chi-lii  ("red  medicine":  Eriogonum  alatum) 
grows  in  the  White  mountains.  The  root  is  much  employed  as  med- 
icine. It  is  pounded  up  and  boiled,  and  the  decoction  taken  in  diar- 
rhea. The  remedy  has  also  other  uses.  The  root  of  i-ze  l-cM-se 
(probably  Boerhavia)  is  given,  in  the  form  of  a  decoction,  to  children 
with  colic.  I-ze  hi-ne  (Cereus  greggii) :  The  Indian  name  has  refer- 
ence to  the  brain  or  to  the  imagination.  A  little  of  the  root  is  boiled 
and  given  in  stomach  trouble  and  diarrhea.  The  root  of  me-tci-da-il-tso 
(Perezia  wrightii)  is  used  medicinally  and  also  in  tesvino.  A  decoction 
of  it  is  drunk  in  cases  of  stomach  ache. 

Scarification  is  performed  among  the  San  Carlos  Apache  for  any 
sharp  or  persistent  localized  pain.  The  skin  is  cut  with  a  sharp 
object,  preferably  a  splint  of  glass.  They  scarify  any  part  of  the 
body,  even  the  temple. 

Massage  is  not  practised;  but  some  medicines  are  lightly  rubbed 
all  over  the  body. 

From  the  tops  of  certain  plants,  which  are  heated  in  a  dry  state, 
these  Apache  make  poultices  that  are  applied  in  rheumatic  and  other 
pains  to  the  surface  of  the  body.  They  employ  no  wet  poultices. 
Occasionally  for  pains  in  the  bowels  they  use  clysters,  pouring  the 
decoction  through  a  hollow  reed  into  the  rectum  and  preventing  its 
exit  by  means  of  a  wad  of  cotton. 

Chil-cheTi  (Covillea  tridentata) ,  common  along  the  Gila,  is  used  by 
the  San  Carlos  Apache  for  curing  pains,  mainly  of  rheumatic  nature. 
The  tops,  heated  over  the  fire,  are  applied  as  a  sort  of  poultice  over 
the  affected  part.  In  "sinking  fontanel"  in  infants  the  San  Carlos 
Apache  make  a  dough  of  flour  and  the  root  of  the  i-ze  Idii-hi  ("red- 
medicine:"  Eriogonum  alatum),  cut  the  hair  over  the  fontanel,  and 
apply  this  dough  to  the  spot.  The  belief  is  prevalent  among  this 
tribe  that  the  dough  when  it  dries  pulls  up  the  hi-tsi-ta-go-d-i-le  ("soft 
place"). 


234  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

As  mentioned  previously,  when  a  school  girl  has  an  attack  of  hys- 
teria, other  girls  run  to  the  patient  and  press  hard  into  the  pit  of  her 
stomach  and  rub  her  wTists  and  eyes. 

About  Talklai  the  '' slim-wood"  medicine  (Fouquiera  splendens) 
is  called  Icins-cheh  i-ze.  Besides  making  other  uses  of  it,  these 
Apache  boil  the  root  and  use  the  hot  liquid  as  a  bath  for  sore  limbs, 
as  after  a  long  journey.  The  root  of  Icesh-tsoz  i-ze  (Fouquiera  splen- 
dens) is  also  applied,  pounded  up,  to  any  form  of  swelling,  after  the 
skin  over  the  affected  spot  has  been  scarified  somewhat  with  a  piece 
of  glass. 

In  cases  of  snake  bites  or  scorpion  stings  patients  suck  wounds, 
spit  toward  the  four  cardinal  directions,  and  pray  that  they  may  not 
hurt.     This  treatment  may  be  given  by  a  friend, 

Opuntia  bigelovii  is  a  very  pretty  and  quite  rare  cactus  which 
grows  only  on  high  slopes  in  a  few  localities  on  the  reservation. 
The  pith  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  sore  eyes.  It  is  thrown  on 
live  coals  and  the  smoke  is  allowed  to  go  into  the  open  eyes. 

Muh-be-na-toh  ("owl  smoke":  Castilleia?).  The  root  is  used  in 
earache.  It  is  boiled  and  the  decoction,  when  slightly  cooled,  is 
dropped  into  the  ear  by  means  of  a  cloth. 

In  nose  bleeding,  which  is  not  common  in  the  tribe,  the  San  Carlos 
Apache  take  cold  water  into  the  nose  or  apply  it  with  the  hand  to 
the  forehead ;  or  they  stuff  the  nostrils  with  soft  material,  as  a  piece 
of  caHco  or  cotton. 

In  a  persistent  toothache  the  Apache  tie  a  sinew  about  the  bad 
tooth  as  near  the  gum  as  possible  and  then  pull  the  tooth  out  them- 
selves or  with  the  help  of  others. 

In  fractures  they  use  reduction  and  apply  sticks  as  splints. 

In  one  instance  sweat  baths  were  ordered  by  a  medicine-man  for 
two  cliildren  sick  with  measles.  These  baths  are  also  taken  occa- 
sionally by  the  men  for  rheumatism,  or  for  other  maladies  when  the 
usual  remedies  fail. 

In  open  wounds  the  Apache  use  the  pounded  and  dried  root  of 
i-ze  ha-cM-ne  (''black  medicine":  Balsamorrhiza ?) . 

The  cottony  part  of  the  root  of  the  me-tci-da-il-tco  (Perezia  wrightii) 
is  applied  locally  to  sores  and  small  wounds;  it  is  also  put  around 
the  umbilical  cord  in  the  new-born  and  applied  to  any  sore  that  may 
show  itself  there.  There  is  seldom  any  trouble  with  the  umbilical 
cord,  but  if  soreness  develops  the  Apache  either  use  the  remedy  just 
mentioned,  or  powder  and  apply  to  the  cord  a  certain  root  called 
za-hl-lca-yi,  or  i-ze  lil-ka-ye. 

The  i-ze  hi-ne  (Cereus  greggii)  root,  dried  and  powdered,  is  applied 
to  open  wounds  and  sores. 

The  Mescaleros  firmly  beUeve  in  witches.  The  case  of  a  double 
murder  in  the  tribe  from  this  cause  is  mentioned  in  another  place. 


HBDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL,   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  235 

During  the  last  days  of  the  writer's  stay  at  the  reservation  in  the 
spring  of  1905  a  child  became  ill  with  tuberculous  meningitis.  It 
was  treated  at  first  by  the  agency  physician,  but,  the  case  not  improv- 
ing, a  native  medicine-man  was  called  in.  He  tried  at  first  to  remove 
the  cause  of  the  disease  by  sucking,  and  pretended  to  extract  from 
the  head  of  the  child  a  gopher.  As  this  did  not  help  and  the  child 
died,  he  declared  that  it  was  bewitched. 

The  people  understand  clearly  that  consumption  is  contagious, 
though  its  nature  and  the  method  of  its  transmission  remain  to  them 
a  mystery.  About  man}^  internal  diseases  the  notions  are  very 
curious.  If  a  man  gets  close  to  a  woman  in  labor  or  steps  into  any 
bloody  discharge  connected  therewith,  he  mil  have  rheumatism  or 
will  become  otherwise  afilicted. 

Many  of  the  medicines  used  in  this  tribe  are  known  to  all,  but 
there  are  also  others  that  are  strictly  proprietary,  and  the  individuals 
who  know  them,  mostly  old  women  or  men,  keep  the  knowledge 
secret  and  make  a  profit  out  of  the  drugs.  The  sum  paid  for  a 
medicine  is  occasionally  very  liigh;  one  man  paid  $7,  another  a  horse. 

Chin-de  i-ze  (''devil's  medicine":  Artemisia  frigida)  is  used  by 
the  Mescaleros  when  anyone  is  badly  frightened.  They  put  some  of 
the  root  on  the  fire  and  inhale  the  smoke. 

For  pains  in  the  chest  they  draw  tight  a  band  placed  around  the 
chest.     This  treatment  is  employed  even  in  consumption." 

Tsa  i-ze,  I-tsa  i-ze  ("head  medicine":  Hedeoma  reverchoni),  is 
used  by  both  Mescaleros  and  Lipan  in  prolonged  headache.  They 
gather  a  bunch  of  the  aromatic  twigs,  rub  them  in  the  hands,  and 
inhale  the  smell.     This  is  said  to  stop  the  headache. 

I-la  tso-e-li-ta  ("bird  eats  it").  The  root  is  boiled  and  a  drink  of 
the  decoction  is  taken  a  number  of  times  in  cases  of  bloody  diarrhea. 

I-ze  Jiu-ie  is  used  in  pains  in  the  bowels.  The  root  is  ground  up 
and  boiled,  and  the  patient  .drinks  some  of  the  decoction,  which  eases 
the  pains  and  produces  a  laxative  efi^ect. 

Ea-chi-de,  hai-cJii-di  (Ligusticum  porteri),  grows  in  and  about  the 
White  mountains.  The  Mescaleros  use  the  root,  drinking  a  decoc- 
tion of  it  in  colds  and  cough.  They  also  grind  it,  mix  with  a  Httle 
water,  and  rub  on  the  sore  part.  Occasionally  they  simply  chew 
the  root  for  cough,  or  they  smell,  chew,  or  smoke  it  for  headache.. 

I-ze  i-tho-lii  ("medicine  red  flower")  is  a  remedy  for  consumption. 
All  parts  of  the  plant  are  used  together.  They  are  pounded  and 
boiled,  and  the  decoction  is  drunk  lukewarm.  A  cupful  is  given 
before  breakfast;  the  dose  is  not  repeated  for  some  days. 

In  consumption  the  Mescaleros  use  also  a  remedy  composed  of  two 
or  three  kinds  of  vegetal  medicines  mixed  together.     They  boil  them 

a  Dr.  E.  L.  Morgan,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  observed  this  same  treatment  among  the  Indians  of 
Oregon. 


286  BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bxjll. 34 

and  the  patient  drinks  about  a  pint  of  the  tea  at  one  time.  The 
medicine  opens  the  bowels.  If  the  patient  feels  better  the  dose  is  not 
repeated. 

When  signs  of  tapeworm  are  found  in  excrements — a  condition 
which  is  very  rare — the  same  medicme  is  administered  that  is  given 
to  consumptives.     It  is  believed  that  this  kills  the  worms. 

The  Mescaleros  have  a  definite  treatment  for  rheumatism.  They 
rub  on  the  affected  parts  a  decoction  of  about  half  a  dozen  roots,  and 
then  make  the  patient  undergo  a  sweating  produced  as  follows :  The 
one  who  treats  the  patient  takes  a  large  pan  or  a  tub,  or  makes  a  hole 
m  the  ground  as  nearly  water-tight  as  possible.  The  receptacle  is  then 
about  half  filled  with  water  and  some  of  the  roots  of  which  the  above- 
mentioned  decoction  was  made  are  thrown  in  as  are  also  heated 
stones.  The  receptacle  is  quickly  covered  with  sticks  and  then 
with  juniper  balls;  the  patient  is  then  made  to  sit  on  the  top  and 
is  wrapped  up  to  the  chin  with  cloths  and  blankets.  He  remains 
from  about  twenty  minutes  to  half  an  hour  and  usually  gets  a  good 
sweat.  After  this  some  of  the  same  decoction  is  applied  again  locally. 
Before  any  part  of  the  treatment  is  commenced  the  joints  are  usually 
marked  with  the  cJii  (red  ocher),  a  custom  the  origin  and  significance 
of  which  are  not  known.  The  patient  subjected  to  the  above  treat- 
ment, which  is  said  to  be  very  efficacious,  seldom  takes  anything 
internally. 

A  plant  the  root  of  which  is  occasionally  given  in  rheumatism,  in 
the  form  of  a  decoction,  is  known  as  ce-xa-ne  sd-iu  ("grows  through 
the  rocks").     The  mixture  may  also  be  rubbed  into  the  sore  parts. 

For  gonorrhea  a  woman  among  the  Mescaleros  mixes  together  parts 
of  four  different  plants.  One  of  these  is  known  as  ia-ni-tan  ("buffalo 
eat  leaves":  Ephedra);  part  used,  leaves.  Another  is  tlo-shi-pa-he 
("brown  weed":  Holodiscus ?) ;  parts  used,  leaves  and  stalks.  The 
third  is  known  as  ih-di-di-tlo-lie  ("thunder  weed");  parts  used, 
leaves  and  stalks.  The  fourth  is  i-ze  n-thli-ze  ("hard  medicine"); 
part  used,  root.  A  definite  quantity  of  each  plant  is  used  and  the 
mixture  is  boiled.  The  patient  takes  one  cupful  before  breakfast; 
this  dose  is  said  usually  to  be  sufficient  to  effect  a  cure. 

E-chonsh  is  the  dried  bud  of  a  wild  rose.  It  forms  a  constituent  of 
another  medicine  for  gonorrhea. 

For  swelling  and  soreness  in  the  groin  in  gonorrhea  the  Mescaleros 
mix  the  root  of  i-ze  he-ton-sih,  the  root  of  nan-ie-wan-seh,  and  the 
leaves  and  stalks  of  i-ze  wi-tan-the-li  (Pentstemon) .  All  are  pounded 
together  fine,  a  little  water  is  added,  and  the  resulting  paste  applied 
locally. 

Ty-chi-va-ze  (Phyllanthus)  is  the  broken  twigs  and  leaves  of  a 
parasitic  plant  used  by  the  Mescaleros  for  itching  in  any  part  of  the 
body.     They  boil  the  medicine  and  drink  it  or  apply  it  externally. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  237 

Kuli-bi-ze  ("snake  medicine")  is  in  great  repute  among  the  Mescal- 
eros  as  a  cure  for  snake  bites.  A  piece  of  the  root,  preferably  fresh,  is 
chewed  up  and  applied  to  the  wound,  being  held  in  place  by  a  rag. 
When  applied  early  enough,  the  part  swells  or  pains  very  little  if  at  all. 
Even  if  applied  within  a  few  hours,  the  root  is  very  efficacious.  The 
interpreter  who  was  helping  the  writer  was  bitten  by  a  rattlesnake 
and  used  this  plant.  He  was  bitten  in  the  foot  at  4  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  and  being  without  a  remedy  did  nothing  at  all  to  the 
wound.  He  reached  home  with  difficulty  at  about  6  and  soon  after 
applied  the  root.  The  pains,  which  were  getting  to  be  severe,  were 
soon  subdued  and  ceased  in  about  two  hours,  so  that  he  slept  the 
whole  night.  Next  morning  he  applied  the  root  again  and  after 
breakfast  was  able  to  go  about  his  ordinary  work.  No  more  applica- 
tions were  needed.  The  snake,  which  was  more  than  2  feet  long,  was 
killed  by  the  man  after  it  had  bitten  him.  A  precaution  that  is  said 
to  be  necessary  in  this  treatment  is  to  avoid  washing  the  bitten  part 
with  water;  otherwise  much  swelling  results. 

In  toothache,  after  burning  the  end  of  a  certain  kind  of  twig,  the 
Mescaleros  insert  it,  as  hot  as  possible,  into  the  cavity  of  the  tooth. 
If  the  tooth  has  no  cavity,  they  apply  the  heated  point  to  the  top. 
This  treatment  is  repeated  until  the  aching  ceases.  A  patient  who 
underwent  this  treatment  and  was  helped  by  it  said  it  was  not  very 
painful.  In  the  case  of  a  very  small  cavity  in  a  tooth  some  have 
been  known  to  insert  a  heated  wire.  Usually  the  Mescaleros  do  not 
try  to  extract  a  tooth  unless  it  is  loose.  In  that  case  they  use  a 
sinew  or  a  string,  some  friend  pulling  the  tooth  out.  A  case  may 
also  be  cited  in  which  a  man  with  a  sore  tooth  in  the  lower  jaw  tied  a 
string  about  it,  fastened  the  other  end  to  a  branch  of  a  tree  above 
his  head,  and  then  sat  down  quickly,  the  tooth  being  jerked  out. 

The  Mescaleros  also  use  scarification  with  glass  for  acute  pain. 
They  say  they  learned  it  from  the  Comanche. 

In  sore  eyes  they  often  employ  the  leaves  of  the  mesquite.  These 
are  ground  into  powder,  which  is  placed  in  a  thin  cloth,  water  is 
added,  and  the  liquid  squeezed  mto  the  eyes. 

In  very  aggravated  cases  of  sore  eyes,  when  a  sort  of  membrane 
forms  over  the  eyeball  (pterygium  ?),  the  Mescalero  insert  a  needle 
under  the  "flesh  "  and,  cutting  the  latter  with  a  splint  of  glass,  "pull 
it  right  off." 

I-ze  da-thle-dji  ("blue  medicine")  is  a  plant  the  root  of  which  is  used 
in  earache.  It  is  chewed,  after  which  a  portion  is  introduced  into 
the  ear,  and  a  portion  is  rubbed  externally. 

To  stop  bleeding,  the  Mescaleros  apply  to  the  bleeding  surface 
spider  web  (a  practice  possibly  of  Mexican  origin),  or  the  scrapings 
from  the  inside  of  a  tanned  buckskin.  In  nose-bleed  they  wash  the 
head,  if  possible  in  cold  water. 


238  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Injuries  are  treated  by  the  Mescaleros  as  follows:  In  dislocation 
the  operator  rubs  the  injured  part  until  it  is  warm  and  then  with  a 
quick  jerk  forces  the  bone  into  place,  rubbing  medicine  on  afterward 
to  allay  the  pain,  and  finally  tying  the  part  with  a  rag.  In  frac- 
ture rubbing  and  straightening  as  well  as  the  pain-allaying  medicine 
are  employed,  and  finall}^  sticks  are  applied  all  around  the  broken 
part  as  splints,  being  bound  tightly  in  place  with  rags.  In  case  of 
open  wounds,  the  Mescaleros  grind  very  fine  a  certain  brown  root 
and  apply  the  powder.  If  the  cut  is  large,  they  sew  the  skin  with 
sinew.  When  they  tliink  that  a  wound  should  continue  to  discharge 
the}^  sometimes  insert  therein  a  twisted  rag  (a  custom  probably  of 
Mexican  origin). 

In  swellings,  the  root  of  the  %-ze  Vku-i  (''yellow  medicine")  is 
ground,  mixed  with  water,  and  rubbed  in. 

I-ze  Itso-hi  is  used  by  the  Mescaleros  on  sores  of  all  kinds.  They 
dry  the  root,  grind  it  fine,  apply  powder  to  the  afflicted  parts.  It  is 
said  to  act  beneficially,  especially  in  old  suppurations. 

I-ze  Tio-clii-ne  ("black  medicine":  Balsamorrhiza ?)  is  used  in  frac- 
tures or  injuries  of  any  kind.  The  root  is  ground,  mixed  with  water, 
and  applied  to  the  contused  part.  A  small  quantity  may  also  be  taken 
internally. 

I-ia-ai  (Artemisia  dracunculoides)  grows  about  White  Mountain 
(N.  Mex.).  The  Mescaleros,  as  well  as  the  Lipan,  use  it  as  a  remedy. 
They  pound  the  root  either  fresh  or  dried,  mix  it  with  cold  water,  and 
apply  to  all  kinds  of  bruises  or  contusions,  and  even  to  fractures. 
Repeated  applications  are  used,  which  keep  the  injured  part  cool 
and  prevent  swelling. 

The  Navaho  employ  many  herbs  in  curing  their  various  bodily 
disorders.'^  The  use  of  some  of  these  they  possibly  learned  in  the  past 
from  captive  Mexicans,  who  became  incorporated  into  the  tribe. 
They  also  frequently  employ  sweat  baths  to  restore  health.  In  all 
the  more  serious  afflictions,  however,  as  in  other  tribes,  reliance  is 
placed  in  the  tribal  medicine-men,  who  are  numerous,  and  who  treat 
almost  entirely  by  fetishes,  prayers,  and  incantations.  In  serious 
cases  and  with  rich  patients  the  ceremonial  part  of  the  treatment 
may  be  made  very  complex  and  important.  The  medicine-man 
alone,  or  with  several  assistants,  visits  the  hogan  of  the  patient,  or 
has  constructed  a  separate  lodge,  and  conducts  a  curative  cere- 
mony of  from  one  to  nine  nights'  duration.^ 

Host;f n  Klai,  one  of  the  medicine-men  about  Chaco  canyon,  brought 
to  the  writer,  to  sell,  a  circular  piece  of  sandstone  about  a  foot  in 

a  See  also  Washington  Matthews,  Navajo  Names  for  Plants,  American  Naturalist,  Sept.,  1886,  767  et 
seq. 

t>  Sec  other  publications  of  Washington  Matthews,  particularly  his  Mountain  Chant:  a  Navajo 
Ceremony,  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  38.5  ct  seq.;  and  The  Night 
Chant:  a  Navaho  Coromony,  Memoirs  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  vi,  1902;  also,  A.  M. 
Stephen,  The  Navajo,  American  Anthroyologisl,  1893,  vi,  360-361. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


239 


diameter,  containing  on  one  side  an  old  petroglyph,  such  as  are  not 
uncommon  in  the  neighboring  country  (see  pi.  xxviii,  h).  This,  he 
said,  was  a  very  valuable  stone,  a  little  of  which  rubbed  off  and 
administered  to  a  patient  would  cure  ^.Imost  any  disease.  The  stone 
was  originally  much  larger,  he  said,  but  had  already  served  many 
sick  people,  and  in  this  way  had  become  reduced  to  its  present  size. 
The  edges  of  the  stone  (the  specimen  is  now  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History)  show,  in  fact,  numerous  marks  due  to  rubbing, 
but  as  to  the  great  virtues  of  the  stone  the  shrewd  old  medicine-man 
must  have  known,  for  he  gladly  sold  it  for  half  a  dollar. 

Only  a  few  of  the  vegetal  remedies  used  in  the  tribe  were  obtained 
by  the  writer. 

E-7ia  i-ze  ("white  man's  medicine":  Chrysothamnus  greenei) 
grows  to  about  1  foot  in  height.  It  is  found  in  many  parts  of  Arizona. 
Some  of  the  Navaho  use  it  in  measles  and  chicken  pox.  They 
break  up  the  tops  of  the  plant  and  put  them  into  lukewarm  water ; 
after  steeping  the  mixture  somewhat  the  whole  body  of  the  patient 
is  rubbed  with  the  liquor,  afterward  being  well  covered.  The  erup- 
tion is  said  to  darken  rapidly  and  to  dry  up,  the  patient  promptly 
recovering.  The  writer's  informant,  a  Navaho,  cured  thus  a  year 
ago  his  own  wife  and  two  children. 

Ti-kJios  i-ze  (Ephedra  viridis)  is  used  by  the  Navaho  as  a  remedy 
for  cough.  They  drink  a  decoction  made  from  the  tops.  The 
Apache,  who  use  the  same  medicine  for  the  same  purpose,  call  the 
plant  tha-ha-ne-tsa-i. 

Soreness  about  the  point  of  attachment  of  the  umbilical  cord 
may  be  healed  by  the  use  of  two  roots;  one  of  these  is  known  as 
i-ze  Ihl-Tcai  and  the  other  as  i-ze  Tia-dje-ny. 

A  very  elaborate  medicine  outfit  of  a  Navaho  shaman  is  in  the 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  According  to  a  check-list  kindly 
furnished  to  the  writer  by  Dr.  Geo.  A.  Dorsey,  the  articles  contained 
in  this  outfit  are  as  follows :  '^ 


4  painted  buckskin  masks. 

1  bunch  of  large  eagle  feathers. 
12  plume  sticks. 

3  bundles  of  mixed  feathers. 
16  bundles  of  turkey  feathers. 

2  fine  old  bull-roarers. 
2  rawhide  rattles. 

]  gourd  rattle. 

1  rawhide  rattle,  similar  in  form  to  that  of 
the  Hopi  Snake  and  Antelope  priests. 

1  bone  whistle. 

1  stick  7  inches  long,  wrapped  with  buck- 
skin. 


1  stick    5    inches    long,    wrapped    with 
woolen  yarn. 

4  miniature  bows. 

2  horn  cups 

1  flaked  quartzite  implement. 

1  clam  shell. 

2  chipped  flint  implements. 

2  chipped  jasper  implements. 
2  flat  horn-tipped  implements. 
1  bundle  of  fire  sticks. 
1  necklace  of  hawk  talons. 
1  square  piece  of  buckskin. 
1  goatskin  bag. 


a  This  medicine-man's  outfit,  collected  by  A.  Montzheimer  among  the  Navaho  in  New  Mexico,  was  a 
gift  of  Mr.  E.  E.  Ayer  to  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


240 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


2  badger's  feet. 

1  small  modern  Hopi  feed  bowl. 
1  lot  of  dried  juniper  berries. 
1  lot  of  dried  and  chopped  up  internal 
organs,  unidentified. 

1  lot  of  friable  sandstone. 

2  lots  of  bone. 

1  large  blue-glass  marble. 

8  lots  of  hei'bs  and  seeds. 

1  lot  of  indigo. 

1  lot  of  vegetal  mold. 

1  stemless  clay  pipe. 

8    buckskin    bags,     containing    paints, 

earths,  etc. 
10  small  lots  of  Indian  corn. 
1  cone  of  stalagmite. 


2  quartz  pebbles. 

1  fossil  oyster. 

2  wristlets  of  eagle  and  hawk  talons. 

5G  small  buckskin  bags,  containing  red, 
blue,  and  black  mineral  paints;  white 
and  yellow  earth;  roots  and  herbs; 
along  with  numerous  vegetal  pow- 
ders, unidentified;  pieces  of  abalone 
shell;  1  piece  of  quartz;  1  quartz  crys- 
tal; 1  lot  of  carbonated  copper;  1  piece 
of  specular  hematite;  a  glass  pendant 
from  a  lamp;  gnarled  vegetal  stems; 
1  notched  stick;  and  a  pair  of  wide  cop- 
per tweezers. 

1  buckskin  bag,  resembling  the  Apache 
"split"  bags. 


According  to  many  indications  the  Navaho  practise  but  little  sur- 
gery. The  resident  traders  report  that  Navaho  medicine-men  occa- 
sionally cut  into  the  "skin  of  a  sick  person  and  suck  the  wound; 
but  this  is  done  to  make  the  patient  believe  that  his  disease,  or  its 
evil  principle,  is  really  being  extracted.  According  to  information 
obtained  at  Chaco,  cases  have  been  known  where  abscesses  were  cut 
open  by  medicine-men  and  the  pus  was  sucked  out. 

The  Hopi  use  numerous  herbs  and  other  objects  as  remedies,  but 
most  of  these  seem  to  be  employed  fetishistically  or  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  disease  or  the  diseased  organ. ^  Thus  the 
yayawimkia  squirts  ashes  or  soot,  products  of  fire,  on  inflamed  skin; 
he  also  cauterizes  with  a  piece  of  live  coal.  Clematis  and  Cowania, 
because  of  their  hair-like  fibers,  are  used  for  restoration  of  the  hair 
( Hough) ;  a  decoction  of  the  many-spined  thistle  is  given  in  dry 
pharyngitis,  in  which  the  patient  feels  as  if  he  had  a  thistle  in  the 
throat;  a  twist  of  a  piece  of  wood  in  the  hands  of  the  medicine-man 
cures  "twists"  of  the  body  (convulsions);  the  skin  of  a  weasel, 
which  glides  readily  through  a  small  hole,  and  a  conch  shell,  whose 
inhabitant  comes  out  easily,  kept  in  the  room  of  a  woman  to  be  con- 
fined, are  charms  for  easy  labor.  Some  of  the  teas  seem  to  be  used 
with  more  reason,  but  in  view  of  the  motives  underlying  the  em- 
ployment of  other  ''remedies,"  it  is  difficult  not  to  feel  suspicious 
even  here. 

At  some  of  their  ceremonies  the  Hopi  drink  or  rub  themselves  with 
mixtures  which  are  supposed  to  be  ''good  medicine,"  preventive  of  all 
illness;  this  through  their  magical  power.  The  washing  by  the 
women  of  their  limbs  with  urine  belongs  very  probably  to  the  same 
category. 

After  the  Snake  dance  the  participants,  who  have  that  day  abstained 
from  food,  drink  "for  purification"  a  decoction  made  of  a  number 


a  See  J.  W.  Fewkes's  A  Contribution  to  Ethnobotany,  American  Anthropologist,  ix,  no.  1,  Jan.,<1896, 
15-21,  and  W.  Hough,  Environmental  Interrelations  in  Arizona,  ibid.,  xi,  no.  5,  May,  1898, 133-155. 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  241 

of  herbs,  which  soon  acts  as  an  emetic.  The  vomiting  is  supposed 
to  clean  the  body  spiritually  as  well  as  physically." 

At  times  the  headmen  make  a  special  ceremony,  the  purpose  of 
which  is  a  wholesale  prevention  or  cure  of  diseases. 

The  splinters  from  trees  struck  by  lightning  have,  among  the  Hopi, 
a  reputation  for  great  efficacy  in  the  treatment  of  fractures;  they  are 
not  used  as  splints  but  as  fetishes. 

A  peculiar  method  of  treatment,  which  Doctor  Fewkes  saw,  was  a 
tight  bandaging  of  a  sore  limb  with  a  rope.  At  times,  it  is  said, 
even  the  body  may  be  thus  wound  about.  The  reason  or  object  of 
this  treatment  was  not  learned.  (Compare  notes  on  the  Mescaleros, 
in  this  chapter.) 

Two  antidotes  for  snake  bite  were  heard  of  among  the  tribe:  A 
secret  decoction  of  a  number  of  herbs,  which  is  drunk,''  and  the  appli- 
cation to  the  wound  of  the  ventral  surface  of  the  disemboweled  snake. 

The  Zuni  also  have  numerous  herbs  and  roots  which  they  use  as 
remedies.  Many  of  these  were  collected,  and  will  eventually  be 
described,  by  Mrs.  Stevenson. 

All  persons  among  the  Zuni  recovering  from  critical  illnesses  are 
said  to  be  adopted  into  the  medicine  order.  Those  who  have  been 
struck  by  lightning  and  have  survived  are  believed  to  have  special 
powers  for  setting  fractures. 

There  are  practised  in  the  tribe  rubbing  and  also  wound  healing  " 
and  tooth  pulling.  Fractures  are  treated  with  splints.  Pinon  gum 
is  much  in  favor  in  treatment  of  wounds,  being  applied  to  the  sur- 
face or  put  within. 

Among  the  Papago  the  treatment  is  the  same  as  among  other 
tribes,  mostly  by  incantations,  partly  by  herbs.  Open  wounds  are 
always  treated  with  powders,  gum,  or  decoctions,  which  chiefly  in- 
duce suppuration,  and  healing  by  granulation.  In  fracture  there 
may  be  applied  to  the  injured  limb  some  supposedly  healing  sub- 
stances, but  it  is  also  tightly  bound  up  in  sticks  corresponding  to  the 
splints  used  by  the  civilized  practitioner.  Cauterization  is  used  in 
the  tribe  in  acute  or  localized  pains.  A  bit  of  cotton  or  a  little  cot- 
tony parasitic  ball  from  the  Lycium  andersoni  is  burned  on  the  skin 
over  the  sore  spot.'^ 

In  acute  indigestion  the  Papago  boil  for  a  little  while  some  of  the 
red  earth  taken  from  beneath  the  fire;  after  being  strained  a  little 

a  See  descriptions  of  the  ceremony  by  Stephen,  Fewkes,  and  Hough. 

6  See  also  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  198,  Washington,  1894. 

c  Interesting  cases  of  this  have  been  described  by  F.  H.  Gushing  in  A  Case  of  Primitive  Surgery,  iSci- 
ence,  June  25, 1897,  and  by  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson,  Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology.    Other  treatment  is  also  described  by  Mrs.  Stevenson. 

d  "In  acute  local  pain  they  [the  Papago]  sometimes  put  a  piece  of  cotton  on  the  flesh  and  burn  it  there,- 
repeating  the  process  on  a  new  spot  at  a  little  distance."  C.  W.  Wood,  special  agent,  in  Report  on 
Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  146,  Washington,  1894. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 16 


242  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

salt  is  added,  and  the  mixture  is  then  given  to  the  patient  to  drink. 
He  has  to  take  this  remedy  tliree  times,  always  at  mealtime,  and 
he  gets  notliing  or  at  most  very  little  to  eat. 

In  chronic  indigestion  the  wliite  inner  bark  of  the  mesquite  is 
secured,  pounded  as  fine  as  possible  and  boiled,  salt  being  added  to 
the  decoction ;  the  sick  person  takes  a  dose  of  it  early  every  morning, 
before  breakfast.     It  tastes  bitter  and  salty. 

A  little  Pap  ago  child  was  met  who  had  on  each  temple  what 
resembled  a  plaster.  It  was  explained  that  this  was  put  on  as  a 
remedy  for  headache.  It  is  made  from  ordinary  flour  alone,  and  is 
supposed  to  ''stop  the  air  from  going  in  through  the  temples," 

The  greasewood  {sho-sho-go-i:  Covillea  tridentata)  is  used  as  a 
remedy  for  contusions.  The  women  boil  the  leaves,  add  consider- 
able salt,  and  wash  the  contused  part  with  the  decoction  while  still  hot. 

Powdered  root  of  the  se-wi-dje  (canaigre:  Rumex  hymenosepalus) 
is  put  on  sores^  especially  on  sore  lips.  The  juice  of  the  mesquite 
tree  is  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes.  The  Papago  boil  this  juice  and  put 
some  of  it  at  ordinary  temperature  into  the  eye.  They  also  use  this 
for  soreness  of  the  eyelids. 

In  earache  the  San  Xavier  people  boil  a  hen's  egg  quite  hard;  a 
small  hole  is  made  at  one  end  and  covered  with  a  rag,  and  the  egg  is 
then  applied  to  the  sore  ear. 

The  cricket,  dried  and  ground  up,  is  taken  internally  as  a  remedy 
for  dysuria;  it  is  also  given  for  the  same  complaint  to  horses. 

The  Papago,  like  the  Cora  in  Tepic,  employ  the  flesh  of  the  rattle- 
snake in  consumption.  They  kill  a  rattlesnake,  dry  the  flesh,  and 
use  it  as  powder,  a  small  quantity  of  which  is  put  into  the  patient's 
food  while  it  is  cooking  and  without  his  knowledge.  They  believe 
it  sometimes  cures  the  sickness. 

The  peyote  is  eaten  in  small  quantities  by  the  Papago,  but  its  use 
is  probably  not  entirely  medicinal.  The  root  of  the  wd-wish  is  used 
in  colds.  They  break  it  up,  boil  it,  and  drink  some  of  the  decoction 
hot.  It  makes  them  sweat.  After  drinking  the  tea  they  cover  up 
and  remain  indoors..  A  strong  decoction  of  the  root  is  also  used  as 
a  wash  in  case  of  scorpion  bites.  Women  drink  some  of  the  hot  tea 
in  painful  menstruation. 

A-a-li  gu-gu-li  ("big  children")  is  a  plant  the  root  of  which  is  used 
by  the  Papago  in  fever.  The  root  is  broken  up  into  little  pieces, 
boiled,  and  the  tea  drunk  a  small  quantity  at  a  time.  The  root  is 
also  used  in  toothache.  For  this  purpose  it  is  ground  up  fine,  mixed 
with  some  fat,  and  put  into  the  cavity  of  the  tooth.  It  is  further 
used  in  neuralgic  pains,  when  a  mixture  similar  to  that  for  toothache 
is  applied  externally  to  the  painful  part. 

In  snake  bite,  the  snake  is  killed,  torn  open,  and  a  part  from  the 
inside  of  it  spoken  of  as  "fat"  or  "blood"  is  applied  to  the  wound. 
Sucking  is  also  employed  by  some. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL.  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  243 

The  Pima  have  some  curious  conceptions  as  to  the  causes  of  sick- 
ness and  curious  remedies.  In  many  instances  the  patient  is  sup- 
posed to  have  committed  some  transgression  or  have  broken  some 
tabu.  In  such  cases  the  medicine-man  who  is  called  usually  points 
out  the  nature  of  the  offense.  The  cause  of  consumption  is  not 
known,  but  the  people  know  that  it  runs  in  families.  They  do  not 
know  that  it  is  contagious.  It  is  always  the  medicine-man  who  finds 
the  true  cause  of  sickness,  and  the  patient  often  then  remembers 
that  he  did  some  wrong  as  indicated.  One  of  the  principal  sub- 
stances that,  when  surreptitiously  introduced  into  the  body,  may 
operate  as  a  cause  to  produce  or  aggravate  disease,  is  hair. 

The  Pima  were  always  bitter  enemies  of  the  Apache.  Their  enmity 
went  so  far  that  they  believed  if  a  drop  of  blood  of  an  Apache  fell 
on  a  Pima  it  would  cause  sickness.  If  a  Pima  killed  several  Apache, 
although  the  act  was  lauded,  it  was  believed  that  some  of  the  progeny 
of  that  man  would  become  insane  or  otherwise  injuriously  affected. 
This  result  could  be  obviated  by  use  of  Apache  hair,  a  tuft  of  which, 
tied  with  a  chicken-hawk  feather  and  an  owl  feather  and  burned  in 
a  certain  way  with  grease  wood,  would  cure  any  sickness  induced  by 
the  contact  with  the  Apache. 

As  to  different  sicknesses  in  children,  it  is  believed  that  the  parents 
of  such  children  "did  not  look  out  for  themselves  properly"  during 
the  period  of  gestation.  They  may,  for  instance,  have  killed  an  ani- 
mal, whose  spirit  causes  the  disease  of  the  child.  If  they  happened 
to  kill  a  dog,  the  child  may  be  affected  with  fever;  if  the  animal 
killed  was  a  rattlesnake,  there  may  be  a  swelling  of  the  stomach  in 
the  child  to  be  born;  if  a  coyote,  diarrhea;  if  a  rat,  chills.  But  if 
the  parents  are  careful  and  want  to  prevent  the  evil  consequences  of 
their  indiscretion,  they  may  avail  themselves  of  songs  for  every  occa- 
sion which  will  propitiate  the  spirit  of  the  departed  animal. 

The  Pima  do  not  kill  the  horned  toad.  Should  they  do  so  one  of 
their  children  might  become  "lame  in  the  joints"  or  hunchbacked. 
Sometimes,  nevertheless,  a  toad  is  accidentally  killed  by  some  one. 
In  such  a  case  there  are  again  propitiatory  songs.  Besides  this  the 
individual  who  happened  to  kill  the  toad  wears  red  ribbon  around 
his  neck,  meaning  by  this  to  tell  the  spirit  that  he  did  not  want  to 
kill  the  animal  and  desires  to  be  forgiven.  It  is  also  believed  that 
one  must  not  kill  the  young  of  the  coyote ;  the  mother  would  revenge 
herself  by  carrying  off  the  baby  of  the  family. 

Kwa-i-ku-i  is  the  name  by  which  the  Pima  and  Papago  know  the 
frontal  fontanel.  Like  the  Indians  in  northern  Mexico,  these  tribes 
believe  that  the  fontanel  may  "fall,"  causing  the  child  to  be  sick. 
To  cure  the  child  a  woman  puts  a  finger  into  the  baby's  mouth 
and  pushes  the  palate  upward.  After  that  a  little  salt  and  water 
are  applied  to  the  skin  over  the  fontanel. 


244  BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

When  an  apparently  healthy  man  or  woman  dies  it  is  generally 
believed  that  some  medicine-man  has  caused  the  death  through  his 
magic,  that  the  victim  may  have  been  called  away  by  a  dead  person, 
or  otherwise  bewitched. 

The  women  beat  the  whirlwind  with  sticks,  so  that  it  goes  away 
from  their  houses.  If  it  overturns  anything,  they  must  not  touch  the 
object  until  they  have  sprinkled  ashes  over  it;  failure  to  observe 
this  precaution  might  cause  them  to  become  deformed.  If  they  find 
a  flattened  or  twisted  branch  in  a  bush,  they  think  it  is  due  to  the 
whirlwind;  such  a  branch  possesses  power  to  cure  those  touching 
objects  overturned  by  the  whirlwind,  before  ashes  had  been  sprinkled 
on  them.  The  Pima  believe  that  anyone  eating  beans  from  a  mes- 
quite  tree  struck  by  lightning  would  have  sores  on  the  skin  (herpes 
zoster?),  beginning  in  the  region  of  the  liver.  Sometimes  the  sores 
are  said  to  extend  from  the  liver  over  the  left  shoulder  and  down 
the  back  again.  A  remedy  for  these  sores  is  a  piece  of  wood  that 
has  been  split  from  a  tree  by  lightning  or  simply  a  piece  of  wood 
from  a  tree  thus  struck ;  this  is  soaked  in  water  and  the  patient  drinks 
the  infusion.     Another  remedy  is  to  sing  the  "lightning  songs." 

The  badger,  the  Pima  believe,  is  capable  of  causing  disease.  It 
makes  the  neck  swell.  The  affection  is  easily  cured  by  warming  a 
badger's  tail  and  tying  it  over  the  part  affected.  There  are  also 
badger  songs  that  will  cure,  the  sickness. 

Owl's  feather  is  used  in  curing  a  person  who  steadily  loses  flesh 
and  feels  ill.  The  cause  of  such  illness  is  supposed  to  be  a  dream 
about  long-dead  relatives.  A  medicine-man  is  called,  who  generally 
perceives  at  once  that  the  patient  dreamed  of  dead  people.  Some- 
times a  medicine-man  is  called  who  does  not  treat  illness  of  that 
particular  kind,  in  which  case  he  sends  the  patient  to  the  proper 
specialist. 

There  are  a  number  of  vegetal  remedies  used  in  the  tribe. 

The  Papago  bring  and  sell  to  the  Pima  every  year  a  little  peyote. 
The  Pima  eat  it  in  small  quantities,  but  probably  not  for  medicinal 
purposes  only. 

The  root  of  the  a-a-dji-naf  ("slender-cactus:"  Opuntia  leptocaulis), 
ground  up  and  boiled,  is  given  as  a  tea  in  children's  diarrhea  when 
the  excretions  are  whitish  in  color. 

The  gum  of  the  greasewood  is  employed  in  ordinary,  but  especially 
in  bloody,  diarrhea.  The  gum  is  boiled  and  the  patient  drinks  the 
tea. 

Shir-ko-hi,  the  ordinary  greasewood  (Covillea  tridentata),  is  used 
by  the  Pima  as  well  as  by  the  Maricopa  as  medicine.  In  stomach 
troubles  the  branches  are  boiled  and  the  decoction  is  drunk  hot.  In 
cases  of  pains  in  the  chest,  and  even  in  other  parts  of  the  body,  the 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATTON&  245 

leaves  and  smaller  branches  are  heated  and  applied  as  a  dry  poultice 
over  the  seat  of  the  pain. 

Muh-lok  is  a  little  bush,  the  root  of  which,  fresh  or  dried,  prefer- 
ably fresh,  is  boiled  and  the  decoction  given  for  coughs  and  in  the 
beginning  of  consumption. 

Kwi-chu-o-wa-tak,  or  Icwei-chou-wa-te,  mesquite  sap,  is  also  used 
by  the  Pima  as  a  remedy  for  sore  throat.  They  boil  the  juice, 
together  with  the  bark  over  which  .it  flowed,  and  drink  the  tea  hot. 
It  cures  when  the  soreness  is  ''deep  down." 

Se-wi-dje  (canaigre  root :  Rum.ex  hymenosepalus)  is  employed  as  a 
remedy  for  sore  lips  and  sore  throat. 

The  root  known  as  wd-vish  (yerha  mansa,  Anemiopsis  californica) 
is  reputed  to  be  very  effectual  in  syphilis.  The  Pima  boil  it  and 
give  the  tea  to  the  patient ;  they  also  powder  the  root  and  apply  it 
externally  to  the  sores.  It  is  said  that  if  a  mother  affected  with 
syphihs  while  pregnant  is  given  this  tea  the  child  will  be  free  of  the 
disease.  Apparently"  the  people  are  acquainted  with  the  hereditary 
nature  of  the  condition. 

A  decoction  prepared  from  the  leaves  of  the  willow  is  given  in  fever. 

Kwei-cliou-wa-te  (mesquite  sap)  is  also  used  for  sore  eyes.  The 
patient  places  a  small  piece  of  it  in  the  eye  and  keeps  it  there  as 
long  as  he  can  bear  it.  The  tears  dissolve  part,  coloring  the  eye 
brown.  Occasionally  this  remedy  is  of  assistance.  The  Pima  also 
use  for  sore  eyes  a  decoction  of  the  root  of  a  bush  which  bears  black 
berries 

Che-wa-te  mo-to-a-te  C'  earth  carries  on  head:"  Tylostoma)  is  a  little 
fungus  which  grows  somewhat  like  a  pufi^ball,  but  has  a  well-defined 
stem.  The  dark-yellow  pollen  of  this  fungus  is  applied  by  the  Pima 
about  the  cord  of  the  newborn  infant,  both  as  a  preventive  of 
inflammation  and  as  a  remedy  when  inflammation  or  suppuration 
has  developed. 

The  leaves  of  a  certain  plant,  or  simply  grease,  are  applied  exter 
nally  to  sore  parts,  while  wounds  are  covered  with  shavings  of  tanned 
hide. 

Kwei-chou-wa-te  (mesquite  sap)  is  also  often  used  as  a  remedy  in 
the  pemphigous  and  other  sores  which  are  common  on  the  faces  and 
heads  of  little  Pima  cliildren.  The  boiled  sap  is  applied  directly  to 
the  sores,  and  is  said  to  heal  them. 

Ih-toh  is  a  bush  that  grows  in  the  hills  about  the  Pima  reserva- 
tion. The  Pima  use  the  root  medicinally  in  syphilitic  and  other  sores, 
grinding  and  applying  it  externally.  As  an  antidote  for  the  irritating 
effect  of  the  hdvan  tdtat  plant  on  the  skin  (see  p.  183),  the  Pima  use 
another  plant  known  as  uJi-to,  which  grows  in  the  mountains.  They 
grind  fine  the  root  of  tliis  plant  and  apply  it  to  the  seat  of  the  inflam- 
mation. 


246  BUEEAU    OP    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

A-taf  (Ciicurbita  palmata)  is  a  plant  the  root  of  which  ground  is  used 
by  the  Pima  as  an  apphcation  for  all  kinds  of  sores  on  horses. 

In  cases  of  rattlesnake  bite  the  Pima  suck  the  wounds;  the  latest 
remedy,  however,  is  to  kill  the  rattlesnake,  tear  it  open,  and  apply 
to  the  wound  a  certain  "fat"  which  is  found  along  the  middle  of  the 
snake.  This  application  is  repeated,  and  is  said  to  be  a  certain  cure. 
It  is  efficacious  even  when  the  limb  has  already  begun  to  swell. 
Occasionally  it  is  applied  even  without  sucking  the  wound. 

Scarification  is  used  by  the  Pima  in  localized  inflammations.  They 
make  several  cuts  in  the  skin  with  a  piece  of  glass,  allow  a  little  blood 
to  flow  out,  and  then  apply  the  heated  leaves  of  a  plant  known  as 
sai-u-us. 

Cauterization  as  a  counter  irritant  is  used  frequently  and  in  all 
painful  internal  affections.  For  this  purpose  there  is  employed  Icolc- 
su-vo-le-tek  ("the  ball  of  it"),  a  small,  cottony  ball  of  parasitic  origin, 
occasionally  found  on  the  Lycium  andersoni.  Both  the  Pima  and 
the  Maricopa  use  these  balls  for  moxa.  A  ball  about  the  size  of  a 
pea,  that  has  been  well  dried,  is  applied  over  a  painful  spot,  and  set 
on  fire,  burning  to  the  skin.  Sometimes  more  than  one  ball  is  applied 
at  a  time.  The  balls  are  used  on  any  part  of  the  body  in  many  dis- 
eases, and  even  in  fractures.  The  local  effects  are  an  eschar  or  a 
blister,  followed  by  a  pigmented  spot. 

Of  the  i-liuk,  or  Martynia,  the  part  used  is  the  dry  basal  segment  of 
the  pod.  A  bit  of  this  is  applied  burning  to  the  skin  over  the  sore 
spot.  It  burns  like  a  piece  of  punk,  sometimes  producing  a  little 
blister,  but  more  often  leaving  only  a  small  eschar  or  a  dark  spot. 
The  writer  saw  several  such  burns,  not  older  than  twenty-four  hours, 
over  the  stomach  in  a  patient  suffering  from  consumption. 

Massage  is  said  to  be  used  in  some  instances.  On  the  occasion  of  a 
hysteric  spell  in  a  Pima  mixed-breed  schoolgirl,  the  other  girls  were 
seen  to  run  to  her,  rub  her  all  over,  and  knead  her  stomach.  The 
schoolgirls  not  seldom  employ  of  their  own  initiative  rubbing  and 
kneading  with  those  who  are  sick,  especially  in  localized  pains. 

A  kind  of  poultice  is  made  by  putting  into  a  wet  cloth  warm  ashes, 
the  poultice  being  applied  over  the  painful  part.  Poultices  made  in 
this  way  are  applied  sometimes  for  pains  in  the  stomach. 

The  Pima  deny  using  regular  sweat  baths.  They  do,  however, 
employ  perspiration.  The  most  common  method  of  inducing  it  is  by 
covering  the  patient  with  a  lot  of  blankets. 

A  case  happened  a  short  time  ago  in  which  a  woman,  recently 
delivered,  was  ailing.  The  trouble  was  diagnosed  to  be  due  to  reten- 
tion of  some  of  the  blood  that  should  have  naturally  come  out  after 
the  labor.  The  treatment  was  as  follows:  A  spacious  ditch  was 
(lug  in  the  ground  and  well  heated  with  fire.  The  patient  was  then 
laid  in  this  ditch  with  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  and  the  lower 


HEDLicK.^]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS  247 

limbs  well  covered,  the  object  being  to  induce  profuse  perspiration. 
The  woman  stood  the  treatment  well  and  got  better,  though  not 
quite  well. 

In  toothache  a  young  branch  of  the  sJiir-Jco-hi  (Covillea  tridentata) 
is  sharpened  to  a  point  and  heated  in  the  fire.  The  point  is  then 
inserted  into  the  cavity  of  the  diseased  tooth.  This  remedy  is  said 
to  stop  the  pain,  although  it  may  have  to  be  applied  more  than 
once.  In  one  case  of  toothache  in  a  Pima  man  a  sinew  was  tied 
to  the  sore  tooth,  close  to  the  gum,  and  the  other  end  was  fastened 
above  the  knee  of  the  patient,  who  was  sitting  on  a  stool;  then  the 
one  who  invented  the  device,  tiu^nrng  around  the  patient,  pricked 
him  suddenly  beneath  the  thigh,  causing  a  reflex  jerk  by  means  of 
which  the  tooth  was  pulled  out. 

When  a  bone  is  broken  the  medicine-man  claims  to  introduce 
cotton  or  some  other  substance  to  fill  cavities  caused  by  the  fracture. 
This  is  accomplished  by  the  medicine-man  sw^allowing,  or  pretending 
to  sw^allow,  tlie  substance  used,  after  which  it  passes  in  some  myste- 
rious way  from  him  to  the  patient.  Splints  and  bandaging  are  also 
employed.  The  splints  are  generally  made  from  the  flat,  elastic  ribs 
of  the  saguaro  (Cereus  giganteus) . 

The  Maricopa  also  have  numerous  native  remedies.  Owing  to 
the  marriage  of  some  Pima  women  into  the  tribe,  they  also  use 
certain  remedies,  as  the  canaigre  and  wdmsh,  etc.,  in  vogue  among 
the  Pima. 

The  powdered  fruit  of  the  tat  cactus,  mixed  with  a  very  small 
quantity  of  ground  w^heat,  is  considered  an  effectual  medicine  for 
diarrhea. 

The  greasewood  (Covillea  tridentata),  known  by  the  Maricopa  as 
iv-sesh,  is  used  in  disorders  of  the  stomach.  They  boil  the  branches 
for  about  half  an  hour  and  drink  the  tea,  which  is  made  rather 
weak,  in  quantities  of  from  half  a  cup  to  a  whole  cup  at  a  time. 
Nothing  is  added  to  it. 

X'td-cJidch  C'reed  la}^  down")  is  a  bush  with  fragrant  yellow 
blossoms.  The  blossoms  are  gathered,  dried,  and  boiled;  the  hot 
tea  is  drunk  for  colds.  It  has  a  good  flavor  and  "often  helps;"  it  is 
used  at  times  in  headache. 

In  constipation  the  Maricopa  occasionally  use  the  juice  of  a  little 
plant  kno^\Ti  as  hu-fir,  which  is  of  a  milky  consistency.  The 
patient  chews  up  some  of  the  stalks  and  swallows  the  juice,  which 
acts  as  a  violent  purgative,  making  a  man  sick  for  half  a  day.  In 
headache  a  band  is  tied  about  the  head  and  the  patient  eats  less 
than  usual  until  the  aching  ceases. 

■  The  mesquite  juice  is  dried,  ground  fine,  and  is  then  used  as  a  rem- 
edy for  sore  eyes  by  applying  the  powder  to  the  lids  (not  to  the  eye 
itself) ;  after  sometime  it  is  w^ashed  off  with  warm  water. 


248  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Kwel  ("leather")  Tcu-ni-a-dyl  ("that  you  put  on")  is  the  bean  of 
the  castor-oil  plant,  which  is  used  by  the  Maricopa  as  a  remedy  for 
earache.  The  crushed  beans  are  mixed  with  water,  and  after  the 
mixture  is  heated,  one  or  two  drops  are  put  into  the  ear.  In  case 
of  sores  a  ver}^  finely  ground  sand  is  applied  thereto.  Occasionally 
dried  leaves  are  used  for  the  same  purpose.  Abscesses  or  boils  are 
cut  open,  washed  with  water,  and  covered  with  pounded  dried  leaves. 

The  Maricopa  employ  bloodletting  in  persisting  pains  and  in 
paralysis  of  any  limb.  They  open  veins  (distinguishing  between  veins 
and  arteries)  binding  together  the  cut  surfaces  with  rags  when  they 
think  sufficient  blood  has  been  drawn.  In  the  case  of  a  horse 
receiving  an  injury  in  the  eye,  one  of  the  veins  on  the  temple  of  the 
animal  is  opened. 

The  Maricopa  often  employ  rubbing  (massage)  to  alleviate  pain. 
It  is  said  that  formerly  the  medicine-men  of  the  tribe  used  no  treat- 
ment but  rubbing,  which  was  continued  sometimes  for  four  days. 
More  recently  they  have  learned  to  treat  by  incantations  and  with 
the  help  of  the  rattle  and  eagle  feather.  There  seems  to  be  no  special 
system  of  rubbing.  In  uterine  pains  the  women  at  times  bind  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen  a  dry  poultice  of  warm  earth,  or  they 
knead  the  abdomen  with  the  hands.  In  rheumatic  pains  they  bind 
the  fresh  twigs  of  the  greasewood,  heated,  about  the  seat  of  the  pain. 
When  the  parts  in  proximity  to  the  umbilical  cord  become  sore  the 
Maricopa  apply  fine  dry  earth  or  finely  ground  gravel.  In  umbilical 
hernia  (rare),  large  black  ants  are  gathered  and  are  allowed  to  bite  the 
swelling,  which,  it  is  believed,  will  be  reduced  in  consequence  of  this 
treatment;  for  the  same  affection  a  tea  made  by  boihng  mesquite 
roots,  which  have  been  cut  into  small  pieces,  is  administered  to  the 
child.     No  pressure  is  applied  to  the  protrusion. 

In  fractures  the  Maricopa  depend  on  their  medicine-men,  who 
manipulate  and  straighten  limbs,  and  then  bind  them  up.  The 
informant  was  not  able  to  tell  whether  or  not  they  use  splints. 

Among  the  Mohave  the  treatment  of  diseases  is  largely  based  on 
superstition  and  magic.  The  medicine-men  are  very  powerful.  Their 
treatment  is  metaphysical ;  they  are  endowed  with  special  powers  and 
can  stop  pain  or  cure  sickness  by  the  exercise  of  these  powers  alone — 
they  have  no  need  of  medicine.  Usually  the  medicine-man  cures  by 
prayer  or  songs.  When  the  patient  has  fever  he  blows  it  away. 
When  a  part  is  painful  he  squeezes  it,  without,  however,  using  mas- 
sage. Every  medicine-man  has  his  own  special  songs  and  prayers. 
One  of  the  snake  doctors  can  "kill"  the  rattlesnake  poison  in  an 
instant  without  any  medicine  or  manipulation.  He  never  lost  a 
patient  who  was  bitten.  This  medicine-man  refuses  his  patient  water 
until  the  pains  are  cased.  In  two  days  the  patient  is  all  right.  The 
Indians  have  "got  to   be  right"  with  this  medicine-man.     Some  of 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEKVATIONS  249 

these  doctors  possess  the  power  to  reform  even  unruly  children  and 
babies  and  make  them  behave  afterwards. 

There  are  used  in  the  tribe,  nevertheless,  certain  vegetal  remedies  and 
physical  means  to  alleviate  sickness.  If  the  abdomen  is  "rumpy  "  after 
childbirth  it  is  thought  to  be  full  of  blood ;  in  this  case  the  woman  lies 
abdomen  downward  on  hot  sand,  at  the  same  time  drinking  hot 
water,  and  "all  comes  out." 

Among  the  Yuma  old  invalids  inliabit  separate  huts.*^  Numerous 
herbs  and  some  physical  means,  especially  rubbing  and  cauterization 
with  live  coals,  are  used  in  curing.  The  hopelessly  ill  lie  in  the  sun. 
Details  were  not  learned.  Hefferman''  saw  mud  applied  to  a  wound, 
burning  the  skin  with  a  live  coal  on  the  end  of  a  stick,  and  admin- 
istering an  emulsion  of  pumpkin  and  watermelon  seeds;  he  also  saw  a 
case  where  the  patient's  stomach  was  kneaded  by  the  medicine-man's 
knees. 

Among  the  less  civilized  Mexican  Indians  all  that  relates  to  dist  ases 
and  curing  is  substantially  like  what  is  met  with  in  the  tribes  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona;  but  among  those  who  live  near  the  Mexicans 
(and  these  are  in  the  majority)  many  views,  methods,  and  remedies 
have  been  adopted  from  the  latter,  and  much  of  Indian  origin  has 
been  forgotten  with  time. 

Among  the  Opata  Catholics  prayer  and  offerings  to  saints,  and  reli- 
gious amulets  in  curing  have  taken  the  place  of  the  prayers  and  songs 
of  the  shaman  addressed  to  the  deities,  and  of  old  fetishes. 

Sick  persons  among  the  Tuape  Opata  must  not  touch  water  except 
to  drink,  and  must  not  shave,  cut  or  comb  their  hair,  or  taste  any 
fruit.     To  rub  lard  into  the  body  is  regarded  as  very  beneficial. 

The  Opata  women,  like  the  Papago,  Apache,  and  others,  attribute 
a  peculiar  influence  on  the  health  of  the  new-born  child  to  the  anterior 
cranial  fontanel.  This  soft  place  on  the  infant's  head  is  called  mollera 
or  mojera,  and  is  believed  to  be  capable  of  "falling  down,"  thus  mak- 
ing the  child  ill.  To  cure  an  illness  supposedly  due  to  this  cause  a 
woman  takes  the  child  on  her  knee,  lets  its  head  hang  downward,  and, 
introducing  her  thumb  into  its  mouth,  presses  strongly  upward  upon 
the  palate,  sometimes  with  force  enough  to  abrade  it,  thus  "raising" 
the  mojera.  At  times  even  when  an  older  child  is  ill  an  old  woman 
will  suggest  that  its  moy^ra  needs  "raising,"  whereupon  the  patient  is 
held  by  the  heels  and  shaken  up  and  down. 

Native  remedial  treatment  is  on  the  decline.  In  olden  times  the 
people  used  many  means  which  are  now  forgotten.  The  anonymous 
Rudo  Ensayo  is  replete  with  accounts  of  native  medicinal  herbs  and 

their  uses.     There   were   remedies   for   amenorrhea,    difficult   labor, 

- 

a"  The  ignored,  aged,  and  infirm  construct  small  conical  huts  of  willow  twigs."    Special  agent  Dr. 
W.  E.  Ferrebee,  in  the  Report  on  Indians,  Eleventh  Census,  1890,  221,  Washington,  1884. 
6  Medicine  among  the  Yumas,  California  Medical  Journal,  San  Francisco,  1898,  xvii,  135-140. 


250  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

wounds,  fractures,  etc.  The  peyote  was  well  known  to  the  Opata,  as 
well  as  to  the  Yaqui.  Treatment  by  incantation  and  sucking  was 
also  practised. 

Old  Opata  women  cure  with  such  herbs  as  the  peppermint,  rosa  de 
castUIa,  etc.  Camomile,  red  lead,  and  metallic  mercury  are  pro- 
cured from  the  dealers  and  used  quite  indiscriminately.  Doctor 
Alderman  knew  of  a  child  who  was  given  a  decoction  of  a  mixture  of 
native  herbs,  which  resulted  in  death  a  few  minutes  later.  Some  of 
the  old  women's  mixtures  are  said  to  contain  twenty  or  more  ingre- 
dients, as  barks,  thorns,  roots,  leaves,  flowers,  seeds,  nuts,  grass,  and 
domestic  supplies,  as  coftee,  rice,  salt,  sugar,  tea,  pepper,  and  egg- 
shells. These  are  sometimes  boiled  in  water,  milk,  wine,  or  vinegar. 
Such  concoctions  are  given  even  to  babies. 

For  snake  bites  the  people  employ  a  lactescent  cathartic  plant 
called  golondrina.  Scalds  and  burns  are  sometimes  treated  by  the 
application  of  dog  excrement. 

In  flooding,  the  Opata  women  set  fire  to  mescal  wine,  into  which, 
when  warm,  is  dipped  a  piece  of  muslin;  this  is  introduced  as  far 
as  possible  into  the  vagina.  This  treatment  is  sometimes,  though  not 
generally,  effectual. 

Among  the  Tarahumare  the  ancient  methods  and  means  of  curing 
are  as  yet  fully  preserved.*^  The  curing  of  diseases  and  injuries  is 
carried  on  by  native  medicine-men,  who,  at  the  same  time,  represent 
intermediaries  between  the  people  and  deities.  The  treatment  is 
partly  medicinal  and  partly  suggestive  and  metaphysical.  There  are 
limited  attempts  at  surgery.  Medicinal  plants  are  known  generally 
and  are  often  employed  without  consulting  a  medicine-man.  Certain 
roots  are  used  for  disorders  of  the  stomach.  For  malaria  the  Tarahu- 
mare employ  tascate  sahino;  for  dolores  costales  ("pains  in  the  chest  ") , 
jmIo  mulato,  or  Tcopalkin;  for  syphilis,  chuhkaka  or  chukuchic,  both 
externally  and  internally;  and  for  many  diseases  the  peyote.  They 
have  no  very  reliable  remedy  for  stopping  the  flow  of  blood.  In  frac- 
tures they  use  peyote;  they  also  cut  off  the  heads  of  a  number  of  small 
lizards  (gartichas)  and,  after  opening  their  bodies,  bind  as  many  as 
possible  over  the  fractured  part.  The  larger  open  wounds  also  are 
treated  with  peyote.  In  this  manner,  the  writer  was  told,  the  Tara- 
humare cured  a  serious  arrow  wound  in  one  of  the  medicine-men.  In 
syphilis  they  use  a  small  animal  known,  after  the  Mexicans,  as  escula- 
pion,  and  the  tarantula,  cooking  one  or  both  of  these  and  smearing 
the  patient's  body  with  the  decoction.  In  a  case  of  orchitis  attended 
by  much  swelling  the  medicine-man  applied  chewed  peyote,  and  a 
speedy  cure  resulted  after  one  application.  In  some  diseases  the  odor 
of  the  tascate  sahino  is  wafted  to  the  patient. 


a  See  also  Ilartman,  The  Indians  of  New  Mexico,  Congrls  International  des  Americanistes,  Stockholm, 
1897;  and  C.  Lumholtz,  Unknown  Mexico,  New  York,  1902. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS  251 

In  snake  bites  the  wound  may  be  sucked,  but  the  principal  remedy 
is  the  peyote.  Sometimes  a  piece  of  hot  coal  or  burning  wood  is  applied 
to  the  wound  and  the  patient  is  given  to  drink  an  infusion  of  charia 
OT  fresno  (a^h). 

The  Tarahumare  to-day  seem  to  know  nothing  about  trephining, 
an  operation  which  was  performed  among  them  in  the  past  to  a  limited 
extent. «  The  only  actual  operation  learned  of  was  castration.  In  at 
least  one  case  within  recent  years  this  was  inflicted  as  a  punishment 
upon  the  lover  of  a  married  woman. 

The  materia  medica  of  the  Tepecano  consists  of  many  herbs,  and, 
when  these  fail,  are  employed  prayer,  songs,  and  ceremonies.  The 
herbs  most  commonly  used  are  j^^^^o  amargo  (native  cinchona) ,  lierba 
de  San  Antonio,  and  oak  leaves,  for  calentura;  polo  mulato,  mainly  for 
pains;  hiculi  {peyote,  obtained  from  the  Huichol),  vervena,  rosa  de 
castilla,  the  root  of  Tco-lio-te,  and  the  seed  of  ci-ci-va. 

The  practice  of  surgerj^  is  not  developed  to  an  extent  beyond  that 
already  indicated,  but  broken  bones  are  given  proper  care. 

In  difficult  labor  the  patient  is  given  to  drink  a  decoction  of  herha 
huena  or  rosa  de  castilla. 

The  Huichol  ^  use  but  a  few  remedies  except  the  all-important 
peyote  or  hiculi.  There  is  no  isolation  of  patients.  The  sick  rely  on 
the  hiculi  and  the  medicine-man,  who  treats  by  prayer,  incantation, 
and  passes  over  the  aching  part  with  saliva.  When  the  patient  does 
not  improve,  he  lies  in  the  sun,  in  the  hope  that  it  will  help  him. 
When  a  person  dies  of  any  disease,  everything  in  the  hut  is  washed, 
and  the  body  of  the  dead  is  washed  with  pochote  water,  in  imitation 
of  the  holy  water  of  the  Catholics. 

The  spring  water  of  certain  caves,  particularly  of  the  sacred  cave 
near  Santa  Catharina,  is  believed  to  have  curative  power.  The 
Huichol  wash  themselves  with  the  water,  which  contains  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  and  drink  of  it  with  a  jicara  (small  bowl  made  from  a 
gourd),  which  is  always  to  be  found  at  the  little  pool.  ^ 

The  writer  was  told  by  the  Huichol  that  they  practise  but  little 
siu-gery.  They  treat  wounds  with  applications  of  water  and  with  the 
hiculi,  and  stop  the  flow  of  blood  with  lime  juice  and  water;  they 
also  apply  to  open  wounds  plasters  of   fat.     The  people  offer  in 

a  See  Lumholtz  and  Hrdlicka,  American  Anthropologist,  x,  1897,  389  et  seq.  The  anatomical  and 
anthropometric  description  is  by  the  writer. 

b  See  also  C.  Lumholtz,  Unknown  Mexico,  New  York,  1902. 

c  A  young  Huichol,  who  came  to  this  cave  for  cure,  was  seen  by  the  writer  to  divest  himself  of  every- 
thing except  his  breechcloth,  approach  the  little  pool,  and  offer  aloud  a  long  prayer,  after  which  he  drank  a 
small  bowlful  of  the  water,  with  his  hands  applj'ing  more  of  the  water  to  his  body.  It  was  a  very  im- 
pressive performance.  The  cave  is  situated  in  a  most  rugged  canyon  and  is  difficult  of  access.  At  the 
main  entrance  are  shrines  containing  many  sacred  arrows  and  other  offerings.  Inside  are  numerous 
decorated  prayer  sticks,  shields,  and  other  symbohc  objects  deposited  by  the  patients.  The  cave  is 
nearly  dark,  but  dry  pine  splints  are  always  ready  near  the  entrance  for  use  as  torches  by  the  visiting 
sick  or  convalescents.  A  Huichol  family  in  gala  dress  was  seen  to  visit  the  cave  to  offer  thanks  for  some 
benefit  received.  The  secret  of  the  location  of  the  cave  is  jealously  guarded,  and  the  only  way  the  writer 
could  induce  a  Huichol  to  guide  him  to  it  was  to  pose  himself  as  a  patient. 


252  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

sacred  places,  in  specially  constructed  little  houses  or  shrines,  but 
also  in  caves  and  on  high  rocks,  many  interestingly  decorated  prayer 
sticks,  asking  the  deities  for  cures.'* 

The  Cora,  like  the  Huichol,  are  extensively  treated  by  their  medi- 
cine-men with  prayers  and  incantations,  sucking  of  the  affected 
parts,  and  pretended  neutralization  of  the  bad  blood  of  the  disease 
by  means  of  fumes  of  a  cigarette  blown  on  the  sore  parts  or  saliva 
smeared  thereon  dimng  incantations. 

Rhi-ik  is  a  talega,  or  pouch,  made  from  the  cuirass  of  the  armadillo. 
Such  a  pouch  is  not  only  used  as  a  receptacle  for  a  few  special  articles, 
but  is  supposed  to  have  medicinal  powers  of  its  own.  Small  pieces 
cooked  in  water  are  a  remedy  for  pains  in  the  stomach. 

In  consumption,  which,  though  rare,  occurs  in  the  tribe,  the  patient 
endeavors  to  find  a  rattlesnake  and  to  cut  off  his  head  and  tail  before 
the  reptile  is  angered.  The  body  of  the  snake  is  then  washed, 
toasted,  and  dried  and  a  piece  of  it  is  taken  with  each  meal. 

A  bed  is  made  of  the  leaves  of  the  mos-to-chi,  an  aromatic  tree 
smelling  somewhat  like  mint,  for  patients  with/Ho5  (malaria). 

Sweating  is  employed  in  rheumatism. 

A  decoction  of  gartichas  (small  lizards)  is  used  for  pains  in  the 
shoulders  and  body. 

Snake  bites  are  cured  by  the  Cora  in  the  following  manner:  As 
soon  as  possible  after  a  bite  is  inflicted  a  pig  is  caught  and,  its  snout 
having  been  cut  off,  the  raw  surface  is  applied  to  the  wound;  some 
of  the  animal's  blood  diluted  with  warm  water  is  drunk. 

A  gunshot  wound  is  treated  with  slaked  lime.  When  fractures 
occur,  reduction  and  healing  are  aided  by  the  use  of  splints  and 
bandages.     No  surgery  is  employed. 

The  Otomi  of  Hidalgo  continue  to  use  many  native  remedies. 
Some  of  these  have  been  adopted  by  the  neighboring  Mexicans. 

For  rabies  the  Otomi  (and  now  also  the  Mexicans)  around  Atengo 
use  an  infusion  of  a  plant  known  by  them  as  deshanoi}  One  leaf  of 
this  plant  is  given  to  the  bitten  person  in  an  infusion.  Usually  the 
leaf  is  thoroughly  crushed  and  mixed  with  a  cup  of  hot  water.  If 
any  symptoms  of  rabies  have  already  appeared,  the  patient  is 
given  two  leaves  or  even  three  leaves  at  once,  but  more  would  be 
regarded  as  dangerous  to  life.  Among  plants  more  frequently 
used  is  aconite,  the  leaves  of  which  are  pasted  on  the  sore  spot  in 
facial  neuralgia  or  on  the  temple  in  headache.  MuiTde  is  a  green 
herb,  often  specially  cultivated,  whose  leaves  when  cooked  turn  the 
water  red.  A  decoction  of  it  is  used  for  disorders  of  the  stomach. 
PanatJii  {"  hot  fire")  is  a  caustic  plant  which  grows  to  2  feet  in  height 

a  See  collections  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

b  An  educated  Mexican  of  the  district  to  whom  this  remedy  is  known,  and  who  h'mself  has  admin- 
istered it,  told  the  writer  the  plant  is  the  Fullidora  capolinata.  The  native  name  translated  means 
''kills  mice"  ("mata  ratons"). 


HRDUCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS  253 

at  the  base  of  cacti  and  bushes  or  trees.  Its  leaves  applied  to  the  skin 
act  like  cantharides.  Turriba-vaquero ,  a  plant  known  by  the  Otomi  as 
well  as  by  the  Mexicans,  is  used  also  for  rabies.  According  to  the 
writer's  informants  the  bulbous  root  of  this  plant  is  extremely  sudorific. 
A  quantity  of  the  root  that  can  be  piled  on  a  piece  of  money  the  size 
of  our  25-cent  piece  has  been  known  to  produce  sweating  lasting  three 
days.  Trompetia  blanca  is  a  plant  held  in  great  repute  among  the 
Otomi  and  some  of  their  white  neighbors  as  a  cure  for  poisonous  bites, 
including  those  of  snakes.  About  an  ounce  of  the  leaves  of  this 
plant  is  crushed  on  a  metate  and  administered,  mixed  in  a  glass  of 
pulque.  One  dose  is  said  to  be  sufficient  as  a  rule  to  prevent 
death.  Portions  of  this  plant  which  the  writer  brought  were  sent 
for  identification  to  Mr.  C.  F.  Millspaugh,  of  the  Field  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  who  pronounced  it  without  doubt  ''a  Rubiad  in  the 
Cinchona  bailiwick,  and  known  botanically  as  Manettia  reclinata  L," 
So  much  for  Indian  medicine.  All  that  has  been  said  in  this  chap- 
ter, however — and  the  same  statement  is  applicable  to  other  por- 
tions of  this  paper — affords  merely  a  glance  at  the  multiple  concep- 
tions and  practices  of  the  Indians.  A  thorough  investigation  of 
Indian  notions  concerning  the  various  bodily  ailments  and  the  means 
employed  for  curing  them,  with  the  reasoning  that  leads  to  the 
selection  and  mode  of  use  of  such  means,  an  investigation  carried  to 
the  minutest  details  would  undoubtedly  reveal  a  wealth  of  additional 
data,  invaluable  to  the  study  of  folklore  and  of  primitive  men- 
tality. There  is  much  here  that  remains  to  be  brought  to  light. 
And,  notwithstanding  the  ever-increasing  encroachments  of  the 
white  man's  influence,  such  investigation  is  still  feasible  with  most  of 
the  tribes  mentioned. 


APPENDIX 


A.  NATIVE  FOODS 

B.  TABLES  OF  DETAIL  MEASUREMENTS  AND  OBSERVATIONS 

C.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


255 


A.  NATIVE  FOODS 

Among  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  Walapai,  Pima,  and  Maricopa,  this 
subject  received  particular  attention,  opportunities  for  similar  investi- 
gation in  other  tribes  being  less  favorable. 

In  the  course  of  his  investigations  respecting  the  principal  native 
foods  of  the  San  Carlos  Apache,  the  writer  learned  of  the  following: 

Xos-ka-tl  ("spine  sewing:''  Echinocereus  wislizeni)  is  a  large  cac- 
tus, known  more  commonly  as  hiznaga.  The  plant  has  yellow  fruit, 
full  of  small  black  seeds  which  are  eaten  by  the  Apache  after  being 
parched,  ground,  and  boiled  into  mush.  In  extreme  thirst  the  Indians 
occasionally  have  recourse  to  this  plant  for  the  somewhat  insipid 
juice  it  contains.  All  the  Indians  in  the  Southwest  are  acquainted 
with  this  use  of  the  hiznaga. 

The  seeds  of  the  chos-tha-stha-ne,  a  high,  branching  Opuntia,  are 
used  in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  hiznaga;  or  the  flour  made  from 
the  seeds  is  eaten,  followed  by  drafts  of  water  to  aid  in  the  process. 

The  red  doughnut-like  fruit  of  the  i-ze  hi-ne  (Cereus  greggii),  and 
even  the  flowers  of  the  plant,  are  eaten,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
fruit  of  the  xos-cho-le  or  xos-de-chu-le  ('^ round  or  short  thorn:" 
Mamillaria  grahami),  a  small  cactus  provided  with  fish-like  spines, 
growing  on  the  high  mesas  north  of  Talklai,  and  of  the  ''tunas"  of 
several  varieties  of  the  flat-leaved  chus  C' thorn")  cactuses. 

The  most  valuable  of  all  the  cactus  fruits,  however,  is  the  nol-hia-ga, 
borne  by  the  giant  cactus  (saguaro,  a  variety  of  Cereus  giganteus) . 
Every  year,  even  up  to  the  present  time,  when  the  fruit  of  this  cactus 
begins  to  ripen  many  of  the  Indians  move  to  the  locality  where  the 
plant  is  found,  remaining  there  for  two  or  three  months  until  the  last 
of  the  fruit  has  matured  and  been  gathered.  This  is  a  period  of 
prosperity,  and  the  Indians  return  home  fat.  Large  quantities  of  the 
luscious  fruit  are  eaten  raw  on  the  spot,  and  what  can  not  be  con- 
sumed there  is  dried  in  the  sun,  made  into  large  cakes,  and  carried 
home,  where  it  lasts  at  times  for  many  months." 

The  numerous  small  black  seeds  of  the  nol-hia-ga  are  also  used 
alone,  being  roasted,  ground,  mixed  with  water,  and  eaten  as  mush. 

Another  valuable  article  of  food  of  these  Apache  is  the  mescal 
(Agave,  sp.?).     First,  the  leaves  of  the  plant  are  cut  off,  leaving  a 

a  Unfortunately,  after  six  or  seven  months  what  is  left  of  these  cakes  usually  has  become  infested 
with  worms.  Desiring  to  buy  some  of  this  product,  the  writer  was  brought,  in  February,  1905,  a  large 
piece  in  this  condition.  The  native  women  and  children  ate  from  this  piece,  however,  which  preserved 
its  good  color  and  smell,  without  any  repugnance  whatever  to  the  worms. 

3452— Bull.  34—08 17  257 


258  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

central  bod}'',  or  core,  the  size  of  a  large  cabbage.  This  is  placed  in 
a  hole  in  the  ground  which  has  been  tlioroughly  heated,  where  it 
remains  two  or  three  days  covered  with  leafy  branches  or  with  grass 
and  earth.  When  it  is  thought  to  be  properly  cooked  the  mescal  is 
tested  through  a  small  hole.  If  ready  to  be  eaten  it  is  brown  in  color, 
of  soft  consistency,  pleasant  smell,  and  sweet  taste,  not  unlike  that 
of  weak  molasses.  The  juicy,  fat  leaf  bases  are  then  peeled  off  and 
eaten  by  all.  The  mescal  plant  is  easily  digestible  and,  as  it  contains 
a  large  quantity  of  sugar,  must  be  nutritious.  On  occasions  of  great 
scarcity  of  other  food  mescal  alone  has  been  known  to  sustain  the 
Apache  as  well  as  other  tribes,  for  weeks  and  months  at  a  time. 

The  banana-like  sweetish  fruit  of  one  of  the  ''soap- weeds,"  or 
yuccas  (probably  Yucca  schottii),  is  cooked,  the  skin  peeled  off,  and 
the  pulp  eaten.  If  abundant,  some  of  the  fruit  is  dried  and  preserved 
for  future  use. 

Of  foods  other  than  the  cactuses  one  of  the  most  important  is 
mesquite  beans.  These  are  gathered  in  as  large  quantities  as  possible 
and  preserved.  In  time  they  become  partially  spoiled  owing  to  the 
presence  of  worms,  but  this  does  not  prevent  them  being  used.  In 
preparing  them  for  food  they  are  pounded  into  a  pulp,  for  this  process 
a  cavity  being  made  in  any  convenient  rock;  the  pulp  is  then  soaked 
in  cold  water,  the  mass  being  squeezed  out  by  the  hands  or  through 
a  basket;  the  remnants  are  thrown  away,  and  the  sweet  liquid  is 
drunk.  Another  way  of  preparing  mescal  is  to  let  the  whole  beans 
dry,  pick  out  and  discard  the  seeds,  pound  the  pods  thoroughly,  and 
mix  with  cold  or  warm  water;  the  dish  is  eaten  as  mush,  without 
boiling. 

Regarding  roots  and  bulbs  the  San  Carlos  people  know  but  little. 
They  eat,  however,  raw  or  cooked,  the  small  onion-like  or  radish-like 
bulb  of  thecMZ-c^iCDichelostemma,  var.Brodiaca,  capitata  pauciflora), 
which  is  very  common  on  the  gravelly  bluffs  and  plains  of  the  San 
Carlos  reservation.  These  are  eaten  in  the  spring,  by  persons  of  all 
ages.  Having  collected  a  supply  of  these  bulbs,  the  writer,  with 
Captain  Kelley,  the  agent  of  the  reservation,  cooked  them  with 
salt  and  butter,  finding  them  somewhat  glutinous,  but  agreeable  to  the 
taste  and  also,  apparently,  quite  nutritious  and  without  unpleasant 
after  effects.     The  plant  has  a  blue  flower  which  is  also  eaten  raw. 

The  leaves  of  a  small  plant  known  as  i-tdn  are  used  as  greens. 
They  are  eaten  raw,  or  are  chopped  up,  mixed  with  a  little  fat  and 
salt,  and  boiled. 

Of  berries,  the  San  Carlos  Apache  eat  those  of  the  sas'-cMl  ("soft 
wood:"  Canotia  holocantha) ,  and  also  sometimes  the  small  blackber- 
ries that  grow  on  a  bush  in  the  valleys  known  as  clii-ln-tUzh;  those  of 
a  bush  known  as  cMn-Jco-ja,  growing  in  the  mountains;  and  finally, 
though  now  but  rarely,  the  juniper  berries.     The  red  berries  of  the 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  259 

chin-ko-ja  are  washed  and  then  crushed  and  dried.  For  use  as 
food,  they  are  ground,  stirred  with  water,  and  drunk,  or  eaten  as 
thin  mush.  The  mixture  is  said  to  look  much  Hke  broken-up  canned 
tomatoes,  but  tastes  nmch  better.  It  is  reputed  to  be  a  good  food 
for  sick  persons.  The  juniper  berries  are  boiled  and  eaten  without 
seasoning. 

Acorns  are  used  as  food  but  little ;  those  from  the  scrub  oak  are  pre- 
ferred to  others.  They  are  ground,  mixed  with  chopped-up  boiled 
meat  and  soup,  and  thus  eaten.  The  mixture  is  said  to  be  "very 
good."  Piiion  nuts,  when  ripe,  are  gathered  m  quantities  and  eaten 
raw  or  roasted;  black  walnuts,  which  are  somewhat  smaller  than 
those  of  the  eastern  United  States,  are  eaten  raw. 

Of  seeds  the  San  Carlos  people  sometimes  use  the  Tdoh-tzo  and  the 
na'p-tzi,  samples  of  which  were  not  obtainable.'^  The  Vioh-tzo  is  said 
to  look  much  like  rye,  but  is  smaller;  the  grass  from  which  it  is 
obtained  grows  in  the  mountams  where  pines  are  found.  The  seeds 
after  being  ground  are  boiled  for  a  short  time,  and  the  mixture  is 
then  eaten  with  a  little  salt,  like  mush.  The  nap-tzi  is  also  the  seed 
of  a  grass  that  grows  in  the  mountains.  The  seeds  are  roasted  and 
well  ground;  hot  water  is  then  added  and  the  mixture  is  eaten  as 
mush. 

The  native  foods  of  the  Walapai  are  many.  The  writer  collected  a 
number  of  samples  (now  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory), but  these  do  not  include  all  that  are  used,  for,  at  the  time  of 
his  visit,  no  specimens  of  a  few  varieties  could  be  found.  Specimens 
of  the  following  or  data  concerning  them  were  found: 

Ke-th-iji-la,  a  grass  appearing  early  in  summer  in  the  mountains. 
The  seeds  are  called  iat.  The  women  gather  these  seeds  and  save 
them  in  bags  for  future  use.  To  make  them  ready  for  use  the  seeds 
are  parched,  and  ground  on  the  metate;  they  are  then  eaten,  after 
being  stirred  in  cold  water  into  a  mush ;  or  more  water  is  added  and 
the  mixture  after  being  well  stirred  is  drunk. 

M'-nat  is  a  species  of  yucca,  the  same  whose  brownish  root  is  used 
in  basketry.  The  plant  has  a  greenish  fruit,  from  which  the  Walapai 
prepare  a  kind  of  dried  molasses.  The  women  roast  the  fruit  to  a 
certain  extent  on  coals,  then  break  it  open,  pick  out  and  throw  away 
the  seeds,  pound  the  pulp  on  stones,  and  spread  it  on  grass  in  the 
sun.  After  the  mass  has  lain  in  the  sun  for  a  day  or  two  it  forms 
large  cakes,  as  much  as  a  yard  in  diameter;  these  are  folded  and  pre- 
served as  they  are,  or  are  roasted  more  and  then  stored  away.  The 
cake  is  called  m'-na-ta-la-va.  The  Walapai  eat  this  as  it  is  or  cooked 
more;  at  times  they  drink  an  infusion  of  it.  The  taste  of  the  half- 
dried  m'na-ta-la-va  is  quite  pleasant  and  preferable  to  that  of  the 

a  Some  of  the  plants  here  mentioned  it  was  not  possible  to  obtain  at  the  season  when  the  writer  vis- 
ited the  reservation,  whUe  others  were  obtained,  but,  being  without  foliage  and  flowers,  could  not  be 
identified. 


260  BUREAU   OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

somewhat  similarly  prepared  cactus  cakes  farther  south;  in  whatever 
form  it  is  consumed  it  has  no  ill  effects. 

Mesquite  beans,  or  tzi-mu-Tcui-la,  are  used  extensively  as  food. 
The  pods  are  crushed  on  the  metate,  mixed  with  water  and  a  little 
salt,  and  the  whole  is  drunk  or  eaten.  The  beans  also  are  occasionally 
used,  being  crushed  and  eaten  as  mush.  No  bread  is  made  from 
either  pods  or  beans. 

The  tuna,  or  prickly  pear,  the  fruit  of  the  ordinary  broad-and-flat- 
leaved  cactuses,  is  collected,  peeled,  split,  freed  as  much  as  possible 
from  the  seeds,  and  spread  upon  the  grass  for  drying,  like  peaches. 
When  well  dried  it  is  usually  pounded  and  broken  into  smaller  pieces, 
and  thus  preserved.  In  this  form  the  fruit  is  called  ?i-te^,  or  lie-te' . 
Before  being  eaten  it  is  soaked  in  water,  the  mixture  afterwards  being 
stirred.     Occasionally  the  Tie-te'  is  eaten  as  it  is;  it  is  never  cooked. 

A-a,  or  a-ag,  is  the  fruit  of  the  gigantic  cactus,  a  variety  closely 
related  to  the  more  southern  pitahaya.  Most  of  this  fruit  is  consumed 
fresh,  but  some  is  peeled,  then  crushed  and  allowed  to  dry.  It  is 
eaten  fresh  or  dried  and  generally  without  further  preparation.  Occa- 
sionally the  dry  fruit  is  soaked  in  water  to  make  a  pleasant-tasting 
drink. 

E-m-tak  is  the  seed  of  a  certain  grass  which  grows  in  the  mountains. 
The  seed  is  gathered  during  the  summer.  The  women  roast  it  in 
baskets  by  mixing  it  with  hot  charcoal;  they  then  crush  it  on  the 
metate.  After  adding  water  the  mixture  is  eaten  in  the  form  of  mush 
or  whey. 

E-iat,  or  i-iat,  is  a  berry,  the  fruit  of  a  low  bush  that  grows  in  the 
valleys.  It  is  gathered  in  summer.  The  women  spread  it  on  a  clean 
exposed  place,  and  leave  it  for  a  week  or  ten  days  in  the  sun  to  dry. 
In  this  form  it  is  tied  up  in  muslin  and  kept.  Before  being  eaten  the 
dried  berries  are  moistened,  crushed,  and  mixed  with  cold  water. 
Sometimes,  however,  they  are  eaten  dry. 

Me-chir-k,  or  me-cJiir-Jce,  is  the  seed  of  a  bunch  grass,  which  grows  to 
about  2^  feet  in  height,  in  the  mountains.  The  seed  is  roasted  with 
charcoal,  crushed  on  the  metate,  boiled,  and  eaten  with  the  addition 
of  a  little  salt,  as  mush. 

Ke-the-e'  is  a  red  berry  which  grows  on  a  bush  whose  stems  are  used 
in  basketry.  The  berries  are  first  dried  in  the  sun  on  the  ground.  For 
use  as  food,  they  are  crushed,  mixed  with  water,  sweetened  with  mescal 
or  sugar,  and  eaten  in  a  more  or  less  liquid  state. 

8-le  is  the  seed  of  a  grass  growing  in  the  valleys  in  bunches  to  about 
1  foot  in  height.  The  seed  is  gathered  in  summer.  It  may  be  eaten 
either  raw  or  roasted.  After  being  crushed  on  the  metate  it  is  boiled, 
and  eaten  as  mush;  or  it  is  roasted,  crushed,  and  eaten  mixed  with 
water. 

Wi^jal,  or  mescal;  similar  to  plant  known  under  the  name  else- 
where, though  the  species  is  undetermined.     The  Walapai  dig  large 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  261 

holes  in  the  ground  in  which  they  make  fires  of  wood.  While  this 
is  burning  stones  are  thrown  in;  these  are  allowed  to  remain  after  the 
fire  burns  out.  After  being  cleaned,  the  mescal  is  placed  in  the  holes 
and  covered  with  grass  and  earth;  here  it  is  left  usually  two  days  and 
nights. 

E-Tdio  is  the  pinon  nut.  These  nuts  are  eaten  either  raw  or  roasted, 
like  peanuts. 

The  Pima  plant  pop  corn,  having  learned  to  do  so,  they  say,  long 
ago  from  the  Mexican  Indians.  They  roast  the  pop  corn  in  a  pot  and 
add  salt. 

Pinole  is  prepared  in  a  simple  manner  by  roasting  and  grinding. 
Nothing  is  mixed  with  it  until  the  pinole  is  to  be  eaten,  when  some 
add  salt  and  others  sugar. 

The  mesquite  beans  are  still  one  of  the  most  favored  of  the  Pima 
native  foods.  They  are  dried  in  quantities  and  preserved  in  the  store- 
houses. In  preparing  them  for  use  as  food  they  are  crushed  in  a 
mortar  and  passed  through  a  sieve;  then  the  women  line  baskets 
with  clean  cloths  on  which  are  placed  successive  layers  of  the  pow- 
dered beans,  each  layer  being  sprinkled  with  water.  When  the  bas- 
kets are  filled  a  piece  of  cloth  is  tied  over  the  top  of  each  which  is 
then  set  out  over  night.  The  mass  cakes  together,  and  can  be  kept 
for  an  indefinite  time  without  becoming  spoiled  or  wormy.  It  is 
eaten  without  further  preparation,  and  is  much  liked.  The  Pima  also 
make  a  sort  of  dough  out  of  the  fresh  pounded  mesquite  beans,  which 
is  cooked  in  the  form  of  round  cakes. 

Another  very  popular  food  is  prepared  by  roasting  and  grinding 
ordinary  corn  and  mixmg  the  meal  with  the  juice  obtained  by  putting 
crushed  mesquite  beans  into  cold  water  which  is  then  brought  to  the 
steeping  point.  The  Pima  also  drink  the  mesquite  bean  juice;  "it 
makes  them  well." 

The  screw-bean,  Jcu-u-dje  (Prosopis  odorata,  Prosopis  pubescens), 
which  grows  in  profusion  along  the  Gila,  is  also  utilized.  The  beans 
are  gathered  and  dried  in  the  sun.  For  food  they  are  pounded  up 
in  a  mortar  and  the  meal  mixed  with  cold  water  is  left  to  stand  for 
five  or  ten  minutes;  the  liquid  is  then  squeezed  into  another  vessel 
and  used  as  a  drink. 

Mescal,  which  is  not  found  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  is  used 
but  seldom;  it  is  baked  in  the  usual  manner. 

As  to  cactus  fruits,  that  of  the  saguaro  is  eaten  in  smaller  quantities 
than  among  other  tribes,  the  plant  being  less  common.  The  sirup  of 
the  fruit  is  much  liked. 

The  fruit  of  a  Cylindriopuntia,  growing  on  the  flats  near  Sacaton, 
is  used  as  food  to  a  limited  extent,  and  the  same  is  true  of  that  of 
the  a-a-dji-naf  C' slender  cactus: "  Opuntia  leptocaulis) .  These  small 
fruits  are  eaten  raw,  the  seeds  being  thrown  out. 


262  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [buli,.  34 

The  Mznaga  cactus,  known  by  the  Pima  as  tsa-ult,  also  serves  occa- 
sionally as  food.  The  top  is  removed  and  the  inside  pulp  is  sliced 
and  cooked,  usually  together  with  the  pods  of  the  mesquite  beans; 
the  combination  is  said  to  be  very  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

Still  another  variety  of  cactus  fruit  used  is  that  of  the  hd-na-mi, 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  Opuntias.  The  rather  small,  yellowish, 
somewhat  acid  fruit  is  collected  by  the  Pima  as  well  as  by  the  Papago, 
dried  and  stored  for  future  use.  In  gathering  it  women  employ  two 
pieces  of  saguaro  ribs  tied  together  like  thongs ;  they  clean  off  a  suit- 
able space  on  the  ground  where,  with  the  aid  of  branches  from  nearby 
bushes,  the  fruit  is  rolled  about  the  sand  until  all  the  spines  are 
removed.  A  hole  is  then  dug  in  the  ground,  into  which  are  put 
stones;  on  these  a  fire  is  built,  and  when  the  hole  is  thoroughly 
heated  the  ashes  are  removed,  some  of  the  hot  stones  being  allowed 
to  remain.  It  is  then  lined  with  fresh  chu-Tich-Tcun-ek  (Dondia  suf- 
frutescens),  and  the  cactus  fruit  is  put  in  and  covered  with  the  same 
plant;  on  this  are  laid  the  remaining  hot  stones,  and  the  whole  cov- 
ered with  earth  is  left  over  night.  The  next  day  the  fruit  is  taken 
out  and  dried;  it  can  then  be  kept  indefinitely.  When  it  is  to  be 
eaten  it  is  boiled  with  ohpon  leaves,  salted,  and  taken  with  pinole. 

The  hd-na-mi  is  also  cooked  in  pots  and  eaten  with  the  addition  of 
a  plant  known  as  on-Tca-wa-ne;  in  this  case  the  juice  is  extracted  and 
not  used. 

H6-wich  is  the  fruit  of  a  yucca  (probably  Yucca  schottii;  Palmer 
speaks  of  it  as  Y.  baccata)  growing  in  the  mountainous  parts  of  the 
Papago  country  and  used  by  both  the  Papago  and  the  Pima  as  food. 
The  fruit  is  brought  by  the  Papago  and  sold  to  the  Pima  in  a  dried 
state.  It  looks  somewhat  like  bananas  halved  and  dried,  and  even  in 
the  raw  state  is  sweet  and  agreeable.  It  is  ordinarily  eaten  cooked, 
with  the  addition  of  white  flour;  but  it  is  also  eaten  raw. 

Of  berries  the  Pima  relish  those  of  the  u-us  dji-wuTit-'paht  (Condalia 
obovata),  a  bush  growing  along  the  lower  Gila.  These  black  berries 
are  eaten  raw  by  the  Pima,  and  also  by  the  Maricopa,  roasted,  or 
sirup  is  made  from  them.  When  eaten  raw  the  solid  parts  are  thrown 
away.  The  roasting  is  done  in  a  frying  pan  and  the  berries  are  then 
eaten  without  additions.  To  make  sirup  the  women  cook  and  strain 
the  berries,  boiling  the  juice  to  the  desired  consistency.  The  sirup 
is  used  on  bread  or  otherwise,  as  in  the  case  of  saguaro  sirup  or  honey. 

The  kwa'-wuh-le  (Lycium  fremontii),  a  bush  growing  along  the 
Gila  and  on  the  low  slopes  of  the  neighboring  hills,  bears  red  berries 
which  the  Pima  gather  and  cook  in  pots,  the  mixture  being  eaten 
either  warm  or  cold,  generally  with  the  addition  of  sugar. 

Only  one  native  bulb  is  used  as  food.  It  is  the  eix'-ko-we  ("under- 
ground-bulb: "  Iloffmansegia  stricta),  a  small  bulb,  nearly  black  on 
the  surface,  which  is  dug  out  of  the  ground  with  considerable  labor. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  263 

It  is  boiled  and  eaten  without  additions.  Occasionally  the  bulb  is 
eaten  raw,  but  consumed  in  that  state  in  quantity  it  may  give  rise  to 
"sickness  of  the  stomach." 

A  number  of  native  seeds  are  used  as  food  in  case  of  want.  Like 
all  the  other  Indians  the  Pima  eat  roasted  squash  seeds.  The  people 
say  that  in  former  times  they  cultivated  a.  certain  plant  for  its  seeds, 
which  they  used  as  food.  The  name  of  the  plant  was  Idiof  or  Tcoj^f 
(as  pronounced  by  different  individuals) .  It  had  big  pods,  with  many 
small  seeds  somewhat  like  those  of  the  saguaro  in  color  and  size. 
This  seed  was  roasted,  ground,  and  eaten  like  mush. 

TJ-u-tara  (Atriplex  lentiformis)  is  a  bush  growing  near  the  Gila. 
The  seeds  are  gathered  and  pounded  up  in  a  wooden  mortar,  the  bran 
being  blown  away.  The  mass  is  then  placed  on  the  inside  bark  of  the 
Cottonwood,  laid  in  a  heated  hole  in  the  ground  and  covered  with 
more  cottonwood  bark,  all  being  overlaid  by  grass  or  brush.  It  is 
allowed  to  remain  thus  for  two  days,  when  the  meal  is  taken  out, 
mixed  with  water,  and  eaten  as  mush  with  the  occasional  addition 
of  salt. 

Th-tan  is  a  bush  growing  in  the  Gila  valley ;  the  seeds  are  roasted, 
ground,  cooked,  and  eaten  as  mush. 

Another  seed  used  for  food  is  that  of  a  plant  known  as  fu-u-waJit 
(Sophia  pinnata).  It  is  parched,  ground,  and  eaten  mixed  with 
cold  or  hot  water. 

Both  the  Pima  and  Papago  use  as  food  the  seed  of  a  grass  known 
as  sTiow-ou-wat.  The  grass  is  gathered  and  rubbed  on  the  concave 
part  of  a  basket  so  that  the  seeds  come  out.  These  are  thrown  up  and 
down,  causing  the  bran  to  fly  off  into  the  air.  The  seeds  'are  then 
ground  and  put  into  cold  water  and  sugar  is  added;  the  liquid  is 
used  as  a  drink.  The  Papago  use  it  much  in  summer,  saying  it  cools 
them  off. 

Td-Jiaph  (''smooth")  is  a  kind  of  grass  which  has  small  black 
oblong  seeds  used  as  food  by  both  the  Pima  and  the  Papago.  They 
are  prepared  like  the  seeds  of  the  show-ou-wat. 

The  Pima  used  to  eat  also  the  seeds  of  the  ironwood  (Olneya 
tesota) .  As  these  seeds  are  bitter,  it  was  the  custom  to  put  them 
into  deep  baskets  which  were  hung  overnight,  each  from  four  poles, 
in  a  swift  current  in  the  river.  In  the  morning  the  seeds  were  dried 
and  then  preserved  for  future  use.  Before  being  eaten  the  seeds  were 
roasted,  and  ground  coarse.  Another  way  of  preparing  these  seeds 
was  to  grind  them  coarse,  putting  the  meal  into  a  clean  hole  in  the 
sand  near  the  river;  here  water  was  poured  over  the  meal  for  a  long 
while  until  all  the  bitterness  was  washed  away.  The  final  prepara- 
tion and  mode  of  eating  the  seeds  were  the  same  in  both  cases. 

Of  greens,  the  Pima  use  the  oncTi-ki-ie-wak  ("salt  green"),  a  plant 
growing  in  the  spring  along  the  Gila.     The  leaves  are  cooked  without 


264  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  S4 

seasoning  or  other  addition,  and  the  water  is  pressed  out.  Meantime 
there  have  been  roasted  and  ground  together  some  small  beans  and 
maize ;  these  are  mixed  with  the  leaves  and  thus  eaten.  Sometimes  the 
greens  are  eaten  with  pinole  or  with  the  cooked  fruit  of  the  Jidnami. 

Djeli-t-Tca-tak  (Amsinckia  tesselata)  is  a  plant  which  grows  near  the 
Gila.     The  3^oung  leaves  are  eaten  raw  without  preparation. 

Ni'-a-tam  (Malva  borealis)  is  another  plant  growing  in  the  Gila 
valley,  the  fresh  leaves  of  which  serve  the  Pima  as  food.  The  leaves 
are  cooked,  mixed  with  white  flour,  again  cooked,  and  eaten  without 
further  preparation. 

Oh'-pon  (Chenopodium?)  is  a  low  spreading  plant  which  grows  in 
abundance  near  the  Gila  all  along  the  Pima  reservation.  The  green 
tops  are  boiled  b^^  the  Indians  and  when  cooled  are  drained,  mixed 
with  lard  and  occasionally  with  salt,  and  eaten  with  tortillas ;  some- 
times the  green  tops  are  chewed  raw. 

Chu-Jiu-M-ia  is  a  small  plant  the  leaves  of  which  the  Pima  use  for 
food  in  the  fall.  They  usually  eat  them  cooked,  with  the  addition  of 
salt,  in  the  same  way  as  spinach,  but  occasionally  they  chew  the 
leaves  raw. 

Of  chrt' -q^a-a-tak  (Amsinckia  spectabilis)  the  part  used  is  the  young 
leaves,  which  are  eaten  raw.  They  are  rolled  into  a  ball,  chewed, 
and  swallowed. 

In  the  case  of  mo-o-tatfk  (Orobranche  multiflora) ,  the  entire  plant  is 
used  for  food.  It  is  somewhat  bitter.  The  Pima  eat  it  cooked 
without  the  addition  of  salt  or  sugar  or  other  substance. 

Of  se-wi-je  (canaigre :  Rumex  hymenosepalus)  a  common  plant  in 
the  Gila  valley,  the  Pima  used  to  eat  the  stalks.  They  cooked  these 
in  pots,  or  roasted  them  in  the  ashes;  then,  after  peeling  them,  they 
ate  the  inside.  The  root  is  often  chewed  by  the  children,  and  is  also 
used  medicinally  in  the  tribe. 

Chu-Tich-kun-eJc  ("black  salty:"  Dondia  suffrutescens),  a  small  bush 
growing  along  the  Gila,  is  considered  poisonous.  Nevertheless,  as 
mentioned  before,  the  Pima  use  the  leaves  and  stalks  to  line  the 
holes  in  which  they  roast  the  fruit  of  the  hdnami  cactus.  The  purpose 
of  lining  the  holes  with  this  plant  is  to  give  the  cactus  fruit  a  salty 
taste  and  also  to  keep  up  a  moist  heat. 

Another  of  the  native  foods  of  the  Pima  is  the  honey  of  the  wild 
bees;  it  is,  however,  obtained  but  seldom.  A  favorite  sweet  of  the 
Pima  children  is  the  honey  which  a  small  solitary  bee  deposits  in 
mud  cells  in  the  ground."  The  bee  digs  a  tunnel  about  6  inches 
long  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  there  makes  one,  two, 
or  even  three  little  jars  of  mud,  in  which  it  secretes  a  thick,  sweet, 

a  According  to  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Ashmead,  of  the  National  Museum,  who  was  shown  a  specimen,  the  cell 
or  pockft  is  made  by  a  species  belonging  to  the  family  Authophoridoe,  probably  of  the  genus  Autho- 
phora,  or  Melissodes;  without  the  liee  ,tsclf  tiie  species  could  not  lie  definitely  identified.  These  bees 
store  up  honey  and  pollen,  pleasant  enough  to  taste,  in  their  clay  cells,  never  pure  honey  alone. 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND   MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  265 

yellowish  juice.  The  children  dig  for  these  little  "jars"  and  eat  the 
honey.     They  call  it  mo-wa-li  chuh-nie  ("fly  sirup")- 

Chewing  gum:  Various  vegetal  substances  are  chewed  by  the 
Indians  of  most  tribes.  Among  the  Pima  in  the  early  spring  every- 
body, the  children  in  particular,  chews  the  cottony  substance  from  the 
inside  of  the  a-uJi-pa  Jia-vu-po-le-telc  ("cottonwood-berries,"  the  buds 
of  Populus  fremontii  wislizeni) .  Often  this  is  mixed  with  a  little  raw 
tallow  "to  make  it  chew  longer."  It  is  used  partly  for  the  little  sweet- 
ness which  it  contains,  but  mainly  because  it  affords  long  chewing. 
The  use  of  the  root  of  the  se-wi-je  (Rumex  hymenosepalus),  chewed 
much  by  the  school  girls,  has  already  been  mentioned.  A  variety 
of  chewing  gum  is  obtained  from  the  to-liavs  (Encelia  farinosa), 
growing  in  the  hills.  This  plant  has  numerous  stalks,  which  reach 
about  20  inches  in  height.  On  some  of  these  stalks  appear  small 
quantities  of  amber-colored  gum,  which  is  gathered  by  the  Indians 
and  chewed  as  it  is.  It  has  but  little  taste,  but  otherwise  possesses 
the  characteristics  of  the  ordinary  chewing  gum.  The  juice  is  not 
swallowed;  it  is  said  that  this  would  cause  poisoning,  though  not 
fatal  in  its  effects.  The  best  chewing  gum  is  said  to  be  made  from 
a  plant  known  as  wi-i-pam  ("gum").  This  chewing  gum  is  known 
as  well  by  the  Maricopa  and  the  Papago  living  in  the  Gila  valley 
as  by  the  Pima.  The  plant  is  a  vine  which  grows  on  fences  in  the 
fields.  A  variety  of  it  known  as  pan-o  wi-i-pam  ("fox  gum")  grows 
in  arroyos.  The  Indians  obtain  the  milky  juice  from  the  tops  of 
these  plants  or  from  their  fruit.  This  is  gathered  in  little  vessels,  from 
which  are  filled  the  hollow  stalks  of  the  pumpkin  vine;  these  are 
then  tied  at  both  ends,  and  roasted  for  a  few  minutes  in  hot  ashes, 
when  the  gum  is  ready  for  chewing.  It  is  sweetish  and  harmless. 
The  juice  is  swallowed.  This  chewing  gum  is  much  praised  by  the 
Indians,  who  say  that  it  excels  our  commercial  article. 

The  Maricopa  use  most  of  the  native  foods  known  to  the  Pima. 
Their  pinole  is  made  in  the  same  way  as  that  of  the  Pima;  occasion- 
ally they  add  to  it  the  Mexican  panoche  (crude  sugar).  The  fruit 
of  the  saguaro  is  scarce  in  their  country;  that  of  Icu'-de-ep  (one 
of  the  Opuntias)  is  eaten  raw;  that  of  the  Mnami,  known  as  tat,  is 
dried,  pounded,  ground  with  wheat,  and  stirred  with  hot  water  into 
a  thick  mixture,  and  is  eaten  in  this  state.  The  Maricopa  eat  the 
same  kinds  of  berries  as  the  Pima,  the  black  berry  (Condalia  obovata) 
being  known  as  u-e,  the  red  (Lycium  fremontii)  as  xtot.  The  ohpon 
plant  is  also  eaten,  after  being  prepared  by  boiling  with  the  addition 
of  powdered  cactus  fruit  (tat)  and  wheat ;  with  this  is  drunk  a  mixture 
of  pinole  and  water. 

Elc-se-we  is  a  seed  which  looks  much  like  that  of  alfalfa,  but  the 
two  plants  are  not  related.  The  Maricopa  roast  the  seed  in  baskets 
with  hot  coals,  and  grind  it  fine ;  it  is  eaten  mixed  with  water. 


266  BUEEATJ   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Among  the  Tarahumare  a  plant  called  maquasdvi  is  dried  and 
kept  in  jars;  it  is  boiled  with  salt  and  eaten  like  spinach.  Large 
quantities  of  mescal  and  pitaya  fruits  are  consumed,  and  there  are 
other  \\dld  fruits,  berries,  and  nuts  that  are  gathered  in  their  seasons 
for  food.  When  corn  is  scarce  the  people  have  recourse  to  the  leaves 
of  nopal  (flat-leaved  cactus)  and  the  roots  of  saravi,  or  herba  del  oso. 
The  flowers  of  the  pines,  the  flowers  and  young  leaves  of  the  ash  tree, 
a  j^lant  kno\\ai  as  chinaka,  leaves  of  beans  and  squashes,  young  maize, 
various  seeds,  roots,  and  other  vegetal  substances  are  eaten. 
Hartman**  mentions  chenopodium  and  the  male  flowers  and  young 
leaves  of  oak.  In  the  summer  months  several  varieties  of  mush- 
rooms are  gathered  for  food. 

The  mountain  Yaqui,  as  well  as  the  Tepehuane,  Tepecano,  Huichol, 
Cora,  and  some  of  the  Tarasco,  use,  particularly  in  seasons  of  want, 
a  large  variety  of  native  vegetal  foods,  including  a  great  variety  of 
wild  fruits,  roots,  leaves;  greens,  and  nuts,  but  among  those  of  the 
Mexican  Indians  who  live  in  proximity  to  the  whites,  as  the  lowland 
Yaqui,  Opata,  Pima,  Aztec,  Otomi,  and  others,  the  knowledge  and 
utilization  of  these  resources  have  greatly  diminished.  Most  of  the 
Mexican  tribes  were  visited  in  the  dry  season,  when  collection  of  the 
food  plants  was  impossible. 

o  The  Indians  of  North-West^ern  Mexico,  in  Congris  International  dcs  Americanistes,  Stockholm, 
1894,  128.    See  also  C.  Lumholtz,  Unknown  Mexico,  New  York,  1902. 


9ZP 


9ZP 


fZ^i 


ZS^ 


•S9I0 


•S2I9aAi   9   JOJ     1 

•sqjuoiu  g  inoqB    I 

JOJ       '98JJO0      \ 

'dnos     'sia^^o'BJoJ 


■  enojsj; 


saA 

Z 
Z 

z 
z 
z 

z 

Zv 

yjA 

z 
z 
z 

z 

KaA 

Zv 

saA 

TABLES   OF    DETAIL  lIEASimESIESTS  AND  OBSERVATION'S 

I.    IXUIAS    rilll.I.llES    OP   KSOWS   AOEB 

Table  1.   ^Utisurrmnil^,  iiml  phiiRlohglcal  ami  otlfr  data 


i 

A„, 

1 

,.... 

„„„-- 

,„.„•... 

'iBSS- 

— 

'-  !| 

1         1 

-"—■-■ 

"""'■ 

s„„. 

1  ...... 

™... 

d....j 

,„.,!.:j 

!       ; 

; ;;;:::  ^^- 

«,i»'>"- 
'""" 

■■■:::;::::i:::: 

Mico.           Lrlnga^tr 

-   <« 

i^^^^ 

,.■ ^^^^^ 

:il;;:z 

:  ""X;:::; ;;;; 

i 

I 

::    -::;■..  :::::;:;;::: 

s 

'  ■•  —J ■ 

,..,.! 

!       . 

.  „H^-:--  ■         ' 

.1. 

.       -P''"*'-                      ,...„,. .,„:,., 

,1. 

L„,*„„ 

— - 

'  "  1, 

|:-      ; 

;:;:;>— 

,« 

■■-■—"• 

1  ^ 

■1 

1    ,^| 

::t 

:|:::i ;""""" 

; 

h 

1          r,. 

.  ::: 

1 

ir 

i 

1 

-J t  •"•■ 

Htr 

1 

" 1  >•"•-- 

::;:;;— 

I 

1    »!». 

1 

[^■^P-  ,„„,.,„ 

.,.-.„.„.,. 

j— r-'  •• 

1 

(Lighter    .Micl«. 

«. 

*'™  "'''■'' d 

a 

h 

.lait  1..gLnnlnB 

,.» 

'■"i.' 

•::.:::„.:,:.:,;::■ 

l:::::z 

.,     . 

-- :— — ., 

cflimnjthing-" 
ahouHnwRihaggo. 

-"'"- 

«-« 1" 

§"■■:.  il 

— ■'  "'  ' 

[Sittins,  qalot 

do 

e;| 1 

1... 

(+1    i 

r 

'i 

zj::-  '•' '! 

.. 

I 

= 

m 

1          ^^^^       \ 

«7. 

« 

=l=ii 

onwwhflUloklyJ;; 

"'■■,•;: ]. 

:r:i:E 

4.** 

"HSr-l 

(■|'|: 

1 

m 

"_^^^7""i 

■::::  ■  .■.■' 

:r":::::::.: 

Si  1 

§■ 

H   :; 

:::;;;;;:E;::e;: 

::::::e::e::::: 

::;:e:;e::. 

d. 

u. 

„p£E:|     ,„.                   :.':;;:L,..„ 



'— '|„ 

} 

OftT 


1.  Indian  Cmbldbbn  of  Known  Ages — Continued 
Tabi.k  1.  Mea^snTffments,  and  physirihtgical  a/nd  other  datri — Contin 


\^.,\'; 


:.jL.„.,. 


„'  »!' 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


267 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:   height,  weight,  head 

(o)  APACHE  BOYS 


4-= 

s 

M 
3 

p 

4^ 

bo 

w 

c8 

'3 

i 

o 

a 

60 

'S 

Head. 

6 
a 

o 

Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 

H 

S.2 

(S  o 

5^ 

1 

la 

1 

p 

b5 

■'3.2 

■sa.i2 

i 

a 

o 

.a 
ft 

a> 

5 

+^  a 
K 

6 
3 
o 

a 

o 

"3 
ft 

O 

455 

cm. 
76.0 
90.0 
95.5 
102.0 
105.8 
106.3 
106.4 
109.8 
110.0 
112.6 
114.6 
115.0 
116.9 
118.0 
119.7 
119.8 
120.3 
123.0 
123.3 
123.7 
124.1 
125.5 
126.2 
126.7 
127.2 
127.3 
127.6 
128.0 
128.1 
128.4 
128.5 
128.9 
129.1 
129.1 
129.3 
129.5 
129.8 
129.9 
130.0 
130.4 
130.5 
130.7 
131.0 
131.2 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 
11.567 

grm. 
152 

None 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

456 

.do     

1 

457 

do        

458 

.    do       

459.. 

58.6 
61.2 
61.5 
60.2 
60.9 
62.8 
64.6 
63.7 
63.8 
62.7 
65.6 
66.9 
64.9 
64.9 
70.8 
68.0 
68.5 
70.3 
69.5 
70.0 
69.3 
70.6 
70.0 
69.8 
69.1 
67.9 
69.6 
70.8 
70.2 
71.8 
70.2 
69.5 
69.6 
70.1 
70.8 
71.3 
70.1 
72.0 
70.3 
67.4 

47.2 
45.1 
44.9 
49.6 
49.1 
49.8 
50.0 
51.3 
53.1 
55.3 
54.1 
52.9 
55.4 
58.1 
52.5 
55.7 
55.6 
55.2 
56.7 
56.7 
57.9 
56.7 
57.6 
58.2 
59.0 
60.5 
58.9 
58.1 
58.9 
57.3 
59.1 
60.0 
60.2 
59.8 
59.2 
59.1 
60.4 
58.7 
60.7 
63.8 

18. 167 
20. 435 
21. 795 

172 
193 
205 

do 

Considerable. . 

Moderate 

None .        

16.4 

(15.6) 

(17.1) 

16.2 

(15.8) 

17.1 

(15.7) 

17.1 

16.6 

(17.2) 

17.1 

(16.6) 

17.5 

17.7 

16.9 

17.4 

(16.8) 

(16.8) 

(16.0) 

(16.8) 

17.6 

(15.9) 

(17.5) 

(16.0) 

16.2 

17.0 

18.0 

(17.4) 

17.2 

(16.4) 

18.0 

(17.4) 

(16.7) 

(17.3) 

(17.0) 

(17.4) 

17.4 

17.7 

(17.2) 

17.1 

14.6 

(15.1) 

(14.7) 

14.8 

(15.6) 

16.1 

(14. 8) 

15.0 

15.2 

(15.4) 

14.6 

(15.3) 

15.0 

15.2 

14.6 

15.0 

(14.9) 

(14.8) 

(15.8) 

(15.8) 

15.0 

(15.4) 

(15.3) 

(14.8) 

15.4 

14.6 

15.4 

(16.0) 

15.0 

(16.2) 

15.4 

(15.  7) 

(15.6) 

(15.8) 

(15.8) 

(15.  5) 

15.0 

16.0 

(15.2) 

14.8 

12.95 
(12.5) 
(13.2) 

12.15 
(12.6) 

12.9 
(12.5) 

12.5 

12.7 
(12.8) 

12.7, 
(12.8) 

12.9 

13.65 

12.4 

12.7 
(13.55) 
(12.65) 
(13.05) 
(13.25) 

12.35 
(12.5) 
(13.2) 
(12.9) 

12.5 

12.45 

13.2 
(12.95) 

12.75 
(13.0) 

12.85 
(13.4) 
(12.6) 
(13.05) 
(13.6) 
(13.2) 

12.7 

13.15 
(13.65) 

12.6 

89.02 

78.97     88.70 

14.65 
14.40 

461.. 
462 

91.36 

75.00  1  82.09 

i 

15.00 
14.38 

21. 319 
22. 703 
23. 587 
22. 703 
22. 703 

194 
202 
206 
197 
194 

Considerable. . 
None 

14.67 

464 

94.15 

75.44     80.12 

15.37 

Considerable. . 
None  . 

14.33 

466 

87.72 
91.57 

73.10  1  83.33 

14.87 

467.. 
468 

do 

Moderate 

None 

76.51 

83.55 

14.87 
15.13 

469 

24.948 
23.610 

208 
197 

85.38 

74.27 

86.99 

14.80 

470 

Sliglit 

None 

14.90 

471 

85.71 
85.88 
86.39 
86.  SI 

73.71 
77.12 
73.37 
72.99 

86.00 
89.80 
84.93 
84.67 

15.13 

472.. 
473.. 
474.. 
475 

26. 309 
28.577 
30.414 
27.692 
29. 507 
29.030 
29.053 
30. 414 
32. 659 
29.030 
29.030 
30. 414 
27.692 
29.938 
29.484 
27. 239 
29. 960 
29.938 
29. 507 
33. 566 
32.206 
32.206 
34. 474 

214 
232 
246 
223 
235 
230 
229 
239 
256 
228 
227 
238 
216 
233 
229 
211 
232 
232 
228 
259 
248 
248 
264 

do 

do 

do 

Slight 

Moderate 

Considerable.. 

Slight 

None 

15.52 
14.63 
15.03 
15.08 

476 

14.75 

477 

14.95 

478 

15.28 

479 

85.23 

70.17 

82.34 

14.98 

480 

Considerable. . 

Slight 

Moderate 

14.60 

481 

15.33 

482 

14.57 

483 

95.06 
85.88 
85.56 

77.16 
73.24 
73.33 

81.17 
85.28 
85.71 

14.70 

484.. 
485.. 
486 

do 

do 

Pronounced  . . 

14.68 
15.53 
15.45 

487   . 

87.21 

74.13 

85.00 

14.98 

488 

Considerable. . 

15.20 

489.. 

85.56 

71.39 

83.45 

15.42 

490 

Moderate 

Considerable.. 

do 

Moderate 

Slight 

15.50 

491 

14.97 

492 

15.38 

493 

15.47 

494 

15.37 

495.. 

86.21 
90.40 

72.99 
74.29 

84.67 
82.19 

15.03 

496.. 
497 

31.321 
29.938 
29.030 

239 

228 
221 

do 

Slight 

None 

15.62 
15.35 

498.. 

86.56 

73.68 

85.14 

14.83 

268 


BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAlSr   ETHNOLOGY 


[boll.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  Tueasurements :  Jieight,  weight,  head — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


'a 

a 

a 

i 

a 
■| 

1 

a 

ID 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grm. 

131.3 

72.1 

59.2 

32. 206 

245 

131.8 

73.4 

58.4 

33. 589 

255 

131.8 

73.1 

58.7 

31.321 

237 

132.6 

70.7 

61.9 

30.867 

233 

132.6 

72.2 

60.4 

31. 752 

239 

133.0 

72.6 

60.4 

31.298 

235 

133.2 

70.4 

62.8 

35.381 

265 

133.3 

74.2 

59.1 

32. 228 

242 

133.4 

70.8 

62.6 

30. 164 

226 

133.6 

70.1 

63.5 

30. 845 

231 

133.9 

72.4 

61.5 

35. 857 

268 

134.0 

73.1 

60.9 

31.298 

233 

134.0 

72.3 

61.7 

32. 228 

240 

134.5 

73.0 

61.5 

32. 682 

243 

134.6 

72.7 

61.9 

29. 484 

219 

134.7 

70.5 

64.2 

29. 507 

219 

135.2 

72.9 

62.3 

33. 113 

245 

135.7 

72.1 

63.6 

34. 496 

254 

136.0 

73.1 

62.9 

34. 474 

253 

136.4 

72.7 

63.7 

37. 649 

276 

136.4 

73.5 

62.9 

34. 927 

256 

136.5 

71.8 

64.7 

31. 7.52 

233 

136.5 

71.8 

64.7 

34.020 

249 

136.8 

73.4 

63.4 

32. 228 

234 

137.7 

72.4 

65.3 

34. 927 

254 

138.4 

73.6 

64.8 

36.742 

265 

138.7 

75.8 

62.9 

38.556 

278 

139.0 

74.0 

65.0 

36. 742 

264 

139.2 

73.9 

65.3 

38. 556 

277 

139.7 

75.7 

64.0 

38. 102 

273 

140.3 

73.9 

66.4 

41. 731 

297 

140.8 

74.8 

66.0 

36.311 

2.58 

140.8 

75.0 

6.5.8 

37.649 

267 

140.8 

75.0 

65.8 

37.915 

268 

141.0 

73.9 

67.1 

40.370 

286 

141.2 

75.8 

6.5.4 

37.649 

267 

141.5 

73.4 

68.1 

35.381 

250 

142.0 

72.5 

69.5 

38. 102 

268 

142.1 

73.0 

69.1 

35. 403 

249 

142.8 

77.0 

6.5.8 

39.0.32 

273 

142.8 

73.0 

69.8 

39.010 

273 

143.0 

74.2 

68.8 

37. 218 

260 

143.3 

75.7 

67.6 

40. 370 

282 

144.9 

72.4 

72.5 

39.939 

275 

144.9 

78.  2 

66.  7 

41.731 

288 

Head. 


Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 


.2  °3 


'■3  '^ 


Xi  =3 

K 


Moderate 

None 

Considerable. . 

None 

Slight 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

Slight 

....do 

None 

Moderate 

Considerable. . 

Moderate 

Considerable. . 

None 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

Considerable. . 

None 

---.do 

Considerable. . 

None 

Moderate 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

None 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Considerable. . 

....do 

None 

Considerable. . 

None 

....do 

Slight 

None 

Slight 

None 

....do 

Slight 

Considerable. . 


cm. 
(17.0) 
17.6 
(16.8) 
17.3 
(16.8) 
(16.8) 
(17.1) 
(17.8) 
(17. 1) 
(17.2) 
17.5 
(17.5) 
(16.8) 
(16.5) 
(16.0) 
18.0 
16.8 
17.5 
(17.4) 
(16.8) 
18.1 
17.2 
(16.6) 
17.1 
(16.6) 
(16.6) 
(17.7) 
(16.6) 
17.9 
17.5 
17.6 
16.8 
(17.3) 
(16.9) 
18.1 
(16.5) 
17.4 
17.8 
(16.4) 
17.5 
(17.5) 
17.1 
17.2 
(17.9) 
(16.4) 


cm. 
(15.2) 
15.6 
(15.2) 
14.2 
(15.6) 
(14.6) 
(15.0) 
(15.7) 
(15.0) 
(14.7) 
14.7 
(16.0) 
(15.  4) 
(15.5) 
(15.1) 
14.6 
14.7 
15.0 
(15.3) 
(15.4) 
16.2 
15.0 
(14.7) 
15.1 
(15.4) 
(15.4) 
(15.6) 
(15.0) 
15.4 
15.4 
15.1 
14.8 
(16.3) 
(16.2) 
15.0 
(15.6) 
14.9 
15.3 
(15.6) 
15.7 
(1.5.2) 
15.3 
1.5.8 
(16.1) 
(15.3) 


cm. 
(13.85) 

12.85 
(13.5) 

12.85 
(12.65) 
(12.9) 
(13.35 
(13.4) 
(12.5) 
(13. 15) 

13.0 
(13. 55) 
(13. 65) 
(12. 85) 

13.05 

13.0 

12.8 

12.6 
(12.  75) 
(13.0) 

12.4 

13.3 
(12. 25) 

13.0 
(12.8) 
(12.8) 
(13.  4) 
(12.95) 

12.4 

13.05 

12. 85 

12.75 


88.64 


73.02 


73.83 


90.49 


84.00 


74.29 


81.11 
87.50 
85.71 


72.22 
76.19 
72.00 


89.04 
87.07 
84.00 


89.60 
87.21 


68.51 
77.33 


76.54 
88.67 


76.02 


86.09 


88.00 
85.80 
88.10 


69.27 
74.58 
73.02 
75.89 


80.52 
84.74 
85.10 
86.15 


(13.5) 

13.25 
(13.4) 

13.0 

12.7 
(13.0) 

13.3 
(13. 1) 

12. 75 

12.9 
(13.0) 
(12. 65) 


8S.87 


73.21 


88.34 


85.63 
85.96 


74.71 
71.35 


87.25 
83.01 


89.71 


76.00 


89.47 
91.86 


74.56 
75. 00 


83.34 
81.65 


hkdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


269 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weight,  head — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


•1 

a 

a 
1 

.2 

S 

o 

If 

'S 

i 

o 

:§> 

CD 

Head. 

6 
a 

8 
Pi 

Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 

2x 

£  OS 

dJ   CD 
03  O 

"3 

5 

o 

Sir 

a 
■3 
0 

TO 

'S 
K 

5 

Is 

1  X) 

■3 

a 

.2 

0 
S 

"3 
ft 

a) 
0 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

.')44 .  . 

145.0 

78.2 

66.8 

36. 515 

2.52 

Slight 

a7.5) 

(1.5. 9) 

(13. 5) 

15.63 

545.. 

145.1 
145.3 

76.7 
74.1 

68.4 
71.2 

41. 300 
39.010 

285 
268 

Moderate 

Slight 

(17.  4) 
(16.9) 

(15. 5) 

(U.  2') 

15.37 

5d6.. 

(15. 1)  (12. 65) 

14.88 

547.. 

145.3 
145.3 

73.7 
77.5 

71.6 
67.8 

36.288 
37. 649 

249 
259 

Moderate 

None 

(17.0) 
17.6 

(16.3)  (13.15) 
15. 2     12. 9 

15.48 

548.. 

86.36 

73.30 

84.87- 

15.23 

549.. 

145.4 
145.6 
146.3 

77.0 
76.8 
77.1 

68.4 
68.8 
69.2 

38. 556 
40.370 
47. 197 

265 
277 
322 

Moderate 

Considerable. . 
Moderate 

(17.7) 
(16.2) 
(17.6) 

(16.1)  ri3.351 

15.72 

550 

(16.7) 
(16.4) 

(13.7) 
(13. 75) 

15.53 

551.. 

15.92 

55? 

146.6 
146.7 
147.0 

75.8 
75.8 
77.8 

70.8 
70.9 
69.2 

38.579 
40. 393 
41.300 

263 
275 
9X^ 

do 

do 

None 

(17.4) 
(17.4) 
17.7 

(16.4) 
(15.8) 
15.2 

(13.3) 
(13. 1) 
12.9 

15.70 

553 

15.43 

554 

85.88 

72.88 

84.87 

15.27 

555 

147.3 
148.0 
148.4 
148.5 

75.9 
76.0 
75.0 
80,0 

71.4 
72.0 
73.4 
68.5 

35.834 

243 

Considerable. . 
None .  . 

(16.3) 
16.8 

(17.7) 
17.4 

(14.9) 
14.7 

(15.0) 
15.7 

(12.5) 
12.6 

(12.5) 
13.2 

14.57 

556. 

.87.60 

75.00 

85.71 

14  70 

557.. 

40.393 
44.929 

272 
303 

Slight 

15.07 

558.. 

None 

90.  S3 

75.86 

84.08 

15.43 

559.. 

148.5 

77.2 

71.3 

43.568 

293 

Considerable. . 

(17.  .5) 

(16. 4) 

(13. 8) 

15.90 

560 

148.9 

77.4 

71.5 

38.579 

^59 

None 

17.3 

15.7 

13.5 

90.75 

78.03 

85.99 

15.50 

561.. 

149.3 
149.7 
149.8 

76.4 
78.1 
79.8 

72.9 
71.6 
70.0 

43. 568 
45.360 
42. 638 

292 
303 

?85 

Slight 

(17.5) 
(17.8) 
(17. 1) 

(15.4) 
(16.2) 
(15. 7) 

(13.4) 
(13.6) 
(13. 75) 

12.8 

13.4 

15.43 

562 

Moderate 

Slight 

15.87 

563.. 

15.52 

564.. 

149.9 
149.9 

78.4 
77.1 

71.5 

72.8 

42. 185 
42.207 

281 

282 

None . 

17.7 
17.3 

15.2 
15.0 

85.88 
86.71 

72.32 

77.46 

84.21 
89.33 

15  23 

565.. 

do 

15.23 

566.. 

150.0 

76.9 

73.1 

47. 174 

314 

Considerable. . 

17.8 

16.9 

13.45 

94.94 

75.56 

79.59 

16.05 

567.. 

150.4 
150.4 

76.8 
78.7 

73.6 
71.7 

43. 546 
44.929 

289 
299 

None 

18.6 
17.7 

15.3 
15.9 

12.8 
12.85 

82.26 
89.83 

68.82 
72.60 

83.66 
80.82 

15  57 

568.. 

do 

15.48 

569.. 

150.7 

76.4 

74.3 

43.568 

289 

do 

16.9 

15.2 

13.0 

89.94 

76.92 

85.53 

15.03 

570.. 

151.7 

78.1 

73.6 

49. 465 

326 

do 

17.6 

15.5 

13.15 

88.07 

74.72 

84.84 

15.42 

571.. 

152.7 

77.5 

75.2 

47. 174 

309 

Moderate 

17.6 

16.6 

13.7 

94.32 

77.84 

82.53 

15.97 

572 

152.8 

79.2 

73.6 

45. 814 

300 

None 

18.3 

15.1 

13.1 

82.51 

71.58 

86.  75 

15.50 

573.. 

152.9 

81.5 

71.4 

45.836 

300 

do 

17.4 

15.7 

13.4 

90.23 

77.01 

85.35 

15.50 

574.. 

153.2 

82.2 

71.0 

44.906 

293 

Moderate 

16.9 

15.4 

13.6 

91.12 

80.47 

88.31 

15.30 

575 . 

153.3 

81.5 

71.8 

44.  453 

290 

None 

16.7 

15.1 

12.9 

90.42 

77.25 

85.43 

14.90 

576.. 

153.4 

78.3 

74.9 

42. 207 

275 

do 

18.2 

15.8 

13.25 

86.81 

72.81 

83.86 

15.75 

577.. 

154.0 

78.9 

75.1 

50.803 

330 

do 

18.7 

15.6 

13.5 

83.4$ 

72.19 

86.54 

15.93 

578.. 

154.2 

82.6 

71.6 

49.896 

323 

do 

17.8 

15.0 

13.4 

84.27 

75.28 

89.33 

15.40 

579.. 

154.2 

80.7 

73.5 

44.929 

291 

do 

17.4 

15.6 

12.8 

89.66 

73.56 

82.05 

15.27 

580.. 

154.4 

78.2 

76.2 

44.453 

288 

do 

17.3 

15.2 

13.25 

87.86 

76.59 

87.17 

15.25 

581.. 

154.7 

79.2 

75.5 

48. 558 

314 

...,.do 

18.4 

16.2 

13.9 

88.04 

75.54 

85.80 

16.17 

582.. 

156.0 

79.8 

76.2 

43. 568 

279 

do 

18.1 

14.2 

13.25 

78.45 

73.21 

92.96 

15.18 

583.. 

156.4 

82.5 

73.9 

48. 104 

308 

do 

17.4 

16.0 

13.3 

91.95 

76.44 

83.13 

15.57 

.584 

156.5 

81.1 

75.4 

48. 104 

307 

Slight 

(18. 2) 

(16. 5) 

(13. 95) 

16.22 

585.. 

157.9 
158.3 

79.1 
83.3 

78.8 
75,0 

49.  Oil 
48. 104 

310 
304 

Considerable. . 
None 

(17.4) 
18.2 

(15.6) 
15.3 

(13. 15) 
13.75 

15.38 

586.. 

84.07 

75.55 

89.87 

15.75 

587.. 

158.4 

82.9 

75.5 

50.803 

321 

do 

17.3 

15.4 

13.0 

89.02 

75.14 

84.42 

15.23 

588.. 

158.6 

84.0 

74.6 

53.071 

335 

do 

18.1 

15.7 

13.5 

86.74 

74.59 

85.99 

15.77 

270 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weight,  head — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Head. 


Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression) . 


oi  o 


S-- 


•SPSS 

CD  B.Q 

a 


,Q  ffl 

I  -a- 

M 

'S 

w 


ewi. 
158.6 
158.8 
158.9 
159.1 
159.4 
160.5 
160.5 
161.2 
161.3 
161.4 
161.5 
163.4 
163.6 
163.7 
163.8 
164.3 
164.5 
164.7 
164.8 
165.0 
165.0 
165. 1 
165.3 
165.3 
165.4 
165.6 
165.6 
165.7 
165.8 
165.8 
165.8 
166.2 
166.3 
166.7 
167.0 
167.4 
167.5 
167.6 
168.0 
168.2 
169.5 
169.8 
169.9 
170.0 


cm. 
83.2 
86.9 
82.1 
82.3 
83.1 
85.9 
87.5 
86.1 
85.9 
81.1 
84.9 
85.3 
84.4 
84.3 
85.5 
87.7 
86.4 
82.8 
86.6 
89.1 
87.2 
89.3 
86.0 
85.3 
82.7 
87.7 
85.7 
87.1 
86.1 
88.5 
85.6 
88.0 
86.0 
87.0 
88.3 
87.2 
86.8 
89.1 
88.1 
87,6 
87.5 
84.9 
90.2 
87.0 


cm. 
75.4 
71.9 
76.8 
76.8 
76.3 
74:6 
73.0 
75.1 
75.4 
80.3 
76.6 
78.1 
79.2 
79.4 
78.3 
76.6 
78.1 
81.9 
78.2 
75.9 
77.8 
75.8 
79.3 
80.0 
82.7 
77.9 
79.9 
78.6 
79.7 
77.3 
80.2 
78.2 
80.3 
79.7 
78.7 
80.2 
80.7 
78.5 
79.9 
80.6 
82.0 
84.9 
79.7 
83.0 


kg. 
57. 607 
56. 269 
53. 978 
53. 978 
51.710 
53. 071 
57. 176 
60. 782 

57. 154 
57. 607 
56. 723 
54. 455 
55. 793 
53. 094 
53. 071 
58. 991 
63. 050 
56.  723 
58. 968 
59. 875 
58. 061 
59.  444 
53.978 
58. 991 
55. 793 
55. 339 
66. 269 
58. 991 
57. 607 
62. 597 
59. 898 
60.805 
58  968 
57. 176 
63. 050 
57. 176 
64.411 

67. 155 
63. 958 
61.712 
58.514 
55. 339 
65. 772 
59.422 


grm,. 
363 
354 
340 
339 
324 
331 
356 
377 
354 
357 
351 
333 
341 
324 
324 
359 
383 
344 
358 
363 
352 
360 
327 
357 
337 
334 
339 
356 
347 
378 
361 
366 
354 
343 
378 
341 
385 
401 
381 
367 
345 
326 
387 
349 


None 

Slight 

Moderate 

Considerable.. 

None 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

....do 

None 

..-.do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

Moderate 

None 

Moderate 

Considerable. . 

Slight 

None 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

None 

Considerable. . 

None 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

None 

Considerable. 

None 

do 

Moderate 

None 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Moderate 

None 

Moderate 


cm. 

18.0 

(17.4) 

(17.4) 

(17.3) 

19.0 

17.9 

17.3 

18.5 

(17.4) 

(18.7) 

18.2 

19.5 

17.9 

18.9 

18.6 

(17.6) 

(18.3) 

17.8 

(17.8) 

(17.2) 

(18.4) 

18.3 

17.8 

18.0 

(17.2) 

17.7 

(17.5) 

18.6 

18.1 

18.1 

(17.7) 

18.5 

(17.0) 

17.2 

18.8 

(18.2) 

18.0 

19.7 

19.5 

18.0 

18.3 

(16.7) 

18.9 

(17.9) 


cm. 

16.1 

(15.7) 

(16.2) 

(16.2) 

15.7 

15.1 

15.5 

16.7 

(16.9) 

(16.  4) 

15.0 

15.7 

16.3 

16.6 

15.7 

(16.1) 

(16.5) 

15.0 

(16.4) 

(16.3) 

(16.5) 

15.4 

15.3 

16.4 

(16.0) 

15.6 

(16.5) 

16.4 

16.6 

15.8 

(16.5) 

15.4 

(16.4) 

16.0 

16.4 

(16.2) 

15.6 

16.4 

17.2 

15.8 

15.7 

(16.2) 

16.5 

(16.6) 


cm. 

13.3 
(12.8) 
(13.56) 
(13. 56) 

13.0 

13.35 

12.9 

13.7 
(14. 05) 
(13.7) 

12.65 

13.2 

13.25 

13.65 

13.6 
(13.3) 
(13.85) 

12.95 
(13. 85) 
(13. 15) 
(13. 85) 

13.5 

13.2 

13.4 
(12.8) 

12.8 
(13.4) 

13.35 

13.3 

13.1 
(12.8) 

13.3 
(13.0) 

12.8 

13.45 
(14.05) 

13. 75. 

13.7 

13.9 

13.5 

13.75 
(12. 65) 

13.75 
(13.85) 


9.U 


89.60 


80.51 
91.06 
87.83 
84.41 


84. 


91.11 


8.14 


88.17 
91.71 
87. 29 


87.23 


86.67 


87.78 
86.79 


68.42 
74.58 
74.57 
74.05 


69.51 
67.69 
74.02 
72.23 
73.12 


73.77 
74.16 
74.44 


72.32 


71.78 
73.48 
72.38 


71.89 


74.42 
71.55 


76.39 
69.54 
71  28 
76.00 
75.14 


88.41 
83.23 
82.04 


84.34 
84.08 
81.29 
82.23 
86.62 


87.66 
86.27 
81.71 


87.30 


72.76 


82.05 


81.41 
80.12 
82.91 


86.36 


80.00 
82.02 


88.14 
83.64 
80.81 
85.44 
87.58 


83.34 


hkdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


271 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height^  weight,  head — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 

Head. 


.f 

.3  ■ 
o 

6 

0  . 
? 

s 

53 
M 

3 

1 

w 

1^ 

■53 

60 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Tig. 

grm. 

170.3 

88.7 

81.6 

68. 516 

402 

170.4 

88.5 

81.9 

58. 514 

343 

170.5 

85.5 

85.0 

58.514 

343 

170.7 

87.6 

83.1 

60.329 

353 

171.5 

92.1 

79.4 

61.712 

359 

171.8 
172.0 

89.7 
89.6 

82.1 
82.4 

66.226 

385 

172.2 

86.7 

85.5 

57. 154 

332 

172.4 

88.0 

84.4 

73.937 

429 

173.6 

92.0 

81.6 

68.040 

392 

173.7 

87.7 

86.0 

59.875 

345 

173.8 

87.2 

86.6 

58.537 

337 

175.3 

91.2 

84.1 

68. 040 

388 

Deformation 

(occipital 
compression. 


5*^ 


bo 


None 

....do 

Considerable. . 

Slight 

do 

None 

do 

do 

do 

Slight 

Moderate 

None 

do 


cm. 
19.1 
18.4 
(17.4) 
(18.6) 
(17.4) 
19.0 
18.5 
17.7 
19.5 
(18.3) 
(17.9) 
18.5 
18.4 


cm. 

15.9 

16.2 

(15.9) 

(15.9) 

(16.2) 

15.7 

16.3 

15.6 

15.5 

(16.4) 

(16.1) 

15.8 

16.0 


cm. 

13.5 

13.1 
(13.0) 
(13. 35) 
(13. 15) 

13.45 

13.9 

13.0 

13.7 
(14.2) 
(13. 25) 

13.55 

13.5 


8S.Z5 
88.04 


70.68 
71.20 


8S.n 
88.  U 
79.49 


70.79 
75.14 
73.45 
70.26 


85.67 
85.28 
83.33 
88.39 


86.41 
86.96 


73.24 
73.37 


85.76 
84.38 


16.17 
15. 90 
15.43 
15.95 
15.58 
16.05 
16.23 
15.43 
16.23 
16.30 
15.75 
15.95 
15. 97 


(6)  APACHE  GIRLS 


106.6 

61.4 

45.2 

20. 866 

196 

108.2 

59.6 

48.6 

19.051 

176 

109.3 

61.8 

47.5 

21.092 

193 

110.2 

62.1 

48.1 

19.505 

177 

110.7 

62.3 

48.4 

20. 185 

182 

111.8 

62.1 

49.7 

22. 453 

201 

113.8 

63.1 

50.7 

22.680 

199 

114.7 

64.1 

50.6 

22. 680 

198 

115.3 

64.1 

51.2 

24.268 

210 

116.1 

64.8 

51.3 

24.041 

207 

117.0 

64.9 

52.1 

24. 721 

211 

117.3 

66.6 

50.7 

24.268 

207 

117.5 

66.4 

51.1 

23.814 

203 

118.3 

65.3 

53.0 

23.814 

201 

118.8 

66.8 

52.0 

23.360 

197 

119.4 

65.9 

53.5 

23.587 

198 

119.6 

65.7 

53.9 

26.762 

224 

120.2 

64.4 

55.8 

22.907 

191 

120.3 

65.2 

55.1 

24.948 

207 

120.7 

69.4 

61.3 

28.599 

237 

120.8 

66.5 

54.3 

25. 855 

214 

122.1 

67.6 

54.5 

25.855 

212 

122.7 

65.3 

57.4 

26.082 

213 

122.9 

70.3 

52.6 

25. 855 

210 

124.2 

66.7 

57.5. 

25. 778 

208 

124.2 

67.2 

57.0 

25.402 

205 

125.2 

67.1 

58.1 

26.309 

210 

125.3 

66.9 

58.4 

26. 309 

210 

None 

Considerable. 

None 

....do 

....do 

....do....... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

None 

Considerable. 

Slight 

Considerable. 

None 

....do 

Considerable. . 

Moderate 

Slight 

None 

do 

....do 

Moderate 

Considerable. 

None 

Moderate 


17.2 

13.9 

12.85 

(15.3) 

(14.6) 

(12.0) 

16.7 

15.0 

12.25 

16.6 

14.3 

12.35 

15.7 

14.2 

12.6 

16.8 

14.6 

12.45 

16.9 

14.5 

12.3 

16.7 

14.7 

12.35 

17.4 

14.5 

12.6 

16.7 

14.8 

12.3 

18.0 

14.9 

12.35 

(16.6) 

(15.4) 

(12. 45) 

16.9 

15.0 

12.4 

(16.1) 

(15.4) 

(12. 45) 

(16.7) 

(15.4) 

(13.05) 

(16.8) 

(15.2) 

(12.9) 

16.7 

15.0 

12.75 

16.9 

14.5 

12.2 

(16.1) 

(15.1) 

(13.05) 

(16.6) 

(14.8) 

(12.95) 

(16.7) 

(15.4) 

(13.2) 

16.4 

14.7 

12.4 

16.3 

14.5 

12.0 

17.4 

14.8 

13.15 

(16.0) 

(15.3) 

(12.85) 

(15.6) 
16.6 

(15.0) 
14.6 

12.05 

(17.0) 

(14.4) 

(12.2) 

80.81 


86.14 
90.4b 
86.90 
85.80 
88.02 


82.78 


88.76 


85.80 


85.06 


73.35 
74.40 
80.25 
74.10 
72.78 
73.95 
72.41 
73.65 
68.61 


73.37 


76.35 
72.19 


75.61 
73. 62 

75.58 


72.59 


81.66 
86.36 
88.73 
85.27 
84.83 
84.01 
86.90 
83.11 
82.88 


85.0 
84.14 


84.35 
82.76 
88.85 


14.65 
13.97 
14.65 
14.42 
14.17 
14.62 
14.57 
14.58 
14.83 
14.60 
15.08 
14.82 
14.77 
14.65 
15.05 
14.97 
14.82 
14.53 
14.75 
14.78 
15.10 
14.50 
14.27 
15.12 
14.72 


14.42 
14.63 


272 


BUKEAU    OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Childeen  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.   Detail  measurements:  height^  weight,  head — Continued 

(b)  APACHE  GUMiS— Continued 


674. 
-875. 
676. 
677. 
678. 
679. 
680. 
681. 
682. 
683. 
684. 
685. 
686. 
687. 
688. 
689. 
690. 
691. 
692. 


699. 
700. 
701. 
702. 
703. 
704. 
705. 
706. 
707. 
708. 
709. 
710. 
711. 
712. 
713. 
714. 
715. 
716. 
717. 


cm. 
125.6 
125.9 
126.0 
126.3 
127.2 
127.3 
127.4 
128.2 
128.3 
128.3 
128.7 
128.9 
128.9 
129.3 
129.5 
130.1 
130.4 
131.4 
131.6 
131.6 
131.7 
131.8 
131.9 
132.7 
133.2 
133.6 
134.0 
134.8 
134.8 
135.3 
135  .'4 
135.5 
135.6 
135.7 
135.9 
136.6 
136.6 
J.37.0 
137.1 
137.2 
137.3 
137.6 
137.7 
138.0 


cm. 
69.0 
67.8 
68.3 
71.5 
67.7 
69.3 
71.3 
70.8 
70.9 


70.0 
70.4 
68.1 
70.1 
68.7 
69.1 
71.8 
71.0 
68.7 
72.0 
71.0 
72.2 
72.1 
70.0 
70.5 
71.1 
71.5 
72.8 
72.3 
74.8 
75.5 
74.8 
72.1 
74.1 
72.8 
74.2 
75.7 
76.2 
74.5 
73.8 
74.0 
73.0 
73.8 


cm. 
56.6 
58.1 
57.7 
54.8 
59.5 
58.0 
56.1 
57.4 
57.4 
59.5 
58.9 
58.9 
58.5 
61.2 
59.4 
61.4 
61.3 
59.6 
60.6 
62.9 
59.7 
60.8 
59.7 
60.6 
63.2 
63.1 
62.9 
63.3 
62.0 
63.0 
60.6 
60.0 
60.8 
63.6 
61.8 
63.8 
62.4 
61.3 
60.9 
62.7 
63.5 
63.6 
64.7 
64.2 


kg. 
29.030 
29. 257 
31.  752 
28. 804 
28. 804 
26. 536 
28. 123 
28. 577 
32. 659 
31. 298 
25. 878 
27. 216 
28. 804 
30. 391 
27. 670 
32. 659 
35. 381 
32. 206 
29.938 
29.711 
35.608 
30.867 
32.432 
31.072 
29.484 
31.298 
32.228 
30.845 
33.340 
32.206 
31.979 
33.566 
34. 474 
35.381 
35.403 
36.515 
34. 474 
36.764 
33.566 
32.886 
34.474 
33.589 
31.752 
29.711 


grm. 
■231 
232 
252 
228 
226 
208 
221 
223 
255 
244 
201 
211 
284 
235 
214 
251 
271 
245 
227 
226 
270 
234 
246 
234 
221 
234 
241 
229 
247 
238 
236 
248 
254 
261 
261 
267 
252 
268 
245 
240 
258 
244 
231 
216 


Head. 


Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 


None 

SUght........ 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Sliglit 

None 

Slight 

None 

....do 

....do 

Considerable. 

Moderate 

None 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

..:..do 

do 

Considerable. 

None 

do 

do 

Considerable.. 

None 

do 

do 

do 

Moderate.. 

None 

do 


<D  o3 


do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

Moderate. 

None 

do.... 


cm. 
16.4 

(16.9) 

(16.3) 
18.3 
17.2 
15.8 

(16. 1) 
16.7 

(16.7) 
17.5 
16.1 
16.6 

(15.6) 
16.7 
17.4 
17.0 
17.5 
17.3 
17.5 
16.2 
17.4 
16.8 

(15.8) 
17.4 
17.4 
17.4 

(16.8) 
16.6 
17.0 
17.7 
17.6 

(16.3) 
16.5 
17.4 
16.3 
16.4 
16.6 
17.7 
17.2 
17.4 
18.1 
(16.3) 
17.0 
17.0 


■gg 


cm. 
15.0 

(15.2) 

(15.  4) 
15.8 
14.8 
14.5 

(15.0) 
15.6 

(14.5) 
14.8 
14.3 
15.0 

(15.6) 
15.3 
14.6 
14.6 
16.1 
15.7 
14.4 
15.0 
15.5 
14.5 

(15.6) 
14.7 
14.6 
15.0 

(16.5) 
15.3 
14.8 
14.7 
15.7 

(15.2) 
15.1 
15.5 
15.0 
15.5 
15.0 
14.7 
14.2 
15.2 
14.7 

(15.3) 
14.2 
15.0 


cm. 
12.55 

(12.8) 

(12.75) 
13.2 
12.8 
12.35 

(12.95) 
12.95 

(13.2) 
13.0 
12.6 
12.35 

(12.55) 
13.05 
12.5 
12.1 
13.35 
13.1 
12.1 
12.35 
12.95 
12.30 

(12.55) 
12.6 
12.9 
12.75 

(13.7) 
13.15 
12.5 
12.9 
13.3 

(13.4) 
12.55 
12.95 
12.75 
12.8 
13.0 
13.35 
12.35 
12.06 
12.55 

(12.6) 
12.65 
12.5 


91. /fi 


86.  S4 
86.05 
91.77 


93.41 

84.57 
88.8-3 
90.38 


91. 62 

83.91 

85.88 

92.0 

90.75 

82.29 

92.59 

89.08 

86.31 


84.48 
83.91 


92.17 
87.06 
83.05 


91.52 
89.08 
92.02 
94.51 
90.36 
83.06 
82.66 
87.36 
81.22 


76.53     83.67 


72.13 
74.42 
78.17 


77.55 


74.29 
78.26 
74.10 


78.14 
71.84 
71.18 
76.29 
75.72. 
69.14 
76.24 
74.43 
73.21 


72.41 
74.14 
73.28 


79.22 
73.53 
72.88 
75.57 


76.06 
74.43 
78.22 
78.05 
78.31 
75.43 
71.80 
69.26 
69.34 


74.42 
73.53 


83.54 
86.49 
85.18 


83.01 


87.84 
88.11 
82.34 


85.29 
85.62 
82.88 
82.92 
83.44 
84.03 
82.34 
83.56 
84.83 


86.71 
88.36 
86.0 


85.95 
84.46 
87.76 
84.71 


83.11 
83.55 
85.0^ 
82.68' 
86.67 
90.82 
86.97 
79.28 
85.37 


89.09 
83.33 


hrdi-icka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS 


273 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height^  weight,  head — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIKIiS— Continued 


bo 

a 

1 

K 

2 

2 

o 

i 

cm. 

cm. 

kg: 

74.4 

63.6 

32.432 

71.8 

66.3 

33.135 

73.5 

65.5 

33.113 

76.5 

62.8 

32.228 

74.2 

65.5 

34.020 

76.7 

63.3 

40.370 

75.0 

65.2 

31.752 

77.2 

63.0 

41.731 

73.2 

67.5 

32.659 

73.9 

66.8 

36.288 

74.8 

66.1 

34.247 

74.8 

66.1 

35.834 

75.9 

65.1 

34.700 

77.6 

63.4 

38.125 

77.0 

64.6 

36.742 

77.7 

64.3 

44.906 

75.4 

66.6 

39.486 

75.8 

66.4 

39.917 

76.1 

67.4 

40.144 

75.7 

68.0 

40.824 

77.1 

66.6 

39.486 

77.7 

66.3 

45.814 
36.742 
34.474 

75.8 

68.4 

76.8 

67.7 

35.154 

76.6 

68.6 

37.876 

75.1 

70.1 

35.  834 

78.3 

67.0 

46.267 

76.4 

68.9 

43.  319 

79.5 

65.8 

47.401 

80.6 

64.9 

45.  360 

73.7 

71.8 

36.742 

75.7 

69.8 

34.927 

75.4 

71.1 

36.288 

76.5 

70.1 

38. 102 

75.9 

70.8 

41. 958 

78.3 

68.7 

39. 010 

77.4 

69.6 

39. 917 

78.3 

69.0 

47.  651 

76.7 

70.6 

43.  546 

76.9 

70.8 

43.546 

79.5 

68.  5     41. 278 

82.2 

65.9    (54.455) 

77.8 

70.5 

41. 051 

Head. 


Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 


is 


to 

■a 
.g 

o 

I 

bo 

a  . 

bo 

1 

Is 

1   73 

s-a 

O 

K 

H 

90.70 

75.29 

83.01 

89.31 

77.68 

86.97 

88.30 

78.36 

88,74 

91.91 

75.72 

82.39 

86.65 

73.10 

84.46 

90.59 

76.47 

84.42 

83.56 

72.09 

87.32 

88.76 

74.56 

84.0 

87. n 

72.38 

83.0 

87.50 

73.21 

83.67 

89.71 

76.29 

85.03 

89.66 

77.30 

86.22 

83.  U 

69.27 

83.22 

83.15 

72.19 

86.83 

87.78 

72.78 

82.91 

82.94 

72.65 

87.59 

89.16 

76.81 

86.15 

81.61 

70.69 

86.62 

84.39 

70.81 

83.91 

87.28 

71.68 

82. 12 

88.37 

73.26 

82.89 

85.88 

72.88 

84.87 

84.27 

70.51 

83.67 

85.71 

75.15 

87.67 

92.77 

77.41 

83.15 

84.48 

76.44 

90.48 

85.  Si 

72.88 

85.43 

81.25 

72.73 

89.51 

84.92 

74.02 

87.46 

81. 46 

70.51 

86.56 

88.82 

75.59 

85.10 

88.02 

73.65 

83.67 

cm. 
138.0 
138.1 
139.0 
139.3 
139.7 
140.0 
140.2 
140.2 
140.7 
140.7 
140.9 
140.9 
141.0 
141.0 
141.6 
142.0 
142.0 
142.2 
143.5 
143.7 
143.7 
144.0 
144.2 
144.2 
144.5 
145.2 
145.2 
145.3 
145.3 
145.3 
145.5 
145.5 
145.5 
146.5 
146.6 
146.7 
147.0 
147.0 
147.3 
147.3 
147.7 
148.0 
148.1 
148.3 


grm. 
235 
240 
238 
231 
244 
288 
226 
298 
232 
258 
243 
254 
246 
270 
259 
316 
278 
281 
280 
284 
275 
318 
255 
239 
243 
261 
247 
318 
298 
326 
312 
253 
240 
248 
260 
286 
265 
272 
324 
296 
295 
279 
(368) 
277 


None 

Slight 

Moderate 

None 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Considerable.. 

None 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

None , 

Considerable. 

None 

Moderate 

None 

....do 

Moderate 

None 

Slight 

None 

....do 

Slight 

None 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Moderate 

Slight 

None 

do 

Slight 

None 

do 

do 


cm. 
17.2 
(16.2) 
(16.3) 
15.9 
17.1 
17.3 
17.1 
17.0 
17.2 
16.9 
(15.9) 
17.2 
16.8 
17.5 
17.4 
17.9 
(16.2) 
17.8 
(16.7) 
18.0 
(16.6) 
17.0 
16.6 
(16.5) 
17.4 
(17.1) 
17.3 
17.3 
(17.  2) 
17.2 
17.7 
17.8 
17.5 
16.6 
17.4 
17.7 
(16.  7) 
(17.  6) 
17.6 
17.9 
(17.2) 
17.8 
17.0 
16.7 


cm. 
15.6 

(15.2) 

(14.6) 
14.2 
15.1 
15.9 
14.8 
15.4 
14.2 
15.0 

(15.7) 
15.0 
14.7 
15.7 
15.6 
14.9 

(15.7) 
14.8 

(15.4) 
15.8 

(15.5) 
14.1 
14.8 

(15.4) 
14.2 

(15.7) 
14.6 
15.1 

(15.  3) 
15.2 
15.2 
15.0 
15.0 
15.4 
14.7 
15.1 

(14.9) 


cm. 

12.95 
(12.6) 
(12.7) 

12.35 

13.4 

13.1 

12.5 

13.0 

12.4 

12.6 
(13.35) 

12.45 

12.3 

13.35 

13.45 

12.4 
(12.3) 

12.85 
(12.9) 

13.1 
(13.1) 

12.35 

12.75 
(13.05) 

12.3 
(12.95) 

12.25 

12.4 
(12.  6) 

12.6 

12.9 

12.55 

13.15 

12.85 

13.3 

12.9 
(13.35) 


(15.  9)  (13.  2) 
14.  3     12.  8 


15.2 
(15.  4) 
14  5 

15.1 
14.7 


13.25 
(13. 05) 
12.55 
12.85 
12.3 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


-18 


274 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  £.  Detail  measurements:  height^  weight,  head — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


1 

a 

1 

53 

H 

3 

o 

o     ■ 

M     1 

1 
S 

i 

'o 

e 

Head. 

6 

a 

"2 
o 
o 

Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 

Is 

u  o 

i 

5 

o 

■53a.Q 

w 

X 

a 
o 

A 

ft 
o 

a  . 

I- 

53 

1  T) 

■53 

M 

no 
o 
6 
.2 

o 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

762 

14a  3 
148.4 

77.1 
81.1 

71.2 
67.3 

47. 174 
48.  989 

318 
330 

17.8 
18.8 

15.3 
15.4 

12.1 
13.05 

8B.96 
81.91 

67.98 
69.42 

79.08 
84.74 

16.07 

763.. 

do 

15.75 

764.. 

148.5 

79.1 

69.4 

49.  669 

334 

do 

18.3 

15.4 

14.2 

84.  IS 

77.60 

92.21 

16.97 

765.. 

148.5 

79.4 

69.1 

44.  906 

30:^ 

do 

17.7 

15.3 

766.. 

148.5 

82.9 

65.6 

38.  556 

260 

do 

17.6 

15.2 

13.0 

86.36 

73.86 

85.53 

15.27 

767    . 

149.0 

78.6 

70.4 

45. 360 

304 

Slight 

None 

(16.  4) 

(15. 0) 

(13.  3) 

14.90 

768 

149.0 
149.1 

79.1 
78.6 

69.9 
70.5 

51.  710 
44.  680 

347 
300 

16.7 
17.7 

15.3 

15.7 

12.8 
13.5 

91.62 
88.70 

76.65 
76.27 

83.66 
85.99 

14.93 

769.. 

.....do 

15.63 

770.. 

149.1 

80.7 

68.4 

40.  370 

271 

do 

17.7 

15.9 

12.75 

89. 8S 

72.04 

80.19 

15.45 

771.. 

149.4 

80.4 

69.0 

46.948 

314 

do 

17.2 

14.2 

12.35 

82.56 

71.80 

86.97 

14  68 

772.. 

149.6 

83.1 

66.5 

48.  535 

324 

do 

17.3 

15.4 

12.7 

89.02 

73.41 

82.47 

15.13 

773 

149.8 

79  6 

70.2 

42.412 

?S3 

Moderate 

(16.  6) 

(15. 1) 

(13. 0) 

1490 

774 

149.8 

79.4 

70.4 

46.  267 

.309 

Considerable.. 

(17. 1) 

(15.  4) 

(13. 35) 

15.28 

775 

150.0 
150. 0 

76.5 
81.2 

73.5 
68.8 

41. 278 
43.  319 

275 
?,S9 

17.0 
(16.  4) 

14.6 
(15. 0) 

12.5 
(13. 2) 

85.88 

73.53 

85.62 

14  70 

776.. 

Considerable. . 

14  87 

777.. 

150.2 

80.7 

69.5 

44.  453 

W6 

None 

16.4 

14.8 

12.0 

90.24 

73.17 

81.08 

14  40 

778.. 

150.2 

841 

66.1 

54.  432 

362 

do 

17.6 

15.9 

13.65 

90.34 

77.56 

85.85 

15.72 

779.. 

150.3 

80  5 

69.8 

49.  216 

327 

do 

17.2 

15.5 

12.2 

90.12 

70.93 

78.71 

14  97 

780.. 

150.7 

78.2 

72.5 

41. 278 

274 

do 

16.3 

15.5 

12.8 

95.09 

78.53 

82.58 

14  87 

781.. 

150.7 

80.0 

70.7 

51.  937 

345 

do 

17.1 

15.0 

12.55 

87.72 

73.  39 

83.67 

14  88 

782.. 

150.9 

83.4 

67.5 

(61. 009) 

(404) 

do 

18.3 

16.2 

12.  7 

88.52 

69.40 

78.40 

15.73 

783.. 

151.0 

79.6 

71.4 

59.  875 

397 

do 

16.9 

15.4 

12.85 

91.12 

76.04 

83.45 

15.05 

784.. 

151.0 

81.4 

69.6 

50.  350 

333 

do 

17.4 

15.7 

12.95 

90.23 

74.43 

82.49 

15.35 

785.. 

151.4 

83.7 

67.7 

(38.  556) 

(255) 

do 

17.6 

15.9 

13.55 

90.34 

76.98 

85.22 

15.68 

786.. 

151.4 

83.0 

68.4 

58.  614 

386 

do 

17.4 

15.4 

13.55 

88.51 

77.88 

87.99 

15.45 

787.. 

151.5 

78.7 

72.8 

41.  731 

275 

Slight 

(17.  4) 

(14.  8) 

(12.  95) 
(13.  05) 

15.05 

788.. 

151.6 

81.1 

70.5 

54.886 

,36? 

.....do 

(17.  4) 

(15.  5) 

15.32 

789.. 

151.7 
152.0 

82.8 
79.2 

68.9 
72.8 

58.  514 
55. 112 

386 

363 

17.4 
(17.  3) 

15.4 
(16.  2) 

13.5 

(13.  2) 

88.51 

77.59 

87.66 

15.43 

790.. 

Slight 

15  57 

791 

152.0 

82.0 

70.0 

51. 937 

34? 

None 

17.7 

15.7 

13.3 

88.70 

75.14 

84.71 

15.67 

792.. 

152.2 

78.8 

73.4 

45.  814 

301 

do 

17.6 

14.9 

13.4 

84.66 

76.14 

89.93 

15.30 

793.. 

152.2 

80.0 

72.2 

48.  989 

322 

do 

17.4 

15.4 

12.5 

88.51 

71.84 

81.17 

15.10 

794.. 

152.3 

79.5 

72.8 

43.  546 

2S6 

Slight 

(17.  6) 

(14.  6) 

(13.  0) 

16.07 

795.. 

152.3 

82.6 

69.7 

54.001 

355 

do 

07.4) 

(15.  5) 

(12.  9) 

15.27 

796 

152.4 

81.3 

71.1 

50.  803 

333 

None 

17.0 

15.4 

13.8 

90.59 

81.18 

89.61 

15.40 

797.. 

152. 5 

80.1 

72.4 

45. 587 

2pq 

Slight 

(17. 2) 

as.  5) 

(12.85) 

15.18 

798.. 

152.6 
152.  7 

81.0 
79.0 

71.6 
73.7 

57.380 
43.092 

376 
282 

None  . 

17.6 
17.3 

15.0 
15.1 

12.45 
12.6 

85.23 
87.28 

70.74 
72. 83 

83.00 
83.44 

15  02 

799.. 

do 

15.00 

800.. 

1.53.  2 

78.9 

74.3 

44.906 

293 

do 

18.1 

14.2 

12.6 

78.45 

69.61 

88.73 

14  97 

801.. 

153.3 

80.1 

73.2 

52. 844 

345 

do 

17.6 

15.4 

13.05 

87.50 

74.15 

84.74 

15.35 

802.. 

153. 3 

81.4 

71.9 

55. 815 

364 

do 

18.2 

14.9 

13.2 

-81.87 

72.53 

88.  59 

15.43 

803.. 

153.5 

82.3 

71.2 

59.  422 

387 

do 

17.9 

15.5 

12.75 

86.59 

71.23 

82.26 

15.38 

804 

1.53.  8 

80.4 

73.4 

50. 3.50 

327 

Slight 

(16.  ,5) 
17.5 

(14. 8) 

(12.6) 
12.45 

14  63 

805.. 

154.1 

82.0 

72.1 

48. 762 

316 

None 

14.4 

82.29 

71.15 

86.46 

14  78 

hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 


275 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height^  loelght^  head — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


cm. 
154.2 
154.2 
154.  2 
154.3 
154.  6 
154.  6 
154.6 
155.0 
155.0 
155.3 
155.3 
156.0 
156.1 
156.3 
156.7 
157. 0 
157.1 
157.3 
157.6 
157.8 
158.0 
158.3 
159.1 
159.5 
159.7 
159.7 
159.7 
160.0 
160.1 
160.4 
160.8 
161.2 
161.2 
162.0 
162.2 
162.3 
163.5 
164.3 
165.2 
165.3 
166.0 


cm. 
80.4 
84.1 
84.2 
80.5 
81.2 
81.1 
82.8 
83.9 
82.6 
82.0 
82.9 
86.3 
84.2 
85.3 
82.2 
84.8 
81.4 
82.2 
85.5 
85.0 
83.0 
85.1 
84.1 
84.8 
83.2 
82.0 
84.2 
84.8 
82.8 
85.4 
84.8 
85.5 
84.9 
84.5 
83.5 
82.9 
83.8 
89.6 
88.7 


cm. 
73.8 
70.1 
70.0 
73.8 
73.4 
73.5 
71.8 
71.1 
72.4 
73.3 
72.4 
69.7 
71.9 
71.0 
74.5 
72.2 
75.7 
75.1 
72.1 
72.8 
75.0 
73.2 
75.0 
74.7 
76.5 
77.7 
75.5 
75.2 
77.3 
75.0 
76.0 
75.7 
76.3 
77.5 
78.7 
79.4 
79.7 
74.7 
76.5 
80.7 
78.8 


Teg. 
46.267 
52. 391 
50.350 
51. 257 
(65. 545) 
53. 298 
61. 463 
58. 061 
50. 372 
57. 607 
61.236 
58. 061 
55. 793 
46. 948 
47. 174 
50. 803 
48. 535 
50. 803 
46.721 
63. 958 
48.  762 
53. 071 
57. 154 
63. 958 


51. 257 
63. 050 
58.061 
61.690 
63. 958 
61. 690 
61.916 
63. 958 
50. 350 
49. 896 

(68. 267) 
56. 473 
59. 648 

(74. 844) 
58. 514 
64. 638 


53^ 


grm. 
300 
340 
327 
332 

(424) 
345 
398 
374 
325 
371 
394 
372 
357 
300 
301 
324 
309 
323 
296 
405 
309 
335 
359 
401 


321 
395 
363 
385 
399 
384 
385 
397 
311 
308 

(421) 
345 
363 

(453) 
354 
389 


Head. 


Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 


None 

....do 

Slight 

Moderate 

None 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

None 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

None 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Slight 

None 

Considerable. . 

None 

SUght 

None 

....do 

....do 

Moderate 

Slight 

None 

....do 

Considerable. . 

....do 

None 

Moderate 

Slight 

None 

....do 


ia 


St? 


ft 


cm. 
17.3 
17.9 
(17.3) 
(17.4) 
18.0 
17.3 
16.8 
18.1 
17.5 
(17.6) 
■18.5 
17.2 
17.2 
(17.2) 
17.2 
18.3 
18.6 
17.6 
17.4 
18.4 
18.0 
16.6 
(17.5) 
18.0 
(17.5) 
16.6 
(16.9) 
18.0 
17.9 
17.3 
(18.0) 
(17.2) 
18.0 
17.6 
(17.5) 
(17.9) 
17.4 
(17.0) 
(18.4) 
17.5 
17.5 


cm. 
1.5.0 
15.8 

(15.6) 

(15.8) 
16.2 
15.6 
15.7 
15.2 
14.8 

(15.5) 
15.1 
15.2 
15.5 

(14.7) 
15.1 
14.9 
15.2 
14.7 
16.0 
15.4 
15.6 
14.5 

(15.3) 
16.1 

(16.0) 
15.7 

(16.1) 
15.3 
15. 4^ 
15.4 

(16.6) 

(1.5.3) 
15.8 
15.4 

(16.4) 

(15.3) 
15.9 

(15.4) 

(15.6) 
15.1 
15.6 


§)0 


cm. 

13.0 

13.1 
(13.5) 
(13. 25) 

12.9 

13.0 

12.7 

12.9 

12.9 
(13.85) 

13. 35 

12.8 

12.65 
(13.0) 

12.75 

12.95 

12.7 

12. 75 

13. 25 

13.0 

12.75 

12.05 
(13. 25) 

13.25 
(13.3) 

12.75 
(12.8) 

13.3 

13.1 

12.7 
(13.7) 
(13. 45) 

13.5 

13.1 
(13.3) 
(13.1) 

13.55 
(13. 45) 
(13.5) 

13.4 

13.45 


86.71 
88.27 


90.00 
90.17 
93.  JiH 
83.98 
84-57 


81.62 
88. 37 


87.79 
81.42 
81.72 
83.52 
91.95 
83.70 
86.67 
87.35 


89.44 


94.58 
85.00 


87.78 
87.50 


89.14 


75.14 
73.18 


71.67 
75.14 
75. 60 
71.27 
73.71 


72.16 
74.42 
73. 55 


74.13 
70.77 
68.28 
72.45 
76.15 
70.65 
70.84 
72.59 


73. 89 
73.18 
73.41 


75.00 
74.43 


76.57 
76.83 


86.67 
82.91 


79.63 
83.33 


84.87 
87.16 


88.41 
84.21 
81.62 


84.44 
86.92 
83.55 
86.73 
82.84 
84.42 
81.73 
83.11 


82.30 


81.21 


86.93 
85.08 
82.47 


85.44 
85.06 


85.22 


S.74 
S.22 


276 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.  Detail  ineasurements:  height,  weight,  head — Continued 


(c)  PIMA  BOYS 


i 

f 

1 

03 

3 
.2 

Is- 

si 

M 

w 

i 

1 

o 

a 

o 

a 

Head. 

d 
Pi 

o 

Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 

6  . 

t  ^ 
fe.2 

2  3 
§^ 

03  o 

5» 

k 

1 

S 

o 
-Sri 

i 

03 
0 

bo 

PI 
2.  M 

'3 
H 

1 
1  T3 

I- 

M 

03 

0 

a 
6 

81 

cm. 
87.0 
88.3 
88.3 
97.9 
100.2 
100".3 
100.4 
103.9 
104.4 
105.5 
110.0 
111.5 
111.8 
112.7 
113.8 
115.3 
115.4 
117.2 
119.0 
120.2 
120.6 
122.0 
122.0 
122.4 
124.6 
125.3 
126.5 
126.7 
126.8 
127.3 
127.4 
128.0 
128.3 
128.4 
128.4 
128.7 
128.7 
131.0 
131.2 
131.5 
132.3 
132.8 
133.3 
134.2 
134.3 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grm. 

None 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

82   . 

do 

83 

do 

84 

....do 

85.... 
86 

55.5 

44.7 

14.515 

145 

do 

...do 

16.4 

13.1 

12.0 

75.. 9 

73.2 

91.6 

13.83 

87 

...do 

88.... 
89 

58.2 

45.7 

19.051 

183 

do 

...do 

18.1 

13.6 

12.5 

75.1 

69.1 

91.9 

14.73 

90.... 
91 

58.1 

47.4 

18.144 

172 

do 

.do..  .  . 

16.9 

14.0 

12.3 

8-2.8 

72.8 

87.9 

14.40 

92.... 
93 

60.8 

50.7 

19.505 

175 

do 

do 

17.2 

14.2 

12.85 

82.5 

74.7 

90.5 

14.75 

94.... 
95.... 
96. 

63.0 
63.7 

49.7 
50.1 

19.505 
22.226 

173 
195 

do 

do 

...do 

17.5 
17.7 

14.2 
13.6 

12.65 
12.8 

81.1 
76.8 

72.3 
72.3 

89.1 
94.1 

14.78 
14.70 

97.... 
98 

64.3 

51.1 

20.866 

182 

do 

..do 

18.2 

14.1 

13.2 

77.5 

72.5 

93.6 

15.17 

99 

.do 

100 .. . 
101 

66.2 

54.0 

24. 494 

204 

do 

.  ..do 

18.2 

14.2 

12.9 

78.0 

70.9 

90.8 

15.10 

102 

..do 

103 

..do 

104 

.  do  

105 

66.0 
67.7 
68.1 
69.5 
68.4 
68.2 
69.5 
67.8 
66.4 
67.7 
70.3 
68.4 
69.0 
70.1 
69.8 
71.4 
71.0 
70.9 
71.7 
71.2 
71.1 

68.6 
57.6 
58.4 
57.2 
58.4 
59.1 
57.9 
60.2 
61.9 
60.7 
58.1 
60.3 
59.7 
60.9 
61.4 
60.1 
61.3 
61.9 
61.6 
63.0 
63.2 

26.762 
26.082 
25.175 
31.979 
27.257 
26.309 
26.702 
30.391 
25.628 
29.938 
30.164 
27.896 
31.525 
30.845 
29.484 
31.525 
32.432 
30.845 
33.113 
32.886 
30.845 

215 
208 
199 
252 
215 
207 
210 
237 
200 
233 
235 
217 
245 
235 
225 
240 
245 
232 
248 
245 
230 

SUght 

None 

(17.3) 
17.1 
17.7 
17.6 
17.4 
17.6 
18.3 
18.0 
17.1 
17.6 
17.9 
17.7 
17.3 
17.3 
(17.1) 
17.9 
17.4 
17.4 
18.6 
18.5 
18.0 

(14.4) 
13.7 
13.8 
14.5 
14.5 
14.1 
14.1 
14.1 
14.2 
13.8 
13.8 
13.9 
13.8 
14.4 
(14.4) 
13.8 
13.8 
13.8 
13.6 
14.1 
13.5 

12.85 
12.35 
12.8 
12.45 
12.85 
12.85 
13.1 
13.05 
13.0 
12.9 
12.7 
13.3 
12.55 
13.2 
1I2.55 
13.1 
12.6 
13.2 
12.6 
13.45 
13.65 

14.85 

106 

80.1 
77.9 
82.4. 
83.3 
80.1 
77.0 
78.3 
83.0 
78.4 

78. S 
79.8 
83.3 

72.2 
72.3 
70.7 
73.8 
73.0 
71.6 
72.5 
76.0 
73.3 
70.9 
75.1 
72.5 
76.3 

90.1 
92.7 
85.9 
88.6 
91.1 
92.9 
92.6 
91.5 
93.5 
92.0 
95.7 
90.9 
91.7 

14.38 

107 .. . 
108... 
109... 
110... 
111... 
112... 
113... 
114... 
115... 
116... 
117... 
118... 
119 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

Slight 

None 

14.77 
14.85 
14.92 
14.85 
15.17 
15.05 
14.77 
14.77 
14.80 
14.97 
14.55 
14.97 
14.68 

120   .. 

77.1 
79.3 
79.3 
73.1 
76.2 
75.0 

73.2 
72.4 
75.9 
67.7 

72.7 
75.8 

94.9 
91.3 
95.6 
92.6 
95.4 
101.1 

14.93 

121... 
122... 
123... 
124... 
125... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

14.60 
14.80 
14.93 
15.35 
15.05 

HRDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


277 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weight,  head — Continued 


(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


1 
3 

3 

a 

% 

3 
W 

'"I 

o 

i 
p.| 

+j    CO 

'S 

Head. 

6 

a 

Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 

=s  u 
U  o 

if 

s 

o 

S|l 

03  R,Q 

M 

<s 

a 

o 

'^ 

■a 
ST 
o 

M 

^X 

1     'O 

r 

CB 

w 

Sx 

1  xi 

M 

a; 

-3 
0 

s 

-a 
3 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Teg. 

grm. 

cm. 

m. 

cm. 

126... 

134.8 
135.3 

71.0 
70.4 

63.8 
64.9 

34.020 
30.845 

252 

228 

17.6 
18.4 

13.8 
14.3 

13.25 
13.3 

78. J^ 
77.7 

75.3 
72.3 

96.0 
93.0 

14.88 

127... 

do 

15.33 

128... 

135.3 

72.8 

62.5 

33. 340 

246 

do 

18.1 

13.4 

13.2 

71^.0 

72.9 

98.5 

14.90 

129... 

135.4 

69.9 

65.5 

33. 566 

248 

do 

16.8 

14.1 

12.55 

83.9 

74.7 

89.0 

14.48 

130... 

135.6 

70.5 

65.1 

31.525 

232 

do 

18.7 

13.8 

13.2 

73.8 

70.6 

95.6 

15.23 

131... 

135.6 

71.0 

64.6 

32.886 

243 

do 

18.4 

13.8 

13.5 

75.0 

73.4 

•97.8 

15.23 

132     . 

135.7 

71.5 

64.2 

31. 525 

232 

(17.5) 
18.1 
18.1 

(15.2) 
14.0 
12.7 

(13. 45) 
12.6 
12.9 

15.38 

133... 

135.8 
136.3 

71.1 
71.8 

64.7 
64.5 

33.340 
32. 432 

245 
238 

None 

77.3 
70.  g 

69.6 
71.3 

90.0 
101.6 

14.90 

134... 

do 

14.67 

135 .. . 

136.4 

71.3 

65.1 

31.752 

233 

do..' 

18.4 

14.4 

13.7 

78.3 

74.5 

95.1 

15.50 

136 .. . 

137.3 

72.3 

65.0 

36. 288 

264 

do 

18.2 

13.4 

12.65 

73.6 

69.5 

94.4 

14.75 

137... 

137.4 

71.6 

65.8 

33.340 

243 

do 

18.0 

13.4 

12.9 

U-i 

71.7 

96.3 

14.77 

138 

137. 8 

72.7 

65.1 

34. 927 

253 

Moderate 

(18.4) 
18.2 
18.1 

(14.8) 
13.3 
14.3 

(13.8) 
13.25 
12.85 

15.67 

139 .. . 

138.2 
138.3 

73.0 
71.0 

65.2 
67.3 

31.752 
32.659 

230 
235 

73.1 
79.0 

72.8 
71.0 

89.6 
89.9 

14.92 

140... 

do 

15.08 

141 .. . 

138.3 

73.6 

64.7 

37. 195 

269 

do 

18.9 

13.5 

13.7 

71.4 

72.5 

101.5 

15.37 

142.  .. 

138.3 
139.0 
139.7 

72.9 
71.8 
74.0 

65.4 
67.2 
65.7 

.do 

17.8 
17.9 
19.2 

13.3 

13.7 
14.4 

12.5 

74.  r 

70.2 

94.0 

14.53 

143 

32.206 
36.288 

232 
260 

do 

do 

144 .. . 

13.65 

75.0 

71.1 

94.8 

15.75 

145 .. . 

140.4 

75.1 

65.3 

37. 649 

268 

do 

18.6 

13.6 

13.1 

73.1 

70.4 

96.3 

15.10 

146 .. . 

140.8 

75.2 

65.6 

37.422 

266 

do. 

18.6 

14.2 

13.45 

76.  S 

72.3 

94.7 

15.42 

147 .. . 

141.1 

74.2 

66.9 

34. 474 

244 

do 

18.4 

13.6 

12.7 

73.9 

69.0 

93.4 

14.90 

148... 

141.1 

77.2 

63.9 

36.742 

260 

do 

18.5 

14.6 

13.3 

78.9 

71.9 

91.1 

15.47 

149... 

141.4 

74.0 

67.4 

36. 968 

261 

(17.0) 
18.4 
17.8 

(14.1) 
13.6 
14.2 

(13.15) 
12.9 
13.0 

14.75 

150 .. . 

141.7 
141.8 

72.5 
73.0 

69.2 
68.8 

34.247 
34.927 

242 
246 

None . 

73.9 
79.8 

70.1 
73.0 

94.8 
91.5 

14.97 

151... 

do 

15.00 

152     . 

141.8 

74.3 

67.5 

38. 556 

272 

Slight 

(17.8) 
17.7 
18.3 

(14.8) 
14.8 
14.4 

12.9 

15.17 

153 .. . 

142.2 
143.2 

74.8 
76.2 

67.4 
67.0 

40. 144 
40.370 

282 
282 

13.25 
13.85 

83.6 
78.7 

74.9 

75.7 

89.5 
96.2 

15.25 

154... 

do 

15.52 

155 .. . 

143.5 

76.7 

66.8 

37. 422 

261 

do 

17.6 

14.6 

13.4 

82.9 

76.1 

91.8 

15.20 

156 .. . 

143.7 

78.1 

65.6 

38. 329 

267 

do 

18.0 

13.9 

12.8 

77.2 

71.1 

92.1 

14.90 

157... 

144.3 

75.2 

69.1 

38. 329 

266 

do 

18.6 

13.2 

13.4 

70.9 

72.0 

101.5 

15.07 

158... 

144.7 

75.0 

69.7 

34.020 

235 

do 

18.2 

13.7 

13.0 

75.3 

71.4 

94.9 

14.97 

159... 

145.0 

76.7 

68.3 

33.566 

231 

do 

18.0 

13.3 

13.35 

73.9 

74.2 

100.4 

14.88 

160... 

145.2 

74.5 

70.7 

37. 876 

261 

do 

18.9 

14.0 

13.3 

74.1 

70.4 

95.0 

15.40 

161... 

145.4 

75.3 

70.1 

40.370 

278 

do 

18.1 

14.3 

12.85 

79.0 

71.0 

89.9 

15.08 

162 .. . 

146.1 

74.7 

71.4 

37.649 

258 

do 

18-0 

13.9 

13.0 

77.2 

72.2 

93.5 

14.97 

163 .. . 

146.7 

76.4 

70.3 

38. 783 

264 

do 

18.0 

13.6 

12.8 

75.6 

71.1 

94.1 

14.80 

164... 

147.3 

77.8 

69.5 

44.453 

302 

....'.do 

18.9 

14.4 

14.1 

76.2 

74.6 

97.9 

15.80 

165 .. . 

147.4 

73.4 

74.0 

36.742 

249 

do 

18.1 

14.0 

12.5 

77.3 

69.1 

89.3 

14.87 

166 .. . 

147.8 

77.1 

70.7 

44. 453 

301 

do 

18.6 

i4.0 

13.15 

75.3 

70.7 

93.9 

15.25 

167... 

148.6 

79.3 

69.3 

46.040 

310 

do 

18.4 

14.0 

13.35 

76.1 

72.5 

95.4 

15.25 

168... 

148.6 

77.0 

71.6 

46.267 

311 

do 

18.6 

14.3 

12.8 

76.9 

68.8 

89.5 

15.23 

169... 

148.9 

77.3 

71.6 

44.906 

302 

do 

18.3 

13.6 

13.25 

74.3 

72.4 

97.4 

15.05 

170... 

149.1 

77.0 

72.1 

42.412 

284 

do 

18.5 

14.2 

13.15 

76.8 

71.1 

92.6 

15.28 

278 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


II.  IxDiAN  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  v^eight.,  head — Continued 

(c)PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


4J 

% 

t 

1 
S 

M 

03 

"A 

'S 

H 

+3 

o 

i. 

^^ 

'S 

Head. 

d 
•n 

u 
o 

Deformation 

(occipital 
compression) . 

i  . 

■3 

3 

e 
5 

!>>0  ■ 
0 

.SP§£ 

X 

0 

6 

5 

1 

0 

s 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

hg. 

grm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

171... 

149.3 

76.5 

72.8 

41. 278 

276 

Slight 

(17.5) 
18.2 

(14.4) 
13.2 

13.25 

15.06 

172... 

149.8 

78.1 

71.7 

40.597 

244 

None 

13.05 

72.6 

71.7 

98.9 

14.82 

173... 

150.0 

79.9 

70.1 

43.546 

290 

do 

18.4 

13.9 

13.6 

75.5 

73.9 

97.8 

16.30 

174... 

151.3 

80.4 

70.9 

46.040 

304 

do 

18.2 

14  5 

13. 65 

79.7 

75.0 

94.1 

16.45 

175... 

151.9 

77.7 

74  2 

42.638 

281 

.....do 

19.4 

13.6 

13.6 

70.1 

70.1 

100.0 

15.53 

176... 

152.5 

77.0 

75.5 

41. 731 

273 

do 

17.8 

13.6 

13.0 

76.  Ji 

73.0 

95.6 

14  80 

177... 

153.4 

78.5 

74.9 

36. 288 

m 

Considerable. . 

(16.2) 

(14.6) 

(13.26) 

14.68 

178... 

153.8 
154  3 

80.8 
80.8 

73.0 
73.5 

47. 174 
46. 721 

307 
303, 

None 

17.5 
17.8 

14  4 
15.5 

12.66 
13.65 

82.3 
87.1 

72.3 
76.1 

87.8 
87.4 

14  85 

179... 

do 

16.62 

180... 

155.0 

80.3 

74  7 

46. 267 

298 

do........ 

17.9 

14  7 

12.95 

82.1 

72.3 

88.1 

15.18 

181... 

155.6 

80.8 

74  8 

42.412 

273 

do 

19.1 

13.5 

13.35 

70.7 

69.9 

98.9 

15.32 

182  .. . 

155.7 

82.0 

73.7 

51.257 

329 

do 

18.6 

14  3 

13.1 

76.9 

70.4 

91.6 

15.33 

183... 

156.0 

79.9 

76.1 

46.  721 

299 

do 

17.6 

13.6 

12.4 

77.3 

70.4 

91.2 

14  33 

184... 

166.5 

84  7 

71.8 

55. 339 

354 

do 

18.6 

14  7 

13.6 

79.0 

72.6 

91.8 

16.60 

185... 

157.0 

82.8 

74  2 

48. 762 

311 

do 

18.0 

13.5 

12.85 

75.0 

71.4 

95.2 

14  78 

186... 

158.2 

81.1 

77.1 

47. 174 

298 

do 

19.0 

13.9 

13.5 

73.2 

71.0 

97.1 

15.47 

187... 

159.3 

87.0 

72.3 

62. 824 

394 

do 

19.4 

14  6 

13.05 

75.3 

67.3 

89.4 

15.68 

188... 

159.3 

87.8 

71.5 

62. 597 

393 

do 

18.4 

14  6 

13.35 

78.8 

72.6 

92.1 

16.42 

189... 

159.5 

81.6 

77.9 

55. 112 

346 

do 

18.5 

14  4 

13. 25 

77.8 

71.6 

92.0 

16.38 

190... 

159.5 

84  9 

74  6 

56.  927 

357 

do 

18.8 

14  2 

13.  75 

75.5 

73.0 

96.8 

15.58 

191... 

159.9 

82.5 

77.4 

51. 937 

325 

do 

18.2 

14  2 

13.5 

78.0 

74  2 

95.1 

15.30 

192... 

161.3 

86.5 

74  8 

59.  648 

369 

do 

18.1 

14  4 

13.35 

79.6 

73.7 

92.7 

15.28 

193... 

161.5 

87.1 

74  4 

59. 648 

369 

Flattened 

(17.  6) 

(15.2) 

13.2 

15.33 

194... 

162.0 
162.2 

80.6 
83.7 

81.4 
78.5 

49.442 
50. 576 

305 
312 

None 

18.4 
19.7 

14  8 
14  5 

13.6 
13.5 

80. 4 
73.0 

73.9 
68.5 

91.9 
93.1 

16.60 

195... 

do 

16.90 

196... 

162.3 

85.7 

76.6 

58.741 

362 

do 

18.3 

14  6 

1-3.9 

79.2 

76.0 

95.9 

16.57 

197... 

162.3 

85.2 

77.1 

56.  473 

348 

do 

18.6 

14  4 

13.45 

77.4 

72.3 

93.4 

15.48 

198... 

163.0 

85.7 

77.3 

50.556 

310 

do 

19.5 

14  9 

13.9 

76.4 

71.3 

93.3 

16.10 

199... 

163.3 

84  6 

78.7 

54  886 

336 

Slight 

18.3 

14  6 

13.5  . 

79.8 

73.8 

92.5 

15.47 

200... 

163.4 
164.2 

83.9 
841 

79.5 
80.1 

55. 793 
55.  339 

341 
337 

None 

17.6 
19.0 

14  4 
13.7 

12.75 
13.7 

81.8 

72.1 

72.4 
72.1 

88.5 
100.0 

14  92 

201... 

do 

15.47 

202... 

164  2 

86.2 

78.0 

59.648 

363 

do 

18.  .8 

14  0 

13.2 

77.7 

70.2 

90.4 

15.63 

203... 

164  6 

87.5 

77.1 

51.  710 

314 

do 

18.3 

13.8 

13.6 

75.4 

74  3 

98.5 

15.23 

204... 

165.1 

87.9 

77.2 

61.  403 

372 

do 

19.4 

14  3 

13.75 

73.7 

70.9 

96.1 

15.82 

205 .. . 

165.3 

85.3 

80.0 

51. 030 

308 

do 

18.9 

14  0 

13.6 

74.1 

72.0 

97.1 

16.60 

206  . . . 

166.1 

87.0 

79.1 

58.  288 

351 

do 

18.1 

141 

13.80 

77.9 

76.2 

97.9 

15.33 

207  .. . 

166.4 

85.7 

80.7 

55.  339 

333 

do 

18.7 

141 

13.20 

75.4 

70.6 

93.6 

15.33 

208 .. . 

166.5 

86.5 

80.0 

60.329 

302 

do 

18.6 

14:6 

13.75 

78.5 

73.9 

94  2 

15.65 

209... 

166.7 

86.0 

80.7 

58.288 

.350 

do 

»18.2 

14  4 

12.85 

79.1 

70.6 

89.2 

16.15 

210 .. . 

166.8 
167.0 
167.2 

89.5 
84  4 
87.9 

77.3 
82.6 
79.3 

60.102 
54  6.59 
65.  318 

360 
327 
391 

....CO 

None 

(,16.9) 
18.8 
18.2 

(15.2) 
13.7 
16.0 

1.3.8 
12.9 
12.9. 

15.30 

211... 

72.9 
82.4 

68.6 
70.9 

94  2 
86.0 

15.13 

212... 

do 

16.37 

213... 

167.3 

87.4 

79.9 

62.  370 

373 

do 

19.8 

14  4 

14  2 

72.7 

71.7 

98.6 

16.13 

214... 

167. 9 

88.4 

79.5 

65. 318 

389 

do 

19.3 

14  5 

13.  35 

75.1 

69.2 

92.1 

15.72 

215... 

168.4 

86.8 

81.6 

58.061 

345 

SUght 

(18.4) 

(15.3) 

(13.8) 

15.83 

hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


279 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  loeight^  head — Continued 

■  (c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


oe 

"o 

Head. 

1 

si 

3-0 

"1 

d 
Pi 

Deformation 
(occipital  com- 

go 

t»o 

bo 

1  -d 

Id 
1  rri 

3 
-d 
o 

T^ 

<B 

■3 

^ 

fi  "^ 

pression). 

"1-2 

Sd 

"3 

^■S 

+^  c 

■^ 

o 

s 

R 

"S) 

M 

M 

s 

bog  g 

ri 

to 

bo 

.d 

^ 

.® 

§  o 

OT 

■ffl  c^ 

f^ 

•3 

« 

_e. 

rO 

K 

^ 

is 

P" 

o 

K 

o 

w 

H 

o 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

i?: 

^rTO. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

216 

169.5 
169.7 

89.6 
90.2 

79.9 
79.5 

60. 782 
55.  566 

359 
327 

None . 

18.3 
17.5 

14.8 
14.0 

13.55 
13.85 

80.9 
80.0 

74.0 
79.1 

91.6 
98.9 

15.55 

217... 

do 

15. 12 

218... 

169.7 

90.3 

79.4 

62.  597 

369 

do 

18.5 

14.6 

13.85 

78.9 

74.9 

94.9 

15.65 

219... 

171.3 

89.2 

82.1 

63. 050 

368 

.....do 

18.9 

15.5 

13.5 

83.0 

71.4 

87.1 

15.97 

220... 

172.0 

92.6 

79.4 

68.040 

396 

do 

18.2 

14.5 

13.85 

70.7 

76.1 

95.5 

15.52 

(d)  PIMA   GIRtS 


221  . 

87.4 
93.1 
93.9 
94.1 
97.3 
97.4 
99.1 
99.5 
107.5 
107.9 

222  .. 

do 

223  . 

do 

224  . 

do 

225  .. . 

do 

226  .. . 

do 

227  .   . 

do 

228  ... 

do 

229  .. 

do 

230  ... 

59.6 

48.3 

18. 144 

168 

do 

16.6 

13.3 

12.0 

80.1 

72.3 

90.2 

13.97 

231  .. . 

108.8 
109.9 
110.2 

do 

232  ... 

do 

233  ... 

61.2 

49.0 

19. 051 

173 

do 

16.5 

14.4 

12.9 

87.  S 

78.2 

89.6 

14.60 

234  ... 

111.2 
112.7 
116.2 
116.7 

do 

235  .. 

do 

17.9 
16.9 
17.3 

13.4 
14.0 
12.7 

236  .. 

do 

237  ... 

62.6 

54.1 

20. 412 

175 

do 

12.3 

73. 4 

71.1 

96.8 

14.10 

238... 

117.3 

63.9 

53.4 

20.  412 

172 

do 

17.2 

12.9 

12.05 

75.0 

70.1 

93.4 

14.05 

239  ... 

117.3 
118.0 
119.0 
119.7 
120.1 

do 

240  ... 

do 

241  .. . 

do 

242  ... 

do 

243  .. . 

66.0 

54.1 

25.855 

215 

do 

17.1 

13.8 

12.9 

80.7 

75.4 

93.5 

14.60 

244  .. . 

121. 3 

65.6 

55.7 

24.494 

202 

do 

16.8 

13.1 

11.65 

78.0 

69.3 

88.9 

13.85 

245  ... 

121.3 

64.7 

56.6 

25. 402 

209 

do 

16.9 

13.3 

12.2 

78.7 

72.2 

91.7 

14.13 

246  ... 

121.7 

67.2 

54.5 

25. 402 

207 

do 

17.4 

14.0 

12.65 

80.5 

72.7 

90.4 

14.68 

247  .. . 

122.2 

67  4 

54  8 

25  402 

208 

Slight 

None . 

(17.4) 
16.6 
17.3 

(14.2) 
13.2 
13.4 

(12.  7) 
12.1 
12.55 

14.77 

248,.. 

123.2 
124.3 

67.2 
66.7 

56.0 
57.6 

25. 175 
23.587 

204 

182 

79.5 
77.5 

72.9 
72.5 

91.7 
93.7 

13.97 

249  .. . 

do 

14.42 

250  ... 

124.4 

71.3 

53.1 

29.030 

233 

do 

17.7 

13.5 

12.9 

76.3 

72.9 

95.6 

14.70 

251  ... 

125.4 

65.5 

.59  9 

27  670 

221 

Slight 

(17.0) 
16.7 
17.9 

(14.0) 
13.7 
13.0 

(12.0) 

14.33 

252  .. . 

125.7 
126.3 

253... 

67.8 

58.5 

25.628 

203 

do 

12.3 

7S.6 

68.7 

94.6 

14.40 

254  .. . 

126.9 

69.3 

57.6 

26.309 

207 

do 

17.8 

13.3 

12.35 

7 J,..  7 

69.4 

92.9 

14.48 

255... 

127.0 

68.0 

59.0 

29. 484 

232 

do......... 

18.1 

13.8 

12.7 

76.2 

70.2 

92.0 

14.87 

256... 

127.7 

68.3 

59.4 

25. 402 

199 

do 

17.3 

13.4 

12.3 

77.5 

71.1 

91.8 

14.33 

280 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weighty  head — Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIKLS— Continued 


•a 

w 

w 

2 
S 

1 

3 

O 

Head. 

d 
•a 

u 

o 
S 

Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 

2« 

u  o 

§  o 

•3 
ffi 

i 
s 

o 

m 

% 
a 

be 

fl   . 

T  <B 

si 

"3 
W 

si 
+^ 

4^  a 
£ 

1 

O 

s 
6 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

257  .. 

128.1 

68.2 

59.9 

28. 577 

n?, 

None 

16.7 

13.8 

12.4 

82.6 

74.2 

89.9 

14.30 

258 

128.1 

68.7 

59.4 

29. 257 

??8 

Slight 

None 

(17.3) 
18.3 

(14.2) 
13.3 

(12.5) 
13.4 

14.67 

259  .. 

128.2 

69.5 

58.7 

27. 216 

?1? 

72.7 

73.2 

100.7 

15.00 

260.. 

128.7 

67.6 

61.1 

27.216 

211 

do 

18.4 

13.2 

12.6 

71.7 

68.5 

95.4 

14.73 

261 

129.0 
129.4 

.do 

262.. 

68.0 

61.4 

25.855 

200 

do 

17.8 

13.2 

12.9 

7Jf.2 

72.5 

97.7 

14.63 

263.. 

130.3 

72.3 

58.0 

30.391 

233 

do 

17.6 

13.7 

12.35 

77.8 

70.2 

90.1 

14.55 

264.. 

130.5 

69.4 

61.1 

30. 618 

235 

do 

18.1 

13.8 

12.85 

76.2 

71.0 

93.1 

14.92 

265.. 

130.6 

71.7 

58.9 

32. 206 

247 

do 

17.3 

13.6 

12.7 

78.6 

73.4 

93.4 

14.63 

266 

131.3 
131.3 

.do       .   ... 

17.2 
17.0 

14.3 
13.0 

267  . . 

69.8 

61.5 

35. 834 

273 

do 

11.9 

76.5 

70.0 

91.5 

13.97 

268 

132  0 

.do       ... 

269.. 

132.3 

70.4 

61.9 

28.577 

216 

do 

18.4 

13.0 

12.9 

70.6 

70.1 

99.2 

14. 77 

270.. 

132.6 

69.3 

63.3 

29. 938 

226 

do 

17.7 

13.7 

12.35 

77.  i 

69.8 

90.1 

14.58 

271.. 

133.3 

69.5 

63.8 

29.030 

218 

do 

17.6 

13.2 

12.55 

75.0 

71.3 

95.1 

14.45 

272 

133.3 
133.  6 

...do 

273.. 

70.3 

63.3 

29. 938 

224 

do 

17.5 

13.9 

12.45 

79.4 

71.1 

89.6 

14.63 

274.. 

133.8 

70.7 

63.1 

33. 113 

247 

do 

17.7 

13.8 

12.5 

78.0 

70.6 

90.6 

14.67 

275.. 

134.4 

71.3 

63.1 

31.  979 

238 

do 

17.2 

14.1 

12.3 

82.0 

71.5 

87.2 

14. 63 

276.. 

134.5 

69.1 

65.4 

29. 030 

216 

do 

17.6 

14.0 

13.15 

79.5 

74.7 

93.9 

14.92 

277.. 

136.1 

68.6 

66.5 

30. 391 

225 

do 

18.5 

14.1 

13.05 

76.2 

70.5 

92.6 

15.22 

278.. 

135.2 

72.7 

02.5 

39. 010 

289 

do 

17.6 

14.0 

12.8 

80.0 

73.1 

91.4 

14.43 

279.. 

135.4 

71.7 

63.7 

29.  711 

219 

do 

17.6 

12.8 

12.15 

72.7 

69.0 

94.9 

14.18 

280 

135.5 
135.6 

.do   .   .   . 

18.3 
17.3 

13.4 
14.4 

281.. 

72.8 

62.8 

35.608     263 

do 

12.46 

83.2 

72.0 

86.5 

14.72 

282.. 

135.6 

72.7 

62.9 

32.  206 

238 

do 

17.3 

14.0 

13.1 

80.9 

75.7 

93.6 

14.80 

283.. 

135.7 

72.3 

63.4 

35. 154 

259 

do 

17.7 

13.5 

12.55 

76.3 

70.9 

93.0 

14.58 

284 

135.8 
136.0 

.do    . 

17.6 
17.4 

13.9 
14.2 

285.. 

72.2 

63.8 

34.020 

250 

.....do 

12.  65 

81.6 

72.7 

89.1 

14.75 

286.. 

136.1 

74.0 

62.1 

31. 979 

235 

do 

17.7 

14.5 

13.15 

81.9 

74.3 

90.7 

15.12 

287.. 

136.2 

70.3 

65.9 

36.  288 

266 

do 

17.6 

14.8 

13.0 

84.1 

73.9 

87.8 

15.13 

288 

136.5 
136.7 

.do 

17.2 
17.5 

13.6 
13.9 

289.. 

73.0 

63.7 

34.  474 

252 

do 

12.05 

79.4 

68.9 

86.7 

14.48 

290.. 

137.3 

72.3 

65.0 

37.  649 

274 

do 

18.0 

14.0 

12.95 

77.8 

71.9 

92.5 

14.98 

291.. 

137.3 

72.1 

65.2 

30.  845 

225 

do 

18.3 

12.4 

12.85 

67.8 

70.2 

103.6 

14.52 

292.. 

137.3 

73.0 

64.3 

3.3. 113 

241 

do 

18.0 

13.0 

12.25 

72.2 

68.1 

94.2 

14.42 

293.. 

137.4 

71.7 

65.7 

32.  206 

234 

do 

17.4 

12.  8 

12.0 

73.6 

69.0 

93.7 

14.07 

294.. 

137.5 

73.6 

63.9 

32.  200 

234 

do 

17.0 

13.4 

12.05 

76.1 

68.5 

89.9 

14.35 

295.. 

137.8 

7].  5 

66.3 

30.  391 

221 

do 

17.7 

13.9 

13.05 

78.5 

73.7 

93.9 

14.88 

296.. 

138.4 

73.2 

66.2 

31.  752 

229 

do 

17.3 

14.0 

12.25 

80.9 

70.8 

87.5 

14.52 

297.. 

138.4 

73.0 

65.4 

30.  742 

265 

do 

17.3 

14.1 

12.45 

81.5 

72.0 

88.3 

14.62 

298.. 

138.6 

73.0 

05.5 

31.  775 

229 

do 

17.6 

13.6 

12.7 

77.3 

72.2 

93.4 

14.63 

299.. 

139.6 

71.7 

67.9 

34.950 

250 

do 

18.2 

12.8 

12.5 

70.  S. 

68.7 

97.7 

14.60 

300.. 

139.6 

74.7 

04.9 

39. 010 

279 

do 

17.8 

14.0 

12.95 

78.6 

72.7 

92.4 

14.92 

301.. 

140.0 

74.3 

65,7 

37. 195 

200 

do 

17.0 

13.6 

12.4 

77.3 

70.4 

91.2 

14.53 

hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


281 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height,  weight,  head — Continued 

{d)  PIMA  GIKLS— Continued 


fto3 


Head. 


Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 


S.2 

at? 


302. 
303. 
304. 
305. 
306. 
307. 
308. 
309. 
310. 
311. 
312. 
313. 
314. 
315. 
316. 
317. 
318. 
319. 
320. 
321  . 
322. 
323. 
324. 
325. 
326. 
327. 
328. 
329. 
330. 
331  . 
332. 
333. 
334. 
335. 
336. 
337. 
338. 
339. 
340. 
341. 
342. 
343, 
344. 
345. 
346. 


cm. 

140. 2 

141.  4 

142.1 

142.3 

142.4 

142.9 

143.6 

143.8 

144.0 

144.1 

144.2 

144.3 

144.3 

144.9 

144.9 

145.3 

145.3 

145.6 

145.7 

145.9 

146.0 

146.1 

146.2 

146.7 

146.9 

147.2 

147.5 

147.8 

148.'3 

148.4 

148.7 

148.8 

148.9 

149.2 

149.6 

149.6 

149.6 

149.8 

150.2 

150.2 

150.7 

150.8 

151.0 

151.0 

151.2 


cm. 
74.4 
71.3 
72.8 
74.7 
76.2 
73.5 


76.5 
74.4 
80.6 
76.7 
76.0 
76.0 
74.9 
76.4 
78.3 
74.7 
77.3 
76.9 


74.9 


79.1 
76.9 
77.6 
78.9 
76.6 
80.2 
75.0 
75.2 
78.5 
78.8 
79.4 
84.8 
78.5 
78.7 
81.8 


82.8 
81.8 
81.0 


cm. 
65.8 
70.1 
69.3 
67.6 
66.2 
69.4 


kg. 
37.  649 
34. 043 
33. 113 
43.  546 
36. 288 
39. 010 


grm. 
268 
241 
333 
206 
255 
273 


67.3 
69.6 
63.5 
67.5 
68.3 
68.3 
70.0 
68.5. 
67.0 
70.6 
68.3 
68.8 


43. 092 
45. 360 
43. 115 
41.  300 
41.  504 
40.824 
39. 010 
39. 939 
45. 360 
40. 824 
43. 999 
43. 092 


299 
315 
299 
286 
288 
283 
269 
276 
3]  2 
281 
302 
296 


71.1 


323 


67.1 
69.8 
69.3 
08.3 
70.9 
67.6 
73.3 
73.2 
70.2 
70.0 
69.5 
64.4 
71.1 
70.9 
67.8 


43. 115 
39. 939 
43.  546 
43.  546 
45. 814 
47.  651 
40.370 
43. 115 
48. 104 
48. 104 
48. 989 
56. 700 
44. 929 
38. 102 
56.  723 


67..  4 
68.4 
69.7 


47. 174 
55.  362 
50.350 


None. . 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


81.6 
78.1 


69.4 
72.9 


47. 174 
48.  558 


312 
322 


do. 

do. 

....do. 

do. 

do. 

.:..d0. 

....do. 
....do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Some  . 
None . . 

do. 

do. 

...-do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


cm. 
17.0 
17.6 
17.6 
18.4 
18.9 
17.6 
17.4 
18.0 
18.4 
17.8 
16.9 
17.6 
18.3 
17.5 
17.1 
17.8 
17.5 
18.6 
18.0 
18.5 
17.4 
17.7 
18.4 
17.6 
17.0 
17.2 
18.2 
17.8 
(17.  4) 
18.6 
17.6 
17.5 
17.2 
19.3 
18.6 
17.7 
18.7 
17.5 
18.3 
17.4 
18.1 
18.0 
17.7 
18.2 
17.1 


cm. 
13.8 
14.2 
14.0 
13,9 
14.0 
13.8 
14.0 
13.8 
13.8 
13.8 
13.6 
13.8 
14.0 
14.1 
14.2 
13.5 
13.5 
14.4 
13.5 
13.6 
13.7 
13.5 
13.9 
13.6 
14.6 
13.2 
14.0 
14.4 
(14.9) 
13.9 
13.6 
14.1 
14.2 
13.9 
14.0 
l4.4 
14.9 
13.5 
13.8 
14.0 
14.0 
13.9 
14.1 
14.4 
14.3 


cm. 

12.55 

13.0 

12.65 

12.9 

13.6 

12.95 


12.95 

13.15 

12.75 

12.6 

12.5 

13.25 

12.8 

12.75 

13.3 

12.55 

13.6 

13.0 


13.15 
12.6 
13.05 
12.9 
12.5 
13.1 
(12.9) 
12.8 
12.9 
13.55 
12.9 
13.95 
12.6 
13.15 
13.55 


12.95 

13.1 

13.05 


81.  B 
80.7 
79.  S 
75.5 
74.1 
78.4 


73.8 
73.9 
71.9 
70.1 
71.9 
73.6 


90.9 
91.5 
90.5 
92.8 
97.1 
93.8 


76.7 
75.0 
77.5 
80.5 
78.4 
76.5 
80.6 
83. 0 
75.8 
77.1 
77.4 
75.0 


71.9 
71.5 
71.6 
74.6 
71.0 
72.4 
73.1 
74.6 
74.7 
71.7 
73.1 
72.2 


93.8 
95.3 
92.4 
92.6 
90.6 
94.6 
90.8 
89.8 
98.5 
93.0 
94.4 
96.3 


78.7 
76.9 
80.9 


71.5 
71.0 
76.8 
75.0 
68.7 
73.6 


94.6 
92.6 
89.4 
97.7 
89.3 
91.0 


74.7 
77.3 
80.8 
82.8 
72.0 
75.3 
81.  4 
79.7 


68.8 
73.3 
77.4 
75.0 
72.3 
67.7 
74.3 
72.5 


75.4 
80.5 
77.3 


70.8 
75.3 
72.1 


13.3 
12.7 


79.7 
79.1 


75.1 
69.8 


92.1 
94.8 
96.1 
90.8 
100.4 
90.0 
91.3 
90.9 


93.8 
93.6 
93.2 


94.3 

88.2 


282 


BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  2.  Detail  measurements:  height^  weighty  head — Continued 

{d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


■3 

.1 

4-> 
J3 

03 
1 

s 

1. 

1. 
W) 

Head. 

6 

■a 
o 
§ 

Deformation 
(occipital  com- 
pression). 

cS  0 

"3 

f 

5 

0 
-S.g 

—-'Pi 

0 

M 

rt    . 

r 

.a 
■a 

Is 
si 

M 

S 
0 

a 

ft 

CD 
0 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

kg. 

grin. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

347.. 

151.7 

81.0 

70.7 

54.  455 

359 

None 

16.8 

14.1 

13.35 

8S.9 

79.5 

94.7 

14.75 

348.. 

151.8 

85.5 

66.3 

51. 257 

337 

do 

17.8 

13.3 

12.9 

7 If.  7 

72.5 

97.0 

14.67 

349.. 

152.2 

81.8 

70.4 

48.  535 

319 

do 

17.2 

14.0 

12.6 

81. 4 

73.3 

90.0 

14.60 

350.. 

152.4 

79.8 

72.6 

44.  453 

292 

do 

18.0 

14.4 

13.3 

80.0 

73.9 

92.4 

15.23 

351.. 

152.4 

81.0 

71.4 

57. 607 

378 

do 

17.9 

14.6 

12.85 

81.6 

71.8 

88.0 

15.12 

352.. 

152.7 

81.9 

70.8 

63. 625 

350 

do 

17.1 

14.0 

12.7 

81.9 

74.3 

90.7 

14.60 

353.. 

152.9 

81.6 

71.4 

57. 607 

377 

do 

18.0 

14.2 

13.25 

78.9 

73.6 

93.3 

15.15 

354 

153.3 
153.3 

....do 

17.8 
17.8 

14.7 
14.6 

355.. 

84.9 

68.4 

71.  691 

467 

do 

13.35 

82.0 

75.0 

91.4 

15.25 

356.. 

153.4 

82.1 

71.3 

58. 061 

378 

do 

18.1 

14.6 

13.25 

80.1 

73.2 

91.4 

16.28 

357.. 

153.7 

82.1 

71.6 

61. 267 

333 

do... 

17.0 

14.0 

12.4 

82.3 

72.9 

88.6 

14.47 

358.. 

153.7 

80.2 

73.5 

65. 793 

363 

do 

18.8 

14.2 

13.1 

75.5 

69.7 

92.2 

15.37 

359 

153.8 
153.8 

82.3 
81.6 

71.5 
72.3 

do 

18.4 
18.2 

13.8. 
13.7 

13.1 
13.5 

75.0 
75.3 

71.2 

74.2 

94.9 
98.5 

15.10 

360.. 

41. 300 

269 

do 

15.13 

361.. 

153.8 

82.4 

71.4 

46.267 

301 

do 

18.4 

14.4 

13.4 

78.3 

72.8 

93.1 

15.40 

362.. 

154.0 

79.4 

74.6 

50. 372 

3?7 

do 

18.1 

14.0 

363 

154.0 
154.0 

do 

17.4 
18.4 

14.4 
14.0 

364.. 

78.8 

75.2 

44.022 

286 

do 

12.46 

76.1 

67.7 

88.9 

14.95 

365 

164  3 

(16. 9) 
17.8 

(14.8) 
14.6 

366  .. 

164.4 

84.6 

69.8 

62. 143 

402 

None 

13.3 

83.0 

74.7 

91.1 

16.23 

367.. 

154.4 

81.7 

72.7 

47. 651 

309 

do 

18.1 

14.8 

13.6 

8t.8 

75.1 

91.9 

16.50 

368.. 

154.9 

82.3 

72.6 

60. 329 

389 

do 

18.4 

14.6 

14.0 

79.3 

76.1 

96.9 

16.67 

369.. 

154.9 

81.9 

73.0 

46.  743 

302 

do 

18.0 

14.0 

13.3 

77.8 

73.9 

95.0 

15.10 

370.. 

155. 0 

79.9 

76.1 

46. 743 

301 

do 

17.4 

13.8 

12.46 

79.3 

71.5 

90.2 

14.55 

371.. 

155.0 

81.7 

73.3 

67. 609 

436 

do 

18.6 

14.0 

13.4 

75.3 

72.0 

95.7 

15.33 

372.. 

155.2 

83.8 

71.4 

54.  432 

351 

do 

18.8 

14.0 

1.3.5 

74.5 

71.8 

96.4 

15.43 

373.. 

155.3 

81.9 

73.4 

49. 919 

321 

do 

18.8 

14.3 

1.3.5 

76.1 

71.8 

94.4 

15.53 

374 

155.5 
155.7 
155.8 
155.9 

.     .do 

17.6 
18.6 
18.6 
18.2 

14.2 
14.4 
14.3 
13.7 

375  . 

do 

376. 

do 

377.. 

83.8 

72.1 

54.432 

349 

do 

12.7 

75.3 

69.8 

92.7 

14.87 

378.. 

156.3 

83.8 

72.5 

51.  710 

331 

do 

18.2 

14.0 

12.75 

76.9 

70.1 

91.1 

14.98 

379.. 

156.3 

83.3 

73.0 

61.  690 

395 

do 

18.2 

14.7 

13.65 

80.8 

75.0 

92.9 

15.52 

380.. 

157.1 

82.5 

74.6 

56.  246 

358 

do 

17.0 

16.0 

13.0 

88.2 

76.5 

86.67 

15.00 

381.. 

157.2 

84.3 

72.9 

61.  259 

390 

do 

16.8 

16.0 

12.9 

89.3 

76.8 

86.0 

14.90 

382.. 

157.9 

84.5 

73.4 

58.991 

374 

do 

17.9 

14.2 

1,3.3 

79.3 

74.3 

93.7 

15. 13 

383. 

158.1 
160.2 

do 

18.7 
19.5 

14.0 
14.4 

384.. 

82.3 

77.9 

61.259 

382 

do 

13.9 

73.8 

71.3 

96.5 

15.93 

385.. 

160.6 

84.4 

76.2 

56. 246 

350 

do 

18.1 

14.0 

1.3.1 

77.3 

72.4 

9.3.6 

15.07 

386  :. 

160.8 
162.1 
163.8 

do 

18.6 
17.7 
18.7 

14.4 
14.6 
13.8 

387.. 

83.8     78.3 

1 do _ 

1.3.1 
1.3.9 

81.9 
73.8 

74.0 
74.3 

90.3 
100.7 

15.10 

388.. 

89.0 

74.8 

70. 308 

429 

do : 

15.47 

389.. 

164.3 

86.9 

77  4 

60.329 

367 

do 

18.0 

15.0 

1.3. 26 

83.3 

7.3.6 

88.3 

16.42 

390. 

164.3 

do 

18.3 

14.8 

!"""" 

hedliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


283 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  3.   Face  Tneasurements;  pulse,  respiration,  temperature;  force 


(o)  APACHE  BOYS 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion) . 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Facial 
index. 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 

(sit- 
ting) . 


Respi- 
ration 

(sit- 
tmg). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


°F. 


kg. 


kg. 


8.7 
9.0 
9.4 
9.0 
9.1 
9.3 
9.5 
9.0 
9.6 
9.1 
9.5 

10.0 
9.8 
9.6 
9.4 
9.7 
9.7 

10.7 
9.6 
9.7 
9.9 
9.8 

10.1 
9.3 
9.7 
9.8 
9.7 

10.2 
9.6 
9.7 
9.7 
9.7 

10.4 
9.8 

10.4 
9.8 
9.7 
9.5 

10.0 

10.3 


11.8 
12.1 
12.0 
12.4 
12.6 
13.3 
12.4 
12.4 
12.9 
12.6 
13.0 
13.3 
12.7 
12.8 
12.4 
13.1 
13.2 
13.2 
13.2 
12.6 
13.6 
13.2 
12.9 
12.7 
12.8 
13.0 
13.0 
13.1 
12.6 
13.7 
13.5 
13.8 
13.5 
13.2 
12.9 
13.6 
13.3 
13.6 
13.3 
12.8 


73.73 
74.38 
78.33 
72.58 
72.22 
69.92 
76.61 
72.58 
U42 


75.19 
77.17 
75.00 
75.81 
74.05 
73.48 
81.06 
72.73 
76.98 
72.79 
74.24 
78.29 
73.23 
75.78 
75.38 
74.62 
77.86 
76.19 
70.80 
71.85 
70.29 
77.04 
74.24 
80.62 
72.06 
72.93 
69.85 
75.19 
80. 47 


9  a.  m 

10.20  a.  m.. 

2  p.  m 

1.10  p.  m... 
1.10  p.m... 
2.20  p.m... 
9.35  a.m... 

10  a.  m 

2.30  p.m. "7". 

1  p.  m 

1.50  p.m... 
9.50  a.  m... 
1.15  p.  m... 
1.20  p.m... 
1.25  p.m... 
9.45  a.  m... 
1.40  p.  m... 
3.30  p.m.. 
10.40  a.m.. 

10  a.  m 

3.40  p.  m... 
10.30  a.m.. 
10.10  a.  m  . . 
4.35  p.  m... 
9.50  a.m... 

1  p.  m 

11.30  a.  m.. 
11.20  a.  m.. 
9.05  a.  m... 
11.35  a.  m.. 
11.15  a.  m.. 
11.05  a.m.. 

9  a.  m 

11.15  a.  m.. 
10.30  a.  m.. 
10.20  a.  m.. 
1.10  p.  m... 
3.45  p.m... 

9  a.  m 

11.30  a.m.. 
1.30  p.  m... 
11.40  a.  m.. 
9.30  a.  m... 
2.55  p.  m... 


92 
104 

78 

78 

94 

a  (136) 

a.  (102) 

a.  (128) 

78 

92 

80 

0(140) 

90 

66 

a  (132) 

72 

80 

72 

1(90) 

64 

75 

72 

74 

73 

72 

66 

66 

a  (96) 

72 

84 

a  (96) 

72 

72 

66 

78 

o84 

72 

66 

84 

82 

66 

a  (96) 


42 
22 
28 
27 
22 
20 
22 

(32) 
21 

(26) 
22 
18 
21 

(24) 
19 
24 

(26) 
22 
20 
18 
20 
18. 
17 
22 
22 
20 
18 
20 
20 

(23) 
24 
22 
18 
16 
18 
18 
21 
24 
19 
21 
18 
16 
17 
20 


99.7 
99.8 
99.3 

(101.5) 
99.6 

(100.8) 
99.5 
99.4 
99.9 

(101.2) 
99.9 
99.7 

(101.3) 
98.7 
98.9 


I  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see 
>  Right-handed. 


(100.0) 
(96.2) 

98.2 

98.9 
(96.2) 

98.4 

98.9 

99.0 

99.3 
(99.9) 

99.4 

99.7 

99.7 

97.6 

99.6 

99.1 

99.3 
(100.3) 

99.3 

99.2 

98.0 

98.7 

98.9 
(100.6) 

tables  on  p.  299 


4.0 
3.0 
5.0 
5.0 
6.0 
6.5 
4.5 
5.0 
9.5 
7.5 
8.0 
8.5 
8.5 
10.0 
10.0 
14.0 
8.5 
10.0 
13.0 
15.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
15.5 
16.0 
(9.0) 
13.0 
o(8.0) 
12.5 
12.0 
17.5 
14.0 
14.5 
15.0 
15.5 
10.5 
13.5 
15.0 
14.0 
14.0 


3.5 
3.0 
4.0 
2.5 
6.0 
4.5 
4.5 
3.0 
8.0 
7.5 
6.5 
6.0 
7.5 
9.5 
8.5 
10.5 
6.5 
7.5 
12.5 
12.5 
10.0 
10.5 
11.0 
16.0 
15.0 
(8.0) 
11.0 
(7.5) 
11.0 
10.0 
15.5 
11.0 
14.0 
14.5 
6  15.5 
8.5 
13.5 
12.0 
13.5 
13.5 

et  seq. 


284 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.   Face  tneasurements;  'pulse,    respiration,    temperature; 
force — Continued 


(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(nien- 

ton-na- 
sion) . 


cm. 
10.1 
10.1 

9.7 
10.0 
10.7 

9.6 
10.0 
10.2 

9.7 

9.9 
10.0 

9.7 

9,7 
10.0 

9.6 
10.1 
10.4 

9.6 
10.5 
10.0 
10.7 

9.9 
10.2 
10.4 

9.3 
10.5 
10.5 
10.4 

9.9 
10.4 
10.6 
10.3 
11.1 
10.1 
10.6 

9.8 
10. 5 

9.5 
10.3 
10.4 

9.7 
10.9 
10.4 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


cm. 
13.5 
13.2 
13.2 
12.4 
13.5 
13.1 
13.6 
13.3 
13.2 
12.9 
13.0 
13.5 
13.4 
13.6 
12.6 
13.1 
12.8 
13.6 
13.5 
13.4 
13.9 
13.0 
12.8 
13.4 
13.3 
13.8 
13.8 
13.5 
13.2 
13.8 
13.5 
14.1 
14.0 
13.8 
13.7 
13.9 
13.4 
13.8 
13.6 
13.9 
13.7 
13.4 
13.4 


Facial 
index. 


7  It.  81 
76.52 
73.48 
80.65 
79.26 
73.28 
73.53 
76.69 
73.48 
76.74 
76.92 
71.85 
72.39 
73.53 
76.19 
77.10 
81.25 
70.69 
77.78 
74.63 
76. 98 
76.15 
79.69 
77.61 
69.92 
76.09 
76.09 
77.04 
75.00 
76.36 
78.52 
73.06 
79.29 
73.19 
77.37 
70.50 
78.36 
68.84 
75.74 
74.82 
70.80 
81. 34 
77.61 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


3.15  p.m.. 
9.40  a.m.. 
4.25  p.m.. 
9.20  a.  m.. 

11  a.  m 

11.15  a.  m. 
9.20  a.m.. 
10.15  a.  m. 

2p.  m 

4.45  p.  m.. 
8.50  a.  m.. 
11.30  a.  m. 
11  a.  m  ... 
10.30  a.  m . 
4.15  p.  m.. 

9  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

10.45  a.  m . 
2.10  p.  m.- 
8.40  a.  ra.. 
2.40  p.  m.. 
11.40  a.m. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
2.50  p.  m.. 
2.15  p.  m.. 

2  p.  m 

3.30  p.  m.. 
9.10  a.  m.. 
2.10  p.  m.. 
12.45  p.  m. 

11  a.  m 

2.45  p.  m.. 
1.30  p.m.. 
1.20  p.  m.- 

3  p.  m 

1.40  p.  m.. 
1.40  p.  m.. 
4.35  p.m.. 
12.45  p.  m. 
12.55  p.  m. 
3.40  p.  m.. 
2.30  p.  m.. 
8.45  a.  m.. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting) . 


72 
72 
a  (104) 
66 
78 


a  (90) 
78 
78 

a  (96) 
72 
72 
72 
78 
78 
75 
72 
70 
78 
78 
72 
66 
67 
58 
66 
72 

a  (90) 

a  (90) 
66 
72 

o  (84) 
62 
84 
61 
78 
72 

a  (78) 

«(82) 
66 
80 

a  (96) 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


24 
20 

(22) 
16 
22 
16 
19 
17 

(15) 
17 
16 
20 
18 
17 
16 
21 
19 
20 
16 
24 
24 

(14) 
16 
16 
17 
16 
22 
18 
20 

(24) 
23 
21 

(22) 
20 
20 
18 
18 
18 

(24) 

(16) 
16 
20 

(26) 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


tNot  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see 
i  Right-handed. 
:  Left-handed. 


op 

99.8 

98.1 

(99.5) 

97.3 

98.1 

99.0 

99.3 

99.5 

99.7 

99.5 

99.3 

(99.  8) 

99.3 

98.8 

98.5 

99.3 

97.3 

98.5 

98.8 

99.3 

98.8 

98.2 

99.1 

99.6 

99.5 

99.2 

99.3 

99.8 

99.8 

(99. 9) 

99.3 

98.9 
(100. 2) 

99.4 

98.7 

99.4 

99.4 

99.2 
(100.  4) 
(100. 2) 

98.9 

99.2 
(100.  4) 

tables  on 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right       Left 
hand.     hand. 


15.0 
12.0 
16.0 
13.0 
13.5 
14.5 
16.5 
15.0 
14.5 
14.0 
16.5 
15.5 
17.0 
14.0 
13.5 
10.5 
17.0 
16.0 
14.5 
16.0 
13.0 
-.14.0 
14.0 
17.0 
17.0 
13.0 
19.0 
17.0 
17.5 
16.0 
16.0 
13.5 
17.5 
19.0 
24.5 
17.0 
20.5 
19.0 
16.0 
15.0 
15.0 
19.0 
19.0 


13.0 
11.0 
15.0 
12.0 
12.5 
8.5 
15.5 
14.5 
14.5 
12.5 
16.5 
14.5 
14.5 
14.0 
9.5 
10.5 
15.0 
15.0 

il4.5 
15.0 

613.0 
13. 5 

6  14.0 
16.5 
14.5 

C17.0 
17.0 
17.0 
15.0 
15.0 

C18.0 
10.0 
16.0 
14.5 
20.0 
13.0 
16.0 
18.0 
13.5 
14.5 
14.5 
14.5 

6  20.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


p.  299  et  seq. 


HEDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  285 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  3.  Face   measurements;  pulse^   resj)iratio7i,    temperature; 
force — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 

(men- 
ton-na- 
sion) . 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

cm. 

cm. 

10.2 

13.9 

11.3 

14.0 

10.6 

13.4 

11.2 

14.1 

10.8 

13.4 

9.9 

13.7 

10.6 

13.1 

10.3 

13.1 

10.7 

14.3 

10.6 

14.1 

9.8 

13.8 

10.5 

13.3 

10.7 

13.7 

10.6 

13.6 

10.4 

13.6 

10.0 

13.7 

10.7 

14.0 

10.6 

14.4 

10.9 

13.9 

10.4 

14.0 

10.9 

14.0 

11.6 

13.5 

10.8 

13.5 

10.5 

13.6 

11.2 

14.7 

10.8 

14.3 

10.1 

14.0 

10.7 

13.3 

11.6 

14.3 

11.1 

14.6 

10.7 

14.1 

11.2 

14.2 

10.2 

13.3 

11.4 

13.6 

11.2 

14.2 

11.4 

14.6 

11.0 

14.0 

11.1 

14.1 

11.2 

13.6 

11.3 

14.7 

10.0 

13.3 

10.9 

13.9 

11.1 

14.2 

Facial 
index. 


80.71 
79.10 
79.4s 
80.60 


78.63 
74.83 
75.18 
71.01 
78.95 
78.10 
77.94 
76.47 
7'2.99 
76.43 
73.61 
78.42 
74.29 
77.86 
85.93 
80.00 
77.21 
76.19 
75.52 
72.14 
80. 45 
81.12 
76.03 
75.89 
78.87 
76. 69 
83.82 
78.87 
78.08 
78.57 
78.72 
82.36 
76.87 
75.19 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


10  a.  m 

2.10  p.m.. 
1.35  p.m.- 

10  a.  m 

.1.55  p.  m.. 
2.30  p.  m.. 
9.10  a.  m.. 

3  p.  m 

11.45  a.  m. 
10.10  a.  m. 
1.35  p.m.. 
3.10  p.  m.. 

11  a.  m 

11.45  a.  m. 
10.40  a.  m. 
2.10  p.m.. 

3  p.  m 

10.45  a.m. 
10.15  a.  m. 
11.45  a.  m. 
11.10  a.m. 
11.30  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m.. 
10.15  a.m. 
10a.  m... 
11.40  a.m. 
2.35  p.m.. 
8.30  a.m.. 

9  a.  m 

10.50  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m.. 
12.40  p.  m. 
9.20  a.m.. 
11.20  a.m. 

10  a.  m 

9.20  a.m.. 
9.40  a.  m.. 

11  a.  m 

11.30  a.m. 
2.30  p.m.. 
9.30  a.  m.. 
1.10  p.m.. 
10.40  a.  m. 


Pulse 

(sit- 
ting) . 


72 
54 

(84) 
66 
72 
78 
66 
72 
49 
66 
78 
78 

bt)0 
66 


63 

78 
6  75 
72 
54 
70 
64 
66 
70 
57 
72 
(84) 
70 
63 
66 
6(84) 
6  70 
72 
6  78 
78 
66 
60 
66 
70 
69 
63 
6(60) 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting) . 


18 
19 
16 

16 
22 
19 
16 
16 
22 
16 
20 
16 

(15) 
17 
18 
18 
19 
18 
16 
17 
15 
20 
16 
18 
17 
15 
19 
18 
18 
18 
18 

(22) 
16 
14 
20 
20 
16 
20 
16 
16 
21 
18 

(16) 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


99.4 


99.0 
99.3 
99.5 
98.3 
99.1 
98.8 
99.3 
98.3 
98.8 

(97. 6) 
98.8 
98.7 
98.4 
98.5 
97.6 
97.5 
97.7 
98.1 
98.6 
97.0 
99.2 
99.3 
98.9 
98.4 
99.1 
99.2 
98.9 
98.9 

(99.  7) 
98.7 
98.7 
(101.2) 
98.8 
98.7 
99.4 
98.8 
97.9 
98.5 
98.8 

(97. 1) 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.'    hand. 


18.5 
19.0 
17.0 
20.0 
17.0 
17.5 
17.5 
16.0 
16.0 
19.0 
17.0 
20.0 
18.0 
17.5 
19.0 
25.0 
22.5 
18.0 
18.0 
25.0 
24.0 
21.5 
23.0 
22.5 
17.5 
21.0 
24.0 
28.5 
21.5 
24.5 
29.0 
21.0 
23.0 
29.0 
27.0 
23.0 
23.0 
27.0 
23.0 
25.5 
22.0 
33.0 
24.0 


l:g. 

15.5 

18.5 

14.0 

16.5 

«17.0 
17.0 

a  18.0 
14.5 
15.5 
17.0 
14.0 

a  20.  5 
15.0 
17.0 
18.0 
20.5 
18.0 
13.0 
16.5 
19.0 
21.5 
16.0 
16.5 
19.0 
15.5 
19.5 

a  25.0 
24.0 
20.5 
22.5 
23.5 
19.5 
20.0 
23.5 
25.5 

O26.0 
21.0 
24.5 
21.0 
23.0 
18.5 
27.0 
18.5 


a  Right-handed. 

b  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  tables  on  p.  299  et  seq. 


286  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.  Face  measure) nents,'  pulse,    respiration,   temperature^ 
force — Continued 


(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 
ton-na- 
sion). 


Diam- 
eter bi- 

zygo- 

matic 


Facial 
index. 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand .     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


585. 
586. 
587. 
588. 
589. 
590. 
591. 
592. 
593. 
594. 
595. 
596. 
597. 
598. 
599. 
600. 
601. 
602. 
603. 
604. 
605. 
606. 
607. 
608. 
609. 
610. 
611. 
612. 
613. 
614, 
615 
616, 
617 
618 
619. 
620 
621 
622 
623 
624 
625 
620 
627 


cm. 

11.2 

11.3 

11.2 

10.8 

11.4 

11.3 

12.0 

11.8 

11.9 

11.2 

11.1 

12.  2 

12.2 

11.3 

11.0 

11.6 

11.6 

12.0 

11.6 

11.6 

11.8 

11.6 

11.6 

11.8 

11.6 

11.5 

11.5 

11.9 

12.0 

11.3 

10.4 

12.5 

12.1 

11.2 

10.7 

12.1 

11.4 

11.9 

11.6 

12.2 

11.8 

11.8 

12.2 


cm. 
14.3 
14.0 
13.9 
13.8 
14.4 
14.5 
14.2 
14.2 
14.1 
13.9 
14.8 
15.0 
14.6 
14.5 
13.5 
14.2 
14.4 
14.4 
14.5 
14.6 
14.2 
13.7 
14.4 
14.7 
14.7 
14.3 
14.2 
14.4 
14.2 
14.2 
15.0 
14.8 
15.3 
14.3 
15.3 
14.2 
14.9 
14.5 
14.7 
14.5 
14.8 
15.5 
15.6 


78. SZ 
80.71 
80.58 
78.26 
79.17 
77.93 
84.61 
83.10 
84.40 
80.58 
75.00 
81.33 
83.56 
77.93 
81.48 
81.69 
80.56 
83.33 
80.00 
79.45 
83.10 
84.67 
80.56 
80.27 
78.91 
80. 42 
80.99 
82.64 
84.51 
79.68 
69.33 
84.46 
79.08 
78.32 
60.93 
85.21 
76.61 
82.07 
78.91 
84.14 
79.73 
76.13 
78.21 


1.35  p.m.. 
9.20  a.m.. 
1.15  p.m.. 
1.35  p.m.. 
2.20  p.m.. 
9.20  a.m.. 
10.20  a.  m. 
9.55  p.  m.. 
8.35  a.  m.. 
9.10  a.m.. 
1.35  p.m.. 

5p.  m 

2.50  p.  m.. 

4p.  m 

2.45  p.  m.. 


3.20  p.  m.. 
4.25  p.m.. 
4.15  p.  m.. 
2.45  p.m.. 
2.25  p.m.. 
3.45  p.m.. 
2.10  p.m.. 
8.30  a.m.. 
4.30  p.m.. 
3.30  p.  m. . 
11.45  a.  m. 

3p.  m 

3.25  p.  m.. 
2.40  p.m.. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
3.45  p.m.. 
11.45  a.  m. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
3.40  p.m.. 

2p.  m 

2..30p.  m.. 
3.15  p.  m.. 

10  a.  m 

4.50  p.  m.. 
2.15  p.m.. 
4  p.  m 


78 

78 

072 

54 

a  (86) 
70 
78 

1(84) 
70 
78 
66 
72 
62 
60 
76 

(a) 
66 
69 
72 
78 
62 
62 
72 
72 
66 
61 
60 
69 
66 
58 
60 
63 
67 
60 
59 
58 
74 
60 
66 
72 
72 
68 


23 
24 
24 
18 
20 
19 
18 
18 
22 
18 
19 
18 
18 
18 
(14) 


°F. 
99.7 
98.9 
99.7 


99.0 
98.9 
99.2 
99.0 
98.5 
99.3 


98.9 
99.1 
98.8 
99.1 
98.2 
98.7 


98.2 
99.2 
99.1 
99.0 
99.0 
98.1 
98.7 
99.2 
97.3 
99.3 
98.3 
98.7 
98.9 
98.0 
98.8 
(90.  7) 
99.5 
98.9 


kg. 

25.5 

28.0 

32.5 

31.0 

33.0 

32.5 

22.0 

23.5 

31.0 

38.0 

37.0 

34.0 

32.0 

31.5 

37.0 

35.5 

39.0 

30.0 

40.5 

31.0 

34.0 

31.5 

37.5 

42.0 

38.0 

40.5 


30.5 
34.5 
33.5 
35.0 
40.0 
25.0 
42.0 
34.0 
37.5 
36.0 
31.5 
.39.0 
31.0 
40.0 
42.5 
34.5 


1  Not  in  fully  norm; 
'  Right-hand(;d. 
'  Lcft.handed. 


(a) 

•il  condition;  for  additional  details  see  tables  on  p.  299 


24.5 
25.5 
28.0 
28.0 
28.0 

6  37.5 

c  22.5 

C24.  5 
25.5 

•33.5 
35.0 
32.0 

C34.0 
27.0 
33.0 
35.0 

640.0 
27.0 
37.5 
27.0 
33.5 
30.0 
32.5- 
39.0 
29.5 
35.5 
31.0 

6  35.0 
33.0 
32.0 
31.5 
38.5 
24.0 

c42.  5 
27.0 
33.0 
35.5 

6  35.0 
33.5 

6  34.0 

36.0 

38.5 

28.5 

et  seq. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIOlSrS 


287 


II.  Indian  Children  Cf  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.  Face  measurements;   -pulse,  respiration,  temperature; 
force — Continued 


(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 

Diam- 
eter bl- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 

(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

» 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

628 

cm. 
11.8 
11.7 
11.2 
11.7 
11.6 
11.4 
11.8 
11.6 
12.1 
11.4 
11.7 
12.6 
12.1 
12.2 
12.9 
11.5 
11.4 
10.6 

cm. 
14.4 
14.4 
14.3 
15.3 
14.5 
14.9 
15.0 
14.6 
14.4 
14  6 
14.4 
14.6 
14.3 
14.6 
14.9 
13.9 
14.4 
14.9 

SI.  94 

81.25 

78.32 

76.47 

80.00 

76. 51 

78.67 

79.45 

84.03 

78.08 

81.25' 

86.30 

84. 62 

83.56 

86.58 

82.73 

79.17 

71.14 

(«) 
(a) 

70 
66 

72 
62 
74 

(a) 
63 

(a) 

"(90) 
66 
58 
60 
66 
70 
64 
60 

°  F. 

kg. 

45.5 

45.0 

36.5 

45.0 

42.5 

43.5 

40.0 

36.0 

46.0 

51.5 

47.0 

44.0 

31.5 

61.0 

41.5 

kg. 

39.0 

44.5 

33.5 

44.0 

36.0 

6  39.0 
38.5 
34.5 
41.0 
44.0 
45.0 

6  43.5 
28.5 
50.0 

6  35.5 

kg. 
29.5 

629 

26.0 

630 

2.10  p.  m 

12.30  p.  m 

1.40  p.  m 

4.10  p.  m 

3.55  p.  m 

16 
18 
16 
14 
19 

98.6 
99.5 
98.7 
98.0 
100.1 

17.5 

631 

35.0 

632 

29.0 

633 

30.0 

634 

25.5 

635. .      .     . 

26.5 

636..    .   . 

8.45  a.  m 

18 

98.8 

28.0 

637      ■ 

23.0 

638. 

8.20  a.  m 

4.15  p.  m 

3.30  p.  m 

10.20  a.  m 

1.25  p.  m 

3.30  p.  m 

9a.  m 

4.40  p.  m 

(24) 
18 
18 
16 
20 
16 
20 
18 

(98.  6) 
98.5 
99.6 
98.9 
99.3 
98.7 
98.5 
98.4 

34.0 

639. 

27.0 

640. 

22.0 

641. 

25.0 

642 

27.0 

643 

644- 

36.0 
52.0 

34.5 
41.5 

21.0 

645  . 

28.0 

(&)  APACHE  GIRIiS 


646. 
647. 
648. 
649. 
650. 
651. 
652. 
653. 
654. 
655. 
656. 
657. 
658. 
659. 
660. 
661. 
662. 
663. 
664. 
665. 
666. 


9.0 

12.0 

75.00 

9.6 

12.2 

78.69 

8.9 

12.7 

70.08 

9.2 

11.8 

77.  97 

8.5 

12.5 

68.00 

9.1 

12.1 

75. 21 

9.0 

12.2 

73.77 

9.3 

12.8 

72.66 

9.6 

12.8 

75.00 

9.4 

12.6 

7  4. 60 

9.3 

12.6 

73.81 

9.2 

13.3 

69.17 

9.4 

12.8 

73.  U 

9.5 

13.3 

71.43 

8.9 

12.3 

72.  36 

10.0 

12.7 

78.74 

9.8 

13.0 

75.38 

9.3 

12.4 

75.00 

9.0 

13.1 

68.  70 

9.3 

13.2 

70.45 

9.7 

13.2 

73.48  I 

2.  35  p.  m.. 
9.  30  a.  m. . 
12.25  p.  m. 
3.30  p.  m.. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
3.40  p.  m.. 

3.  05  p.  m. . 
2.55  p.m.. 
3.15  p.  m.. 
9.40  a.  m.. 
10.30  a.  m. 
10.20  a.m. 
11.50  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m.. 
4.10  p.  m.. 
11.40  p.  m. 
9.50  a.m.. 
9.40  a.m.. 
3.20  p.m.. 
1.10  p.  m.. 
10  a.  m  .. . 


a  (98) 

(26) 

(100.  4) 

2.0 

2.0 

79 

20 

98.2 

94 

24 

100.4 

5.0 

3.5 

93 

20 

100.5 

1.5 

1.5 

86 

23 

100.8 

3.0 

2.0 

90 

22 

100.1 

4.0 

4.0 

87 

18 

100.4 

7.0 

5.0 

87 

20 

100.3 

4.5 

2.5 

90 

24 

99.8 

6.0 

4.0 

78 

19 

99.2 

12.0 

11.0 

76 

24 

99.6 

14.0 

13.5 

90 

19 

99.9 

16.5 

14.0 

a  (96) 

22 

99.9 

C13.5 

13.5 

81 

20 

99,0 

13.0 

12.0 

a  (112) 

(24) 

(100. 1) 

7.5 

6.5 

a  (122) 

(28) 

(100.  3) 

13.5 

11.5 

90 

22 

99.5 

14.5 

10.0 

"■(104) 

(20) 

(99.  9) 

13.5 

12.0 

<x(96) 

(18) 

(100.  8) 

5.0 

4.5 

90 

22 

98.7 

8.5 

7.5 

78 

24 

99.4 

12.5 

10.5 

a  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  tables  on  p.  299  et  seq.  (for  boys) 
p.  310  et  seq.  (for  girls). 
b  Left-handed. 
c  Right-handed. 


288 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.  Face  ineasurenients;    ■ptdse^  respiration^  temperature; 
force — Continued 


(6)  APACHE  GIKI-S— Continued 


Record  no. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion) 


Face. 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Facial 
index. 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right       Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


cm. 

10.0 
9.0 
9.7 
9.2 
9.3 
9.6 

10.2 

10.3 
9.9 

10.0 
9.8 
9.7 

10.0 
9.4 
9.2 

10.1 

10.0 
9.5 
9.8 
9.8 


9.8 
10.0 
9.4 
9.4 
9.9 
9.8 
9.4 
9.7 
9.6 
9.6 
10.2 
10.2 
10.0 
10.0 
10.0 
10.2 
9.6 
10.1 
10.3 
10.7 
9.9 


cm. 
13. 
12. 
12. 
12. 
12. 
12. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
13. 
13. 
13. 
12. 
12. 
13. 
12. 
13. 
12. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
12. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
13. 
13 
13 
12 
13 
14 
12 
12 
13 
12 
13 
12 
13 
13 
13 
13 


76.92 
69.77 
76.98 
73.02 
72.09 
75.00 
79.69 
78.87 
76.15 
74.07 
75.38 
74.62 
78.13 
73.  U 
68.66 
78.29 
70. 92 
76.00 
79.  67 
73.13 
74.81 
76.74 
75.00 
73.13 
74.07 
74.00 
68.61 
75.00 
74.24 
71.21 
73.48 
74.42 
72.73 
70.83 
80.95 
77.52 
74.63 
78.13 
76.00 
74.43 
75.37 
77.44 
86.03 
75.57 


10.35  a.m. 
10.15  a.m. 
10.10  a.m. 

2p.m 

10.15  a.  m. 
1.30  p.m.. 
10.30  a.  m. 

5  p.m 

10.40  a.m. 
9.30  a.m.. 
10.45  a.m. 

11  a.m 

8.40  a.  m.. 
9.30  a.  m.. 
11.40  a.  m. 
11.10  a.m. 
3.45  p.  m.. 
9.45  a.  m.. 

1  p.m. 

10.30  a.m. 
9.50  a.m.. 

4p.m 

1.20  p.m.. 
1.40  p.  m.. 
4.20  p.  m. . 

10  a.m 

2.15  p.m.. 
2.10p.m.. 
1.45  p.m.. 
1.15  p.m.. 
4.50p.m.. 

2  p.m 

1.50p.m.. 

9  a.m 

11.20  a.m. 

10  a.m 

10.55  a.m. 
9.05  a.m.. 


8.35  a.m. 
8.50  a.m. 
2.20  p.m. 
8.30  a.m. 
8.45  a.  m. 


66 
84 
a  (102) 
72 
86 
SO 

£f  (90) 
85 
84 
o  (108) 
75 
78 
84 
78 
80 
76 
a  75 
78 
84 
76 
72 
75 
72 
(88) 
72 
72 
79 
70 

a  (90; 
78 

a  (90) 

«(90) 
62 
72^ 

a  (90) 
82 

a  (92) 


90 

84 
78 
(96) 
74 


19 

18 
18 

(27) 
20 
26 
25 
22 
18 
22 

(19) 
17 
24 
18 
17 
22 
26 
20 
20 
20 
23 
18 
17 
24 
20 
21 
17 
16 
22 

(23) 
22 

(19) 
20 
20 
16 

(19) 
21 
20 


°F. 
100.6 
99.5 
99.5 

(101.  5) 
98.2 
100.0 
98.7 
99.5 
99.3 
99.9 

(100.  2) 
99.8 
99.9 
98.9 
98.2 
98.7 
99.9 

(100.  3) 
99.4 
98.7 
98.8 
99.7 
99.1 
99.2 
99.8 
99.8 
99.6 
98.7 
98.8 
98.9 
99.4 

(100.4) 
98.9 
97.9 
99.3 

(100.3) 
99.7 
99.3 


99.4 
99.1 
98.6 
98.2 


kg. 
14  5 
13.5 
17.5 

8.0 

7.5 
15.0 
11.5 
10.0 
12.0 
11.0 
14  5 
11.0 

8.0 

9.5 
11.5 
10.0 

9.5 
12.5 

6.5 
13.5 
12.0 

9.0 
14  0 
14  5 
16.0 
15.0 
13.5 
13.5 
12.5 
14.0 
10.5 
15.5 
13.5 
10.0 
12.0 
14.5 
14.5 
13.0 
13.0 
fcl4.0 
15.5 
14.0 
14.5 
14.0 


kg. 

13.5 

8.5 

16.0 

6.5 

6.5 

14  5 

9.5 

8.5 

11.5 

10.0 

13.5 

7.5 

6.5 

8.5 

11.0 

8.5 

9.5 

10.0 

5.0 

10.5 

9.5 

7.5 

10.0 

12.5 

12.5 

13.0 

•11.5 

10.5 

10.0 

13.0 

8.0 

12.5 

11.5 

9.0 

10.5 

11.5 

13.5 

10.5 

12.0 

14.0 

C14.0 

12.5 

11.5 

12.0 


"Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  lor  additional  details  see  tables  on  p.  310  et  seq. 
b  Right-handed, 
c  Left-handed. 


hbdli6ka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


289 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.  Face  measurements;   pulse^  respiration^  temperature; 
force — Continued 


(b)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion) . 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Facial 
index. 


Ptiysiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 

(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting) . 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


cm. 
10.8 
10.4 
10.0 
10.1 

9.8 
10.4 
10.6 
10.2 

9.7 
10. 0 

9.7 
10.4 
10.2 
10.3 
10.4 
10.1 

9.8 
10.4 
10.2 

9.3 
10.3 
10.7 
11.2 
10.2 
11.2 
10.4 
10.9 
10.6 
10.3 
10.6 
10.5 

9.8 
10.4 
10.2 
10.8 
10.6 
10.6 
10.4 
10.8 

9.6 
10.2 
10.4 
10.7 
10.2 


cm. 
13.9 
12.9 
13.4 
13.1 
■13.4 
12.6 
12.8 
13.7 
13.6 
13.4 
12.8 
13.6 
13.3 
13.1 
14.0 
13.4 
13.2 
13.6 
13.7 
13.6 
13.4 
13.4 
13.3 
13.8 
13.1 
13.8 
14.0 
13.3 
13.6 
13.4 
13.2 
13.2 
14.0 
13.2 
13.0 
14.2 
13.4 
13.3 
13.6 
13.1 
13.3 
13.2 
13.6 
13.3 


77.70 
60  M 
74.63 
77.10 
73.13 
8^.54 
8&.81 
74.45 
71.85 
74.6S 
75.78 
76.47 
76.69 
78.63 
74.29 
75.37 
74.24 
76.47 
74.45 
68.38 
76.87 
79.85 
84.21 
73.91 
85.50 
75.36 
77.86 
79.70 
75.74 
79.10 
79.56 
74.24 
74.29 
77.27 
83.08 
74.65 
79.10 
78.20 
79.41 
73.28 
76.69 
78.79 


10.15  a.m. 
10.45  a.m. 
11.05  a.m. 
11.15  a.m. 


1.50p.m.. 
11.15  a.m. 
8.55  a.m.. 
9.35  a.m.. 
9.05  a.m.. 
1.35  p.m.. 
9.35  a.m.. 
9.30  a.m.. 


9.50  a.  m 

2.45  p. m 

4.30  p. m 

9.45  a.  m 

4p.m 

9.15  a.  m 

3.30p.m 

8.35  a. m 

3.05  p. m 

3.40p.m 

11.25  a.  m 

10.15  a.  m... 

4p.m 

1.50p.m 

9.25  a.m. 

2.15p.m 

1.40p.m 

1.30p.m 

10. 15  a.  m 

1.20  p.  m 

11.45  a.  m 

2  p.  m 

9.40  a.  m 

4.30  p.  m 

1.35  p.  m 

2.30  p.  m 

8.30  a.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

10.15  a.m.... 


78 

o78 

78 

«78 

(a) 
78 
84 
(90) 
72 
(90) 

a  (96) 
72 
67 

(a) 
70 
76 
84 
70 


a  (90) 
78 
68 

a  (90) 
72 
72 
76 
76 
68 

a  (82) 
74 
80 
82 
74 
75 
76 
78 
78 
75 
60 
84 
72 

a  (90) 

(a) 


°F. 
99.5 
(97.0) 
100.1 
(97.8) 


20 
22 

22 
22 
22 
(22) 
17 
15 


99.1 
99.8 
98.9 
99.4 
99.2 
(100.1) 
98.2 
98.5 


12.5 
13.5 
15.0 
14.5 
14.0 
14.5 
15.5 
14.5 
6  12.5 
15.0 
14.5 
12.5 
18.0 


20 
18 
17 
14 
18 
18 

(24) 
21 
25 

(22) 
21 
17 
17 
18 
19 

(14) 
18 
18 
18 
20 
18 
20 
22 
22 
22 
18 
21 
18 

(21) 


99.1 
98.6 
99.1 
98.2 
99.2 
99.0 

(99.5) 
97.2 
99.8 

(99.8) 
99.7 
98.1 
99.5 
98.'3 
98.1 

(98.4) 


98.3 
98.9 
97.2 
99.4 
98.7 
99.9 
99.9 
98.7 
99.5 
98.1 
(99.9) 


a  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p 
t>  Right-handed. 


16.5 
13.0 
18.5 
17.0 
19.5 
14.5 
16.0 
15.0 
14.5 
18.0 
19.0 
6  18.5 
6  19.5 
15.0 
18.5 
16.5 
15.5 
15.0 
19.0 
17.5 
25.0 
24.5 
18.0 
23.0 
21.0 
20.0 
16.0 
22.5 
22.5 
16.5 

271  et 


12.0 
11.5 
14.5 
13.0 
11.0 
10.0 
14.0 
13.5 
13.0 
11.5 
12.0 
11.5 
17.5 


14.5 
12.0 
17.5 
16.0 
18.5 
11.5 
16.5 
14.0 
13.0 
14.5 
16.0 
18.5 
20.0 
14.0 
17.0 
16.0 
14.0 
14.0 
17.0 
16.0 
23.0 
21.5 
17.0 
20.5 
20.0 
18.0 
13.5 
20.0 
21.5 
15.0 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


-19 


290 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  3.   Face   measurements;    pulse,    respiration,    temperature; 
force — Continued 

(b)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Facial 
index. 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 

(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


cm. 
10.8 
10.6 
10.0 
11.3 
10.0 
10.6 
10.8 
11.4 
11.0 
11.1 
11.6 
10.7 
11.1 
11.2 

■10.4 
10.4 
10.7 
11.6 
9.9 
10.8 
10.3 
10.3 
10.2 
11.8 
10.4 
10.9 
10.4 
11.8 
11.2 
10.5 
11.1 
11.1 
10.5 
10.8 
11.2 
10.6 
10.9 
11.3 
10.5 
10.6 
10.4 
11.4 
11.2 
10.9 


cm. 
13.6 
13.8 
13.9 
13.9 
13.3 
14.1 
13.8 
14.1 
14.3 
14.0 
13.9 
13.7 
13.7 
13.9 
14.0 
14.1 
13.3 
14.4 
13.6 
14.3 
13.4 
13.6 
13.1 
14.4 
14.1 
13.4 
13.9 
15.0 
13.6 
14.0 
14.3 
14.4 
13.7 
.13.9 
14.5 
14.2 
14.4 
13.8 
14.0 
13.7 
14.4 
13.8 
14.2 
14.1 


79.41 
76.81 
71.94 
81.  S9 
75.19 
75.18 
78.26 
80.85 
76.92 
79.29 
33.45 
78.10 
81.02 
80.58 
74.29 
73.76 
80. 45 
80.56 
72.79 
75.62 
76.87 
75.74 
77.86 
81. 94 
73.76 
81.34 
74.82 
78.67 
82.35 
75.00 
77.62 
77.08 
76.64 
77.70 
77.24 
74.66 
75.69 
81.88 
75.00 
77.37 
72.22 
82.61 
78.87 
77.30 


2  p.  m 

4.40  p.  m.. 
4.25  p.  m.. 
2.40  p.  m.. 
2.45  p.m.. 
11.45  a.  m. 
1.40  p.  m.. 
4.05  p.  m.. 
9.50  a.m.. 
2.35  p.m.. 
1.50  p.m.. 
4.30  p.m.. 
8.45  a.  m.. 

10  a.  m 

3.10  p.m.. 
2.10  p.  m.. 
2.15  p.m.. 
10.30  a.m. 
2.20  p.  m.. 

10  a.  m 

10.30  a.m. 

3p.  m 

4.15  p.  m.. 
9.10  a.m.. 
11.35  a.m. 
9.50  a.m.. 
10.20  a.m. 
10.30  a.  m. 
4.40  p.  m.. 
2.10  p.m.. 
3.50  p.m.. 
4.20  p.m.. 
11.30  a.  m. 
9.50  a.  m.. 


9.55  a.  m.. 
3.30  p.m.. 
1.30  p.m.. 
1.55  p.  m.. 
11.45  a.  m. 
4.40  p.  m.. 
10.45  a.m. 
1. 45  p.  m. . 
4.15  p.m.. 


o78 

78 

o78 

72 


84 
72 
72 
72 

a  (84) 

60 

072 

70 

68 

0(86) 

a  (84) 
78 
72 

a  (69) 
80 
72 
66 
72 
62 

0(61) 
76 

a  (81) 
68 
65 

o(96) 
75 

a  (56) 
58 

(a) 
072 
72 
78 


22 
22 
22 
16 
18 
17 
17 
18 
23 
18 

(16) 
20 

(16) 
18 
20 

(22) 

(26) 
17 
22 

(16) 
17 

.22 
16 
22 
16 

(16) 
22 

(26) 
20 
16 
20 
19 

(18) 
19 


°F. 
99.9 

98.7 


98.3 
98.1 
98.7 
98.5 
98.3 
98.7 
98.7 
(100.1) 
98.4 

(96.8) 

98.0 

98.1 

(100.0) 

(99.8) 
97.9 
98.5 

(97.2) 
97.9 
98.2 
97.6 
99.5 
97.6 

(97.0) 
98.1 

(99.1) 
99.3 
98.2 
99.4 
97.9 

(96.3) 
99.2 


Jcg. 

22.5 
17.0 
19.0 
6  17.5 
24.5 
23.0 
25.0 
22.5 
25.0 
22.5 
23.5 
23.5 
26.0 
20.5 
18.5 
18.0 
27.0 
19.5 
22.5 
16.0 
18.5 
16.5 
19.5 
21.0 
20.5 
20.5 
24.0 
29.5 
34.0 
21.0 
21.0 
24.0 
19.0 
21.5 


kg. 

17.0 

12.0 

16.0 

19.0 

18.5 

21.5 

22.5 

18.0 

23.5 

20.5 

18.5 

21.5 

21.5 

15.5 

17.0 

17.0 

23.5 

17.0 

19.0 

13.0 

16.0 

14.5 

17.5 

20.0 

20.0 

16.0 

23.5 

C27.0 
30.0 
20.0 
16.0 
17.0 
14.5 

'=23.0 


(96.1) 
99.2 
99.3 


"Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  foraddit 

hRiKht-handed. 

c  Left-handed. 


98.0 
99.3 
99.2 
99.1 
97.3 

ional  details  see  table  on  p.  271  et  seq 


21.5 
22.5 

6  20.0 
28.0 

6  23.0 
27.5 
24.0 
29.5 
34.0 


18.5 
18.0 
20.0 
24.0 
23.0 
27.0 
23.0 
24.5 
29.5 


HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


291 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.   Face   measurements;    pulse,    respiration,   temperature; 
force — Continued 


(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion) . 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Facial 
index. 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


cm. 
11.2 
10.5 
10.9 
11.5 
11.2 
10.2 
11.1 
10.5 
10.6 
10.6 
10.9 
11.3 
11.0 
11.1 
11.1 
10.7 
10.9 
11.6 
11.3 
11.1 
11.3 
10.5 
10.6 
10.2 
11.3 
11.4 
11.0 
11.4 
10.7 
11.0 
10.7 
11.4 
10.5 
11.0 
11.0 
11.2 
11.4 
11.4 
11.3 
10.5 
11.4 
11.0 
10.9 
11.8 


cm. 
13.0 
12.8 
14.5 
13.4 
13.9 
13.6 
13.5 
13.8 
14.0 
13.7 
14.6 
15.4 
14.3 
14.1 
14.3 
13.9 
14.4 
13.8 
14.0 
14.2 
13.8 
14.2 
13.7 
13.6 
13.5 
14.8 
14.3 
14.3 
13.7 
14.4 
14.7 
14.9 
14.5 
14.2 
13.8 
13.8 
14.2 
15.0 
14.2 
14.3 
14.5 
14.3 
14.3 
14.7- 


86.15 
82.03 
75.17 
85.82 
80.58 
75.00 
82.22 
76.09 
75.71 
77.37 
74.66 
73.38 
76.92 
78.72 
77.62 
76.98 
75.69 
84.06 
80.71 
78.17 
81.88 
73.94 
77.37 
75.00 
83.70 
77.03 
76.92 
79.72 
78.10 
76.39 
72.79 
76.  SI 
72.41- 
77.46 
79.71 
81.16 
80.28 
76.00 
79.58 
73.43 
78.62 
76.92 
76.22 


9. 30  a.  m. . 
9.10  a.m.. 
10.35  a.m. 
1.20  p.m.. 

4p.  m 

10.25  a.m. 
8.35  a.m.. 
8. 20  a.  m. . 
9.10  a.m.. 
11.35  a.m. 

11  a.  m 

3.40  p.m.. 

4p.m 

3.40  p.m.. 
2.45  p.m.. 


4. 35  p.  m. . 
10.05  a.m. 

5  p.m 

10.20  a.m. 
4.45  p.m.. 
4.20  p.m.. 

1  p.m 

10.35  a.m. 
3.20  p.m.. 
3.35  p.m.. 
3.30  p.m.. 
11.25  a.m. 
4.20  p.m.. 
3.10  p.m.. 
3.20  p.m.. 


9.10  a.m.. 
11.05  a.m. 
9.15  a.m.. 
9.20  a.m.. 
4.45  p.m.. 

3  p.m 

11.05  a.m. 

4p.m 

10  a.  m 

8. 45  a.  m. . 
4.45  p.m.. 


78 
84 
62 
72 
78 
(86) 
70 
84 

a  (102) 
72 
70 
75 
78 
69 
72 
(a) 
64 
66 
66 
66 
78 
64 
78 
84 
74 
72 
84 
64 
68 
78 

0(90) 
(a) 
70 
58 
82 
78 
68 
62 
72 
84 
82 
56 
79 
(a) 


16 
16 
20 
20 
22 
17 
16 
18 
17 
21 
18 
22 
18 
17 
(16) 


°F. 
99.3 


99.1 


97.3 
99.9 
99.4 
99.1 
99.1 
98.9 
99.1 
98.7 
98.3 


leg. 
22.0 
18.5 
23.5 
25.0 
22.5 
25.5 
25.0 
16.0 
6  22.0 
24.0 
23.5 
30.0 
22.5 
32.0 
29.0 


98.1 
99.2 
98.7 
99.5 
98.7 
98.3 
98.6 
98.8 
98.9 
99.6 
98.9 
98.8 
99.3 
99.2 


6  25.0 
32.5 
26.0 
28.0 
20.5 
28.0 
27.0 
28.0 
24.5 
30.5 
24.5 

6  19.5 
27.5 
30.5 
32.0 


98.5 
99.3 
98.9 
99.2 
98.9 
98.8 
98.7 
98.5 
98.4 
98.2 


25.5 
35.0 
26.5 
30.0 
33.5 
33.5 
27.5 
22.5 
24.0 
26.5 
23.5 


19.0 
18.0 
20.5 
23.0 
20.0 
22.0 
21.5 
13.0 
22.0 
22.5 
20.0 
26.5 
22.0 
28.5 
26.5 


25.0 
28.0 
14.5 
26.5 
15.5 
24.0 
12.5 
25.0 
24.0 
26.0 
23.0 
19.5 
20.5 
28.0 
29.0 


23.0 
31.5 
23.5 
28.5 
29.5 
30.5 
22.0 
20.5 
21.0 
25.5 
21.0 


'Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  271  et  seq. 
>  Right-handed. 


292 


BUREAU   or   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  3.   Face    measurements;    'pulse,  respiration,  temperature; 
force — Continued 

(6)  apache  girls— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Heiglit 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

843 

cm. 
11.5 
13.0 
11.9 
11.4 

cm. 
14.1 
14.9 
14.6 
14.4 

81.56 
87.25 
81.51 
79.17 

10.45  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

11.20  a.  m 

3.50p.  m 

68 
66 
72 
84 

17 
14 

18 
18 

°F. 

97.8 

98.3 

98.8 
98.4 

kg. 

31.0 

29.5 

25.5 

29.0 

kg. 

30.0 

24.0 

22.0 

27.5 

kg. 
26.0 

844 

23.5 

845 

20.5 

846 

20.0 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS 


81 

9.15  a.  m 

108 

(a) 
114 
79 
80 
96 
81 
72 
78 
82 
86 
90 
80 
80 
72 
a (102) 
72 
88 
84 

«(96) 

(a) 
84 

1(96) 
84 
90 
82 
72 

a  (96) 

a  (96) 
78 
76 
74 
80 
70 
a  72 
68 
72 

28 

82 

83 

8.30  a.  m 

11.  a.  m 

2.40  p.  m 

7.30  a.  m 

10.10  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

3.05  p.  m 

3.10  p.  m 

28 
30 
26 
26 
22 
26 
26 
29 
28 
24 
22 
28 
26 
28 
26 
21 
22 
(26) 

84 

85 

8.4 

10.8 

77.8 

99.8 

86 

87              .   . 

88 

9.3 

11.7 

79.5 

99.2 

3.0 

2.0 

0.5 

89 

90 

9.0 

12.0 

73.0 

100.3 

3.0 

3.0 

91 

92 

9.0 

12.1 

74.4 

2.50  p.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

3  p.  m 

100.3 

2.5 

2.5 

.5 

93 

94 

9.9 
9.2 

12.0 
12.0 

8S.S 
76.7 

100.3 
99.7 

4.5 
5.0 

3.5 
5.0 

.5 

95 

2  p.  m 

1.0 

96 

2  p.  m 

97 

9.4 

11.8 

79.7 

2.30  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

99.5 

5.5 

4.0 

2.0 

98 

99 

8  a.  m 

100 

9.3 

12.1 

76.9 

2.10  p.  m 

(100. 6) 

5.0 

6.0 

1.5 

101 

102 

3.15  p.  m 

4.20  p.  m 

9.05  a.  m 

2.05  p.  m 

1.45  p.  m 

9  a.  m. 

30 
25 
28 
22 
22 
22 
(30) 
(26) 
18 
20 
20 
18 
24 
22 
18 
24 

103 

104 

105 

9.8 
10.5 

9.6 
10.3 
10.5 
10.0 
10.0 

9.8 
10.1 
10.0 
10.5 
10.0 
10.2 

12.7 
12.2 
12.5 
13.4 
12.6 
12.1 
12.6 
12.7 
12.6 
12.0 
12.5 
12.7 
1^.8 

77.;? 
86.1 
76.8 
76.9 
83.  S 
82.6 
79.4 
77.2 
80.2 
83.  S 
84.0 
78.7 
79.7 

99.8 
99.7 
99.8 
(101.5) 
99.8 
99.9 
99.5 
99.4 
99.4 
99.7 
99.9 
99.6 
99.6 

6  15.0 
16.5 
7.0 
16.0 
16.0 

614.5 
15.0 
11.0 
15.5 

615.0 
14.5 
14.5 
12.0 

16.0 
13.5 

5.5 
14.5 
12.5 
16.0 
12.0 

9.0 
15.5 
15.5 
11.5 
13.5 
11.5 

4.5 

106 

2.0 

107 

.5 

108 

10.45  a.  m 

1.10  p.  m 

11.15  a.  m 

10.20  a.  m 

8..50a.  m 

9.20  a.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

2.30  p.  m 

2.40  p.  m 

9.10  a.  m 

4.0 

109 

2.0 

110 

1.0 

Ill 

2.0 

112 

1.0 

113 

7.0 

114 

3.0 

115 

3.0 

116 

4.5 

117 

7.0 

"  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  tabic  on  p.  276  et  seq. 
6  Right-handed. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSEEVATIONS 


293 


II.  Indian  Childken  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Tables.  Face  measurements;  pulse,  respiration,  temperature; 
force — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(■sit- 
ting) . 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

ns 

cm. 
10.7 
10.3 
9.9 
10.0 
10.6 
11.0 
10.6 
10.6 
10.4 
10.9 
10.4 
9.7 
10.4 
10.5 
10.0 
10.0 
10.6 
10.4 
10.5 
10.3 
10.8 
10.7 
10.4 
10.7 
11.1 
10.2 
10.0 
10.6 
10.2 
10.8 
10.8 
10.4 
10.7 
10.7 
10.2 
11.1 
10.6 
10.1 
10.9 
10.8 
10.2 
11.4 
10.8 
10.4 

cm. 
13.2 
13.0 
13.0 
12.4 
13.1 
12.3 
13.2 
12.2 
12.4 
12.1 
12.4 
12.6 
12.9 
13.0 
13.3 
13.0 
12.0 
13.2 
12.4 
12.4 
13.8 
12.7 
13.4 
12.6 
12.7 
12.1 
13.0 
12.8 
12.8 
12.4 
13.4 
12.6 
12.8 
13.1 
13.7 
13.4 
13.2 
12.8 
12.6 
12.9 
13.0 
12.8 
12.5 
13.2 

81.1 
79.2 
76.1 
80.6 
80.9 
89.4 
80.3 
86.9 
83.9 
90.1 
83.9 
77.0 
80.6 
80.8 
75.2 
76.9 
88.3 
78.8 
84.7 
83.1 
78.3 
84.2 
77.6 
84.9 
87.4 
84-3 
76.9 
82.8 
79.7 
87.1 
80.6 
82.5 
83.6 
81.7 
74.4 
82.8 
80.3 
78.9 
86.5 
83.7 
78.5 
91.2 
86.4 
78.8 

10.55  a.  m 

70 
84 
73 
72 
83 
60 
60 

6(96) 

6  85 

74 

72 

MQC) 
82 
68 

K92) 
72 
69 

H86) 
62 
78 
72 
72 
76 
72 
72 

•(90) 
68 
78 
66 

C) 

68 
60 
69 
72 
78 
68 
65 
H82) 
6  78 
(84) 
72 
70 
72 
72 

24 
18 
25 
21 
16 
19 
20 
(30) 
23 
22 
26 
20 
25 
19 
24 
21 
15 
22 
21 
23 
22 
20 
22 
20 
20 
22 
22 
16 
18 

°F. 

99.6 

99.3 

99.6 

99.7 

99.6 

99.6 

99.2 

(100. 1) 
98.7 
98.7 
99.1 

(100.0) 
99.6 
99.6 
99.8 
99.6 
99.5 
99.5 
99.7 
99.5 
99.2 
99.7 
99.7 
99.4 
100.0 
99.8 
99.7 
99.9 
99.5 

16.0 
a  15.0 
15.0 
15.5 
17.0 
15.5 
15.5 
13.5 
15.0 
16.5 
17.5 
19.5 
17.0 
18.5 
15.5 
16.0 
16.0 
16.0 
16.0 
11.0 
16.5 
13.5 
16.5 
15.5 
18.0 
17.5 
14.5 
18.5 
22.0 

kg. 

16.0 

16.0 

14.5 

15.0 

13.5 

15.0 

13.5 

13.0 

14.0 

15.5 

15.0 

17.0 

15.0 

17.5 

13.5 

14.5 

15.0 

15.0 

15.0 

C12.0 
•15.5 

C15.0 
14.0 
14.5 
14.0 
14.0 
11.5 
14.5 
19.0 

kg. 
9.5 

n9 

4.5 

120 

10.10  a.  m 

9.40  a.  m 

2.15  p.  m 

1.30  p.  m 

2.55  p.  m 

1.30  p.  m 

10.  40  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

1.15  p.  m 

1.30  p.  m 

9.50  a.  m 

4.40  p.  m 

11.45  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

1.40  p.  m 

1.50  p.  m 

8.40  a.  m 

3.05  p.  m 

2.45  p.  m 

3.15  p.  m 

4p.  m 

11.15  a.  m 

1.55  p.  m 

8.40  a.  m 

7.45  a.  m 

8.45  a.  m 

2.0 

121 

4.5 

122 

1.0 

123 

3.0 

124 

3.0 

125 

4.0 

126 

6.5 

127 

3.5 

128 

8.0 

129 

10.5 

130 

6.0 

131 

8.0 

132 

2.5 

133 

7.5 

134 

4.0 

135 

5.5 

136 

5.0 

137 

4.0 

138 

5.0 

139 

3.0 

140 

4.0 

141 

5.0 

142 

8.0 

143 

6.0 

144 

11.0 

145 

9.0 

146..   . 

9.0 

147 

148 

3.35  p.  m 

4.30  p.  m 

9.25  a.  m 

8.20  a.  m 

8.55  a.  m 

4.15  p.  m 

4p.  m 

7.55  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m 

3.30  p.  m 

8.10  a.  m 

1.20  p.  m 

4.50  p.  m 

9.30  a.  m 

19 
21 
18 
21 
20 
21 
19 
18 
21 
19 
16 
22 
21 
18 

100.1 
99.9 
99.2 
99.9 
99.7 
99.7 
99.2 
(100.0) 
99.7 
99.3 
99.5 
99.9 
99.5 
98.9 

18.0 
16.5 
20.0 
16.5 
19.0 
18.5 
15.5 
20.0 
17.0 
18.6 
14.5 
■16.5 
al6.5 
21.0 

15.5 
16.0 
19.5 
14.0 
17.0 
C15.0 
13.5 
15.0 
15.0 
15.5 
10.5 
15.5 
16.5 
17.5 

12.0 

149 

7.0 

150 

8.0 

151 

8.0 

152 

8.0 

153 

11.0 

154 

7.0 

155 

5.0 

156.. 

8.0 

157 

4.0 

158 

7.0 

159 

6.0 

160 

8.0 

161 

9.5 

a  Right-handed. 

6  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  276  et  seq. 

"Left-handed. 


294 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3. 


Face   measurements;   pulse,  resjoiration^   temperature; 
force — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting) . 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

162 

cm. 
10.9 
10.6 
10.8 
10.1 
11.4 
11.0 
10.6 
11.3 
10.2 
11.0 
10.3 
10.9 
10.9 
10.6 
11.0 
10.7 
10.9 
11.0 
10.7 
11.9 
11.4 
10.2 
11.6 
11.4 
12.3 
11.5 
12.0 
12.0 
11.6 
11.5 
11.0 
11.1 
10.7 
12.5 
12.3 
11.3 
12.3 
12.8 
10.9 
11.7 
11.6 
12.2 
12.3 
11.2 

cm. 
13.1 
13.4 
13.2 
13.0 
13.4 
13.4 
13.7 
13.0 
13.3 
13.2 
12.9 
13.4 
13.2 
12.8 
12.7 
13.4 
13.5 
13.8 
13.3 
12.8 
13.3 
13.2 
14.6 
13.2 
13.5 
14.4 
14.0 
13.8 
14.0 
13.1 
13.7 
14.6 
13.9 
13.8 
14.2 
14.0 
14.7 
13.8 
13.7 
13.5 
14.3 
13.4 
13.6 
13.8 

83.2 
79.1 
81.8 

85.1 
82.1 
77.4 
86.9 
76.7 
75.8 
79.8 
81. S 
82.6 
82.8 
86.6 
79.8 
80.7 
79.7 
80. 4. 
92.9 
85.7 
77.3 
79.4 
86.4 
91.1 
79.9 
86.7 
87.0 
82.9 
87.8 
80.3 
76.0 
77.0 
90.6 
86.6 
80.7 
83.7 
92.7 
79.6 
86.7 
81.1 
91.0 
90.4 
81.2 

9.05  a.  m 

8.05  a.  m 

3.15  p.  m 

10.10  a.  m 

8.40  a.  m 

9.45  a.  m 

3.45  p.  m 

1.10  p.  m 

5p.  m 

1.40p.m 

2.35  p.  m 

62 
64 
72 
66 
72 
75 
68 
66 
64 
6  72 
72 

60 
6(84) 

66 
6(82) 

70 

62 
671 

72 

66 
6  64 

60 
6(90) 

54 

6  72 

65 

62 

6(84) 

60 

■64 

64 

67 

6  72 

62 

64 

6  72 

58 

66 

(*) 
78 
78 

21 
18 
20 
20 
24 
18 
22 
21 
23 
(27) 
20 

°F. 
99.7 
99.1 
99.6 
99.3 
99.8 
99.9 
99.2 
99.5 
99.4 
99.9 
98.9 

kg. 
18.0 
19.0 
23.0 
21.5 
27.0 
21.5 
24.5 
22.5 
21.5 
C17.0 
19.0 
24.5 
25.0 
23.5 
20.5 
21.5 
24.5 
23.5 
23.5 
24.0 
28.5 
24.5 
39.5 
27.0 
28.0 
34.0 
41.0 
33.5 
43.0 
33.5 
39.0 
47.0 
28.5 
31.5 
33.5 
35.0 
44.5 
38.0 
28.0 

kg. 
15.5 
17.5 
22.5 
14.5 
20.0 
21.0 

0  23.5 
21.0 
19.0 
17.0 
18.0 
19.0 
22.0 
19.0 
19.0 
17.5 
19.5 
22.0 

O25.0 
20.0 
22.5 
20.0 
36.0 
24.5 
26.0 
25.5 
31.5 
27.5 
33.5 
29.5 
35.5 
44.0 
24.5 
25.0 
29.5 

a36.0 
37.5 
37.0 
24.0 

kg. 
10.5 

163 

6.5 

164 

12.0 

165          

7.0 

166          .   .   . 

12.5 

167 

6.5 

168          .   . 

8.0 

169 

14.0 

170 

5.0 

171 

10.5 

172 

6.5 

173 

10.5 

174 

9.40  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

1.40  p.  m 

1.30  p.  m 

1  p.  m 

2.45  p.  m 

2.30  p.  m 

2.20  p.  m 

10.20  a.  m 

2.50  p.  m 

7.15  a.  m 

9.15  a.  m 

18 
(24) 
23 
22 
25 
20 
18 
24 
18 
18 
21 
20 

98.9 
(99.9) 

(100.2) 
99.3 
99.6 
98.9 
99.9 

(100.1) 
99.4 
99.9 
99.0 
99.4 

15.0 

175 

14.0 

176          .   ... 

12.5 

177 

6.0 

178 

15.5 

179 

11.0 

180 

14.0 

181 

10.5 

182 

14.5 

183 

11.5 

184 

20.5 

185 

15.0 

186 

10.0 

187 

4.20  p.  m 

10.50  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m 

4.45  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

7.30  a.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

8a.  m 

10.40  a.  m 

1.45  p.  m 

3.55  p.  m 

11.25  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

3p.  m 

20 
24 
22 
20 
20 
18 
16 
16 
18 
23 
20 
15 
24 
18 

99.3 
99.1 
99.5 
98.9 
(100.1) 
98.5 
99.3 
99.3 
99.6 
99.5 
99.2 
99.4 
99.7 
99.0 

10.0 

188          .   ... 

22.0 

189 

21.0 

190 

23.0 

191.. 

14.0 

192 

30.0 

193 

24.0 

194 

16.5 

195 

21.0 

196 

18.0 

197 

20.0 

198 

24.5 

199 

24.0 

2fX) 

18.0 

201 

202 

3.25  p.  m 

20 

99.5 

42.5 
37.0 
37.5 
38.0 

39.5 

33.5 

O38.0 

26.0 

28.0 

203 

20.5 

204..    .. 

10.45  a.  m 

7.20  a.  m 

22 
20 

99.8 
98.8 

21.5 

205 

21.0 

"Left-handed. 

fcNot  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  276  et  seq. 

(^Right-handed. 


hbdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


295 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.  Face   rneasureynents ,'  jpulse^  respiration,  te'm2)eratuTe ; 
force — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 

(men- 

ton-na- 

sion). 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 
(sit- 
ting) . 

Respi- 
ration 

(sit- 
ting) . 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

206 

cm. 
12.6 
11.6 
11.9 
11.85 

(11.4) 
11.4 
12.5 
12.8 
12.3 
12.4 
12.0 
11.5 
12.6 
12.2 
12.2 

cm. 
13.7 
13.5 
14.0 
14.3 
(14.8) 
14.0 
14.6 
13.8 
14.4 
14.0 
13.5 
13.7 
14.3 
14.6 
13.8. 

92.0 
85.9 
85.0 
82.9 

81.4 
85.6 
9Z.7 
85.4 
88.6 
88.9 
83.9 
88.1 
83.6 
88.4 

7.40  a.  m 

7.35  a.  m 

4p.  m 

3.15p.  m 

11  a.  m 

7.55  a.  m 

11.15  a.  m 

0  76 
74 
55 
56 

a  66 
66 
72 
(a) 

a  74 
60 
60 
60 

a  70 
a  (72) 
o(74) 

22 
20* 
22 
16 

15 
20 

18 

99.6 
99.0 
99.6 
99.3 
99.1 
99.4 
98  9 

40.0 
39.5 
35.0 
38.0 
42.5 
30.0 
39  0 

kg. 

33.5 

35.0 

32.5 

36.0 

38.0 

28.0 

31.5 

34.0 

36.5 

41.0 

37.0 

35.0 

41.0 

38.0 

40.0 

kg. 

27  0 

207 

07  0 

208 

19  0 

209..       .   . 

9(3  0 

210  . 

14  0 

211 

90  0 

212 

21  0 

213 

42.0 

27  0 

214 

215 

3.10  p.  m 

4.30  p.  m 

8.45  a.  m 

8.20  a.  m 

4.40  p.  m 

5p.  m 

3.45  p.  m 

20 
17 
18 
20 
18 
18 
19 

99.8 
99.5 
99.8 
99.4 
99.7 
99.3 
99.3 

44.5 
42.0 
43.5 
39.0 
45.0 
45.5 
47.0 

29.0 
25  0 

216 

25  0 

217 

16  0 

218 

24  0 

219 

24  5 

220 

25  0 

(d)  PIMA  GIRLS 


221 

8.45  a.  m 

4p.m 

10  a.  m 

10.15  a.  m 

3p.  m 

11  a.  m 

4.30  p.  m 

9  a.  m 

105 

102 

a  108 

100 

95 

86 

99 

(a) 

96 

96 

96 

a  (114) 

84 

102 

a  (110) 

086 

78 

84 

(.) 

(a) 

78 

84 

o(96) 

76 

72 

25 
27 

222 

223 

224. 

30 
26 
32 
30 
26 
24 
28 
24 
21 
28 
32 
30 
32 
21 
22 

225 

226 

227 

228 

229 

11.15  a.  m 

3.25  p.  m 

1.30  p.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

3.30  p.  m 

Ip.  m 

10.10  a.  m 

9.20  a.  m 

11.45  a.m 

11. 35  a.m 

230 

9.2 

11.5 

80.0 

231 

232 

233.. 

9.0 

12.0 

75.0 

99.5 

234 

235 

100.6 
100.5 
99.5 
99.6 

236 

237 

9.3 
9.0 

11.5 
11.6 

80.9 

77.6 

2.5 
6  5.0 

2.0 
6.0 

0  5 

238 

2  5 

239 

240 

- 

241 

10  a.  m 

2.15  p.  m 

1.45  p.  m 

9.55  a.  m 

9a.  m 

.      24 
22 
20 
24 

18 

242. .«. 

243 

9.9 
S.O 
9.7 

12.2 
11.8 
12.4 

81.1 
76.3 
78.2 

99.8 
100.2 
99.5 

7.5 
9.5 
7.0 

7.0 

C12.0 

6.5 

5 

244 

1  0 

245 

1.0 

a  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  276  et  seq.  (for  boys)   and  on 
p.  279  et  seq.  (for  girls), 
b  Right-handed, 
c  Left-handed. 


296 


BUREAU   OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  3.    Face  measurements;  jpulse^   respiration^   temperature; 
force — Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion) . 


Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


Physiological  data. 


Facial 
index. 


Time  of  day. 


Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


cm. 
10.0 
10.3 
9.6 
9.8 
10.5 
10.2 


9.5 
9.7 
9.8 
9.9 
10.0 
10.0 
10.5 
9.1 


10.2 
10.1 
10.1 
10.0 


10.3 


10.9 
10.0 
10.0 


10.2 
9.6 
9.5 
10.8 
10.2 
10.5 
10.7 


10.7 
10.2 
10.3 


10.0 
10.8 
10.3 


10.3 
10.6 


cm. 
12.0 
12.4 
12.2 
11.7 
12.6 
12.2 


8S.S 
83.1 


83.3 
83.6 


12.2 
12.3 
12.2 
11.8 
12.1 
12.8 
12.2 
12.4 


77.9 
7S.9 
80.3 
83.9 
82.6 
78.1 
86.1 
7  3.  J,. 


12.0 

12.4 
12.7 
12.6 


85.0 
81. 4. 
79. S 
79.4 


85.1 


12.1 
12.4 
12.2 


90.1 
80.6 
8Z.0 


12.4 
12.8 
12.2 
12.7 
12.4 
12.7 
12.0 


82.3 
75.0 
77.9 
86.04 


11.25  a.m. 
11.05  a.m. 

2  p.  m^... 
11.15  a.  m. 
2.30  p.  m  . 
10.05  a.  m . 

11  a.  m 

10.25  a.  m . 
9.15  a.  m.. 
7.40  a.  m.. 
10.35  a.  m. 
10.30  a.  m . 
3.40  p.  m  . 
10.25  a.  m. 
10.15  a.m. 
3.30  p.  m  . 
9.25  a.  m.. 
2.35  p.  m  . 
10.40  a.  m. 
2.15  p.  m  . 
11.50  a.  m. 
10.50  a.  m . 
10.15  a.  m. 
10.15  a.  m. 
10.05  a.  m . 
10.55  a.  m. 
10.30  a.  m. 
2.50  p.m.. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
11  a.  m 

3  p.  m 

10.45  a.  m. 


12.6 
12.6 
12.6 


84.9 


81.7 


13.1 
12.7 
12.8 


76.  S 
86.0 
80.5 


1.3.0 
12.6 


79.2 
84. 1 


14.0 
14.0 
15.5 


13.0 
13.0 
14.6 


4.05  p.  m... 
11.55  a.  m.. 
11.10  a.  m.. 

8  a.m 

7.45  a.  m... 
10.45  a.m.. 
3.45  p.  m... 

3p.  m 

1  p.  m 

9.45  a.  m... 
8.45  a.m... 
3.55  p.  m... 

Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  279  et  seq. 


1(90) 
84 
80 

o76 

a  82 
78 
78 

186 
72 
85 
78 
72 
72 
78 
78 
84 
70 
84 
76 

a80 

a  (96) 

"(86) 

80 

a  (108) 

69 

72 

80 

78 

84 

70 

a  84 
a  (84) 

(a) 

(90) 
72 

o84 
66 
72 
70 
72 
78 
72 
71 
78 
72 


(27) 
24 
20 
24 
23 
24 
23 
22 
21 
25 
21 
18 
23 
21 
20 
22 
27 
18 
20 
16 

(25) 
20 
23 

(28) 
23 
22 
18 
24 
20 
21 
20 

(24) 


°F. 
(100.3) 
99.8 
99.8 

100.1 
99.6 

100.2 
99.8 

100.3 
99.5 
99.6 
99.7 
99.1 
99.6 

100.2 
99.5 


99.7 
99.9 
99.6 
100.0 
(100.1) 
99.7 


(100.5) 
99.8 
100.1 


100.1 
99.8 
98.9 
99.9 
(100.  4) 


99.5 
99.7 
99.2 
99.4 
99.7 
99.6 
99.9 
99.9 
99.6 
99.8 
100.3 


6.6 
6.0 
7.0 
6.5 
9.0 
12.5 


kg. 
4.5 
4.0 
6.0 
6.5 
8.5 

11.5 


11.5 
12.5 
13.6 
14.0 
12.5 
13.5 
7.5 


11.5 
10.0 
13.6 
12.6 

7.5 
12.5 

7.0 


11.0 
10.0 
13.5 
12.0 


11.0 
9.5 
13.0 
10.0 


14.0 


11.0 


(7.0) 
14.5 
14.5 


(3.0) 
14.0 
11.0 


6.5 
13.0 
14.0 
13.0 
12.5 
14.0 
12.0 


5.5 
11.0 
13.0 
11.5 
13.5 
11.0 
10.0 


7.0 
16.5. 
12.0 


5.5 
10.5 
14.0 


12.5 
14.5 


12.5 
12.5 


HRDLicKAl  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  297 

II.  Indian   Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table   3.  Face  measurements;  pulse^  respiration^    temperature,' 
ybrc6— Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIKIiS— Continued 


Record  no. 


Face. 


Height 

(men- 
ton-na- 
sion). 


cm. 
10.3 
10.0 
10.2 

9.8 
10.3 
10.1 
10.6 

9.9 
10.7 
10.2 
11.0 
10.6 
10.1 
10.3 
11.6 
10.6 
10.3 


10.4 
10.9 
10.6 
10.4 
10.4 
10.6 
10.6 
10.6 
11.0 
10.5 
11.^5 
11.3 


11.2 
10.7 
10.6 
11.0 
10.3 
10.8 
10.6 
10.5 
11.0 
10.4 
11.3 


Diam- 
eterbi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 


cm. 
11.8 
12.3 
12.3 
12.1 
12.0 
12.1 
13.6 
12.7 
12.0 
12.5 
12.7 
12.7 
13.2 
13.0 
13.3 
12.6 
13.0 


12.6 
13.1 
13.2 
12.7 
13.0 
13.1 
12.6 
12.9 
12.6 
13.1 
13.3 
12.4 


12.9 


12.9 
12.9 
13.6 
12.2 
13.2 
14.0 
13.5 
13.3 
12.9 
13.2 
13.0 


Facial 
index. 


S7.3 
81.3 
82.9 
81.0 
85.8 
83.5 
77.9 
77.9 
89.2 
81.6 
86.6 
83. 5 
76.5 
79.2 
87.2 
84.1 
79.2 


82.5 


81.9 
80.0 
80.9 
84.1 
82.2 
87.3 
80.1 
86.5 
91.1 


79.1 


8S.9 
77.9 
90.2 
78.0 
77.1 
78.5 
78.9 
85.3 
78.8 
86.9 


Physiological  data. 


Time  of  day. 


a  Not  in  fully  normal 
6  Sore  finger, 
c  Left-handed. 


9.05  a.  m. 
8.30  a.  m. 
8  10  a.  m. 
8.20  a.  m. 
9.45  a.  m.. 
9.35  a.  m . , 
11.55  a.  m 
4.15  p.  m. 
3.10  p.m. 
11.30  a.  m 
11.40  a.  m 
1.15  p.  m. 
10.50  a.  m 
11.45  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

9.55  a.  m., 
11.45  a.  m 
11.10  a.  m 
8.45  a.  m. 
10.25  a.  m 

2  p.  m 

9.05  a.  m., 
9.15  a.m., 
8.35  a.m., 
4.40  p.  m. 

4  p.  m 

4.10  p.  m. 
4.10  p.  m. 
3.15  p.m. 
8.55  a.  m. 
9.15  a.  m. 
10.10  a.  m 

12m 

9.10  a.  m. 
9.25  a.  m. 
4.30  p.  m. 
9.35  a.  m. 
10.40  a.  m 
11.40  a.  m 
10.35  a.  m 
1.30  p.m. 
4.40  p.  m. 
11.10  a.  m 
3.30  p.m. 

condition;  for  additional  details 


Pulse 

(sit- 
ting). 


70 

78 

.  °  (82) 

78 

a  (90) 

o  (92) 
72 

1(78) 
72 
72 
74 
72 
78 
68 
72 
0(100) 
66 
62 
76 
70 
84 

o(88) 
74 

a  (90) 
78 

a  (90) 
a  (102) 
75 
72 
72 
a  74 
72 

0(84) 
a  72 

a  (86) 
78 
72 
78 
66 
76 
72 
a  72 
60 
68 


Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua.) 


'°F. 
99.5 
99.4 

(100. 1) 
99.4 

(100. 1) 

(100. 1) 
99.4 

(100. 0) 
99.8 
99.6 
99.6 
99.9 
99.0 
99.6 
99.5 

(100. 5) 
99.3 
99.0 
99.7 
99.2 
99.5 
99.4 
99.9 
99.5 
100.4 

(100. 0) 

(100. 0) 
99.7 
100.0 
99.5 
98.2 
99.2 
99.3 
99.8 
99.3 
99.9 
99.6 
99.5 
99.4 
99.9 
99.8 
99.7 
99.5 
100.1 
table  on 


Force. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


13.0 
15.5 
14.5 
15.0 
(9.0) 
12.5 
14.0 
13.5 
16.0 
20.0 
15.0 
16.0 
12.5 
15.0 
17.5 
(12.5) 
14.0 


16.5 
16.5 
19.5 
14.0 
14.5 
17.5 
17.5 
18.0 
18.5 
19.0 
(17.5) 
18.5 


22.5 


19.5 
15.0 
14.0 
16.5 
18.0 
22.0 
20.0 
13.0 
18.5 
12.0 
20.0 
.  279  e 


10.0 
13.0 
12.0 
12.0 
(5.0) 
10.5 
10.5 
12.5 
14.0 
16.5 
14.0 
13.5 
10.0 
13.5 
16.5 
(8.0) 
12.5 


15.5 

14.5 

14.0 

10.5 

12.5 

15.0 

15.0 

16.5 

18.0 

15.0 

v") 

15.5 


20.5 


13.0 
13.5 
12.0 
14.5 
20.0 
18.5 
17.5 
12.5 
17.5 
10.0 
18.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


t  seq. 


298 


BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  3.    Face   measurements;   pulse,  respiration,   temperature; 
force — Continued 

(d)PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 
(men- 

ton-na- 
sion). 

Diam- 
eter bi- 
zygo- 
matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 

(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

'     Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

335          

cm. 
12.1 
10.6 
10.9 
11.5 

cm. 
14.1 
12.8 
13.0 
13.7 

85.8 
82.8 
83.8 
83.9 

2.25  p.  ra 

9.55  a.  m 

1.20  p.  m 

1.25  p.  m 

11.45  a.  m 

7.10  a.  m 

9.20  a.  m 

9.30  a.  m 

11.40  a.  m 

4.50  p.  m 

1.40  p.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

1.45  p.  m 

1.45  p.  m 

1.55  p.  m 

2p.  m 

2.30  p.  m...... 

4.30  p.  m 

1.15  p.  m 

10.55  a.  m 

3.20  p.  m 

9.45  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

67 
"78 
66 
78 
72 
72 
72 
72 

1(80) 
72 

1(90) 
76 

1(84) 
72 
78 
68 
84 

1(90) 
72 
70 
63 
80 
78 
84 

(a) 

i") 
78 
72 

1(93) 
78 
60 
72 
74 
63 
«78 
76 
78 
74 
178 
70 
72 
72 
66 

1(86) 
72 

20 
19 
18 
22 
21 
20 
18 
18 

(22) 
21 
22 
17 
18 
17 
24 
19 
14 

(24) 
22 
17 
18 
24 
-    20 
22 

°F. 
99.1 

(100.5) 
99.7 
99.3 
99.4 
98.9 
99.6 
99.9 
(99.9) 
99.6 
99.6 
99.7 
99.2 
99.6 
99.2 
99.7 
99.2 

(100.1) 
99.6 
99.2 
99.2 
99.7 
99.9 
99.9 

kg. 

20.5 

15.0 

20.5 

21.5 

kg. 
19.5 
10.0 
15.0 
19.5 

kg. 
14.5 

336 

6.5 

337 

4.5 

338 

12.5 

339 

340 

11.0 
11.3 
11.4 

13.2. 
13.2 
13.1 

83.3 
85.6 
87.0 

20.5 
16.5 
21.0 

18.0 
14.5 
18.0 

14.5 

341 

10.5 

342 

12.5 

343 

344 

10.8 
11.0 

13.8 
13.2 

78.3 
83.3 

23.5 
18.0 

20.5 
13.5 

9.5 

345 

2.0 

346 

347 

11.2 
11.3 
11.4 
11.0 
10.9 
10.6 
11.2 

13.9 
12.9 
13.1 
13.5 
13.8 
12.9 
13.6 

80.6 
87.6 
87.0 
81.5 
79.0 
82.2 
82.3 

18.0 
22.5 
18.5 
6  18.5 
16.5 
19.5 
26.0 

17.5 
20.0 
15.5 
17.5 
17.0 
17.5 
22.5 

12.0 

348 

14.0 

349 

13.0 

350 

5.5 

351 

6.0 

352 

10.0 

353 

18.0 

354 

355      

11.3 
11.4 
10.8 
11.2 
10.6 
11.4 
11.2 
10.9 

13.7 
13.3 
12.9 
13.7 
13.4 
13.1 
13.8 
13.4 

82.5 
85.7 
83.7 
81.7 
79.1 
87.0 
81.2 
81.3 

29.5 
27.0 
22.5 
29.5 
18.0 
22.5 
21.0 
22.5 

26.5 
24.5 
19.0 
24.5 
14.5 
18.0 
18.0 
17.5 

17.5 

356         

8.0 

357 

9.5 

358          .   ... 

1.35  p.  m 

14.0 

359 

8.0 

360 

7.0 

361 

8  a.  m 

20 
20 
(26) 
20 
19 
20 
19 
20 
20 
20 
19 
22 
20 
20 
16 
19 
20 
18 
17 

99.3 
99.6 
(100.5) 
99.5 
99.5 
99.3 
99.1 
99.4 
99.9 
99.1 
99.7 
99.6 
99.9 
99.3 
99.6 
99.8 
99.2 
99.4 
98.9 

13.5 

362 

5  p.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m 

11.25  a.  m 

7.20  a.  m 

9.45  a.  m 

11.20  a.  m 

8.40  a.  m 

2p.  m 

1.05  p.  m 

8.20  a.  m 

2.10  p.  m 

9.25  a.  m 

9.40  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

7.45  a.  m 

7.55  a.  m 

8.10  a.  m 

9.0 

363 

364 

11.4 

13.5 

84.4 

21.5 

19.5 

12.0 

365 

366 

11.6 
10.9 
11.8 
10.9 
11.1 
11.3 
11.6 
11.3 

13.8 
13.6 
13.5 
13.4 
13.0 
14.2 
12.9 
13.6 

84.1 
80.1 
87.4 
81.3 
85.4 
79.6 
89.9 
83.1 

27.5 
19.5 
28.5 
25.0 
21.5 
6  25.0 
22.5 
23.5 

20.0 
18.0 
2'4.5 
23.0 
20.5 
25.5 
21.0 
21.0 

8.0 

367 

6.0 

368 

12.5 

369 

15.0 

370 

8.0 

371 

13.0 

372 

9.5 

373 

12.0 

374 

375 

376 

377 

10.6 
11.2 
11.8 

13.8 
12.7 
14.3 

76.8 
88.2 
82.5 

23.0 
26.0 
27.5 

20.0 
22.5 
26.5 

12.0 

378 

16.0 

379 

19.5 

aNot  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  279  et  seq. 
t>  Right-handed. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


299 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  3.   Face  measurements;  -pulse,  respiration,  temperature; 
force — Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Face. 

Physiological  data. 

Height 
(men- 
ton-na- 
sion) . 

Diam- 
eter bi- 

zygo- 

matic 
max. 

Facial 
index. 

Time  of  day. 

Pulse 
(sit- 
ting). 

Respi- 
ration 
(sit- 
ting). 

Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
(sub 
lin- 
gua). 

Force. 

Record  no. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

380 

cm. 
11.3 
11.1 
11.4 

cm. 
13.8 
13.8 
13.9 

81.9 
80. 4. 
83.0 

4.50  p.  m 

7.40  a.  m 

7.30  a.  m 

10.40  a.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

9.40  a.  m 

11.15  a.  m 

4.20  p.  m 

2.15  p.  m 

8.50  a.  m 

10.50  a.  m 

o72 

66 

58 

64 

a  72 

70 

60 

a  (86) 

a  (84) 

66 

62 

20 
23 
24 
20 
22 
19 
18 
(20) 
(24) 
22 
17 

°F. 

100.1 
99.7 
98.9 
99.4 
99.6 
99.1 
99.5 
(100.5) 
99.5 
98.8 
99.5 

kg. 
20.0 

C) 
28.0 

kg. 

17.5 
(20.5) 

25.5 

kg. 

12.0 

381 

w 

382. 

20.0 

383..     . 

384.. 

11.6 
11.4 

14.0 
13.5 

82.9 
844 

26.0 
33.0 

23.5 
29.5 

16.0 

385 

20.5 

386 

387 

11.6 
11.6 
11.2 

13.4 
13.6 
14.3 

86.8 
85.  S 
78.3 

27.5 
28.5 
31.5 

21.0 
26.0 
29.0 

12.0 

388 

15.0 

389 

18.0 

390 

a  Not  in  fully  normal  condition;  for  additional  details  see  table  on  p.  279  et  seq. 
ft  Right  hand  sore. 

Table  4  (Male).'^   Teeth;  condition  of  subject^ 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Position. 

Teeth.c 

Condition  of  subject.  ^ 

First. 

Second. 

[Right.. 
fPP^^-lLeft.... 
1                [Right.. 
^^^^^'-JLeft.... 

1 
1 
1 
1 

455 

2 

(+) 

456 

All  20 

(+) 

457 

All  20. 
All  20. 
AU20. 
AU20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  5>n 

(+) 

458 

(+) 

459 

(+) 

fUpper..P^^*- 
^        iLeft.... 

[Right.. 

[Right.. 
j^PP^'-lLeft.... 

i^°"^'--IJer.;: 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

460 

(+) 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
2 
2 

2 

3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
4 

5 
5 
5 
5 

461 

(+) 

a  The  continuation  of  Table  4  (Male)  will  be  found  on  p.  322  et  seq. 

b  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

c  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

d  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Tables  (physiological 
data). 


300  BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject  "■ — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teetli.6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


Lower.. -j 


Left. . . . 

jRiglit.. 

Left. . . . 
.,  [Right.. 

^PP'^'^-lLeft.... 

[Right.. 
^°"^'^-lLeft.... 

(Right.. 
|^'PP^''-iLeft.... 

(Right.. 
"JLeft.... 

JRight.. 
fUPP'^'-lLeft.... 

(Right.. 

iLeft.... 


Upper.. 


(Right. 


Lower. 


Lower. 


(Right.. 
pPP'^^-JLeft.... 


(Right.. 
^°^^'-lLeft.... 
(Right.. 
iLeft.... 
JRight.. 
[Left.... 
(Right.. 
[Left.... 
(Right.. 
[Left.... 
JRight.. 
[Left... 
JRight. 


[Upper. 


.Lower. 


[Uppe 


[Lower. 


[Upper.. 


Lower. 


'^°^*'^--lLeft... 


Lower. 


JRight. 
■[Left... 


|^^PP^''-[Ler.: 


[Upper.,  j 


[Lower. 


[Right. 
Left... 
Right. 
Left... 


2  3  4 

2  3  4 

2  3  4 

2  3  4 


All  20. 
AU  20. 
All  20. 
All  20, 


Not  fully  welL 


Tongue  coated. 


Tongue  slightly  coated. 


t+) 


(+) 


(+) 


■Not  quite  well. 


(+) 


(+) 


'Not  quite  well. 


(+^ 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

f>  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS  301 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject  ^^ — Continued 

(a)  apache  boys— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Position. 


Teeth.6 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


473 


476 


479 


481 


483 


484 


[Right. 
pP^'-JLeft... 

I 


f  Right. 
Lower.. JLeft... 

[Right. 
jUpper..|Left__ 

[Right. 
Lower.. JLgft... 

fUpper..|^«^t- 
'  [Left... 

.Lower.. P^'gl^t- 
[Left... 

Upper.. P'g^t- 
iLeft... 

Lower..,'     °     ' 
iLeft... 

fUpper..P^i&^*- 
I  iLeft... 

lLower..J     ° 

ILeft... 


Upper.. 


[Right. 
iLeft... 


Lower.. J     ° 

ILeft... 


fUpper..P'g^*- 
'  JLeft... 

[Right. 

[Left... 


:Lower. 


(Upper.. 


(Right. 
[Left... 

.Lower..  J     ° 

[Left... 


Upper.. 


Lower. 


[Right. 
[Left... 
[Right. 
[Left... 

Upper..^'^"- 
(Left... 

I  Right. 


Lower.. 


[Upper 


[Left... 
(Right. 
I  Left... 

Lower.. P'g^*- 
[Left... 

,^,  (Right. 

fPP'''---|Left... 

(Right. 

■(Left... 


Lower. 


(+) 


(+) 


.Tongue  slightly  coated. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

6  Explanation;  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (  =  x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


302 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male) .   Teeth;  condition  of  subject  °' — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


[Upper.. 1^'^^*- 
I  (Left... 

Lower..  JR'gl^t- 
[Left... 

[Right. 

iLeft... 


Upper. 


Lower.. P'gl^t; 
iLeft... 

[Right. 


Upper.. 


I  Left. 


Lower.. |^*g^t- 
I  Left... 


Upper. 


[Right. 
[Left.:. 


.Lower.. P'g^t- 
[Left... 


Upper..pigl^t- 
iLeft... 


Lower..  P'g^*- 
iLeft... 


[Upper-.l^'g*^*- 
I  iLeft. . . 

Lower.. p'gbt- 
[Left- .  - 


I         - 

Lower.. P'ght 
[Left. . 

[Right 

[Left.. 


[Right. 
"iLeft... 

j  Right. 
'[Left... 
■Upper..pight. 

iLeft... 

jRight. 

iLeft... 


(Upper 


[Lower. 


Lower. 


Upper...p'Sht. 
'  Left. 


Upper.. 


Lower..  P'gl^t- 
[Left... 

upper.. jR'ght- 
[Left. . . 

Lower.. F'g"- 
[Left... 


(Upper.. jl^'Sh*- 
I  ILeft... 


[Left. 

Lower.,  j^^'gh*- 
I  Left. . . 


(+) 


Weakly. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(?) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


I  l^xVl^aVtrdn?  Tm^elfan  Sr;  2,  lateral  incisor  3  canine;  4  anterio^remolar^S  posteri^^^^^^^^ 
molar;  0,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8  first  molar;  9,  sfondjnolar    10   - x)  third  mo^^^^^ 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data;. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


303 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male) .    Teeth;  condition  of  subject "- — Continued 


(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


rUpper..  {Right- 
iLeft... 


Lower..  [Right. 
iLeft... 


Upper.,  f  Right - 
iLeft... 

[Lower..  [Right - 
iLeft... 


Upper..  [Right - 
[Left... 


(Lower..  [Right - 
[Left. . . 


Upper.. [Right- 
[Left... 

lLower..[Right- 
[Left... 


•Upper..  [Right - 
[Left... 

Lower..  [Right - 
[Left... 

•Upper..  (Right - 
[Left... 

JLower..  [Right - 
[Left... 

Upper..  [Right - 
[Left... 

Uower..  [Right - 
[Left.- . . 

Upper..  [Right- 
[Left... 

Lower..  [Right. 
iLeft... 

Upper..  jRight- 
[Left... 

Lower..  [Right - 
[Left. . . 


Lower.. -^ 

[Lelt. . . 


fUpper..p^S^*- 
J  [Left... 


.Lower. 


(Right. 
iLeft... 


,^,  [Right. 

i^PP^'-'iLeft... 
[Right. 


i  Lower. 


(+) 


^Tongue  slightly  coated. 


(+) 


(-*-) 


Not  quite  well. 


(+) 


(+) 


(■f) 


(-f) 


C-f-) 


(+) 


(+) 


[Left. 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  2S3  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  Incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


304 


BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approxi?iated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject^ — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Ccntinued 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq.  .     . 

b  Explanation:  1,  rtiedian  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; G,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid:  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  305 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  comdition  of  subject'' — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


524 


(Right. 
[UPP^^-JLeft... 
I  (Right. 


526 


527 
528 


529 


530 


531 


532 


533 


534 


535 


536 


537 


538 


(Right. 
|UPP^'^--lLeft... 
I  IRight. 

(Right. 

PPP'^'-lLeft... 

\  (Right. 

[Lower.. {j^^j^ 


[Upper.. 


Lower. 


(Right. 

iLeft... 

(Right. 

"iLeft... 


[Right. 
UPP«'--lLeft... 

(Right. 
^^^^'-iLeft... 

IRight. 
fUPP«''--lLeft... 

r  Right. 

jl,eft... 

(Right. 

[Left... 

(Right. 

ILeft.., 


Lower. 


[Upper.,  j 


Lower. 


Upper.. 


Lower. 


(Right. 
iLeft... 
(Right. 
iLeft... 


[Right. 

^PP^'-JLeft... 

[Right. 

Left... 


Upper . 


Lower. 


(Right. 

"iLeft... 

(Right. 

ILeft... 


Teeth.ft 


J 


Second. 


Ail  except  last  molafs. 


3     6     7 

3     6.. 
3     6.. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

k\\  except  last  molars. 


All  except  last  molars. 


2 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(?) 
Not  quite  well. 

(+)■ 

(+) 

►Not  long  after  lunch. 

(+) 

[Tongue  whitish. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
[shortly  after  lunch, 
do. 

(+) 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq.  ^    .  i       c „+^,i^^  ^-r^ 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  camne;  4,  anterior  premolar,  5  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  ^"01?-^;  10  (= x) ,  th  rd  mo  at- 
c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Tabled  (physiological 
data). 

3452— Bull.  34— 08 20 


306  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject  "^ — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teetli.fe 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Lower. 


[Right. 
■iLeft... 

I  Right. 
■JLeft... 


fRigbt. 

^PP^'-lLeft... 

[Right. 


Lower. . 


iLeft... 
[Right. 
^PP^'-iLeft... 
[Right. 
Left... 


Lower..'! 


[Upper . 


Lower. 


[Right . 

ILeft... 

jRight. 

■  I  Left... 


[Right. 
^PP'^^-tLeft... 
I  Right. 
'iLeft... 


Lower. 


(Right..  I 

^PP'^'^'-lLeft... 

JRight. 
Lower..-'.      , 

iLeft. . . 


1 

2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2' 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


6 
6 

3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

7 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 

All  except  last  molars, 

All  except  last  molars 

All  except  last  molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
Tongue  yellowish  at  base. 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(+) 


a  See  also  talkie  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

I'  Explanation:  1,  median  incLsor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  ^3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data) . 


HRDLICKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  307 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject^ — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOTS— Continued 


Teeth.  6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.* 


I  Upper . . 
Lower. . 


f  Right. 
I  Left... 


jRight. 
[Left... 


fUpper . . 


Lower. 


JRight. 
[Left. . . 
[Right. 
|Left... 


rxT  [Right. 

rPP^'^-lLeft... 
[Right. 
"^'^"-iLeft... 


ll. 


'Upper . 


Lower. . 


jRight. 
iLeft... 
f  Right. 
JLeft. .. 


[Right. 


[Lower. . 


JLeft. 


[Lower. 


[Right 
^PP^''-|Left.. 
JRight 
[Left. . 
[Right 
pP^^-JLeft.. 

[l 


[Right. 
lOwer..-^^    . 

lL*ft... 


2  ...  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 


All  except  last  molars. 


All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

AJl  except  last  molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

AU  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

AU  except  last  molars. 


(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  whitish. 
(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
[shortly  after  lunch. 

Tongue  slightly  yellowish. 

(  +  ) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

('+> 

(+) 

(+) 

(  +  ) 

(  +  ) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

(+) 
-Had  been  running. 

(+) 
(+) 


[Tongue  whitish. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data) . 


308  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject  "- — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


593 
594 
595 


597 


598 
599 
600 
601 
602 
603 
604 
605 
606 
607 
608 
609 
610 
611 
612 
613 
614 


615 
616 


618 


619 

620 
621 
622 
.623 


Position. 


Upper 


-i 


Right. 
Left. . . 


iRiglit. 
Lower.,  j 


Left. 


[Right. 
^PP^"--lLeft... 
f  Right. 


Lower. 


[Left. 
(Right. 
^PI^''-iLeft... 
j  Right. 
[Left... 
I  Right. 
iLeft... 


Lower. . 


(Upper. 


L  [Right. 

[Lower.  .< 


Left. 


Teeth,  ft 


First. 


Second. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 

All  except  last  molars 
(lower  third  molars 
about  to  appear) . 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  32. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  except   last   molars 

(lower    third    molars 

about  to  appear) . 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9' 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


(  +  ) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 

(+) 
(+) 


(+) 
(  +  ) 


Not  fully  well. 


(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 
(+) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


(+) 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(  +  ) 


«  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  m  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  (physiological 
data). 


hedliCka]  physiological   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIOIsrS  309 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject^ — Continued 

(a)  APACHE  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.b 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject." 


[Upper. 


Lower. 


(Right. 

■[Left... 

(Right. 

[Left... 


,TT  I  Right. 

f^PP^^-lLeft... 
(Right. 
'iLeft... 


Lower. 


,^^  (Right. 

,„  (Right. 

(^PP^'^-lLeft... 


,^^  (Right. 

rP^'---{Left... 

[Lower.,  ff*- 
[Left... 


„  (Right. 

rPP^'^-JLeft... 

(Lower..  fS»^*- 
^  [Left... 

[Right. 

f^PP^'"--lLeft... 

'^"^^'■•{Sft"!*: 


All  except  last 
All  except  last 


molars, 
molars. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last 
All  except  last 


molars, 
molars. 


1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 
-  All  32. 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  32. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  32. 


2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  3  6  7  8  9 

2  36789 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7. 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

■7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  except  last  molars. 


(  +  ) 
(+) 

(+) 

Sore  throat. 
Not  quite  well. 

■Not  quite  well. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
-  (+) 
(+) 
Not  fully  well. 

(  +  ) 
■Not  quite  well. 


■Pains  in  chest. 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  283  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  pren-olar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  {+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state,  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


310  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Female).'^     Teeth;  condition  of  subject;  breasts;  menstruation'' 

(b)  APACHE  GIKLS 


Position. 


(Upper. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


First. 


[Right. 

I  Left.. 
Lower..  JRigW. 

ILeft.. 

JRight. 

iLeft.. 

[Right. 

[Left . . 
(Upper.. JRigM. 

ILeft . . 
iLower..|RigM. 

iLeft.. 
[Upper..  JRigbt. 

iLcft.. 
[Lower. .fRight. 

iLeft . . 
(Upper.. fRigM. 
I  iLeft . . 

Lower.,  f  Right. 

iLeft . . 
[Upper..  [Right. 
I  iLeft.. 

I  Lower..  [Right. 

iLeft . . 
Upper..  JRight. 

[Left . 
Lower..  I  Right 

ILeft . . 
[Upper..  jRight. 
'  iLeft.. 


2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

All  20. 
Ail  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 


2 

3 

4' 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

All  20. 
AU20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
AU20. 
All  20. 
Ail  20. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.'* 


Not  quite  well . 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(4-) 


Breasts. 


(Lower. .[Right. 
ILeft . 

IUpper.-jRight. 
iLeft..    1   2   3..    5| 6..   8 (+) 

Lower. ./Right. 

iLeft . 
(Upper..  {Right. 

I  iLeft 2   3  4  5|  1 8 (+) 

I  Lower.. /Right. 
iLeft.. 

i  Upper.. /Right. 
iLeft 3..    5j  1    2..    6..   8..  ..  ('+) 

Lower. ./Right 3   4..    1   2 

iLeft 12 

aThe  continuation  of  Table  4  (Female)  will  be  found  on  p.  330  et.  seq. 

6  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq.  ,        ,     .  „  .  _.  c  ..v^„<-„,i,A,  r>vr> 

cExplanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar,  5,  Posterior  pre- 
molar (;,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x)   third  mo  ar 

d  Symbol  (  +  )  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


Menstruation. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  311 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;  condition    of  subject;   hreasts;   menstrua- 

tion"- — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIKLS— Continued 


Teeth.6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


IUpper-.JRight 
iLeft . . 
Lower..  [Right, 
(Left.. 

I  Upper..  I  Right. 
iLeft.. 
Lower..  JRight. 
[Left.. 
[Upper..  jRight. 
iLeft . . 
Lower. .(Right. 
iLoft.. 
Upper..  [Right. 
[Left.. 
Lower. .[Right. 
[Left  . . 
Upper..  [Right. 
[Left . . 
Lower..  [Right. 
[Left . . 
Upper..  JRight. 
[Left . . 
iLower..  JRight. 
[Left.. 
Upper..  JRight. 
[Left . . 
Lower. .JRight. 
[Left.. 

Upper.,  jl^iglit- 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 

Upper.. fl^ight- 
[Left . . 

lLower..|RisM. 

[Left  . . 

rUpper..|Riglit- 
[Left . . 

lLower..|RiS^t- 
[Left.. 


Lower, 


Upper..|Riglit- 
[Left . . 

JLower.. JRight- 
[Left.. 


All  20. 
All  20. 
AU20. 
AU20. 


4 
4   5 


2 

2   3 

2  3|  6 

i     I 
2   3   6 

6 


(+) 


Tongue  coated. 


(+) 


Has  a  cold. 


Not  quite  well . 


(+) 


Not  quite  well . 


Tongue 
coated. 


somewhat 


(  +  ) 


(+) 


(+) 


3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;    ,  ,    ,  ^         .,  ^ ^__ 

molar;  6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9^  second  molar;  10  (=x)"  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


312  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;   condition  of  subject;   Ireasts;  menstrua- 
tion"'— Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teetii.  b 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. 


Breasts.  Menstruation. 


[Right. 
iLeft . . 
jRiglit. 
iLeft.. 
JRiglit. 
[Left . . 
fRight. 
^"^^^••{Left.. 


Upper..  J 


Lower. 


f  Upper. . 


670 


671 


672 


673. 


674 


675 


676 


677 


678 


Upper. 


Lower. 


[Upper. 


JRlght. 

[Left . . 

jRight. 

[Left . . 

j  Right. 

[Left.. 

JRight. 

[Left.. 

JRight. 

[Left.. 

JRight. 

[Left . . 

JRight. 

[Left . . 

f  Right. 

[Left.. 

JRight. 

[Left.. 

[Right, 
Lower..  J      , 

JLeft . . 

[Upper. . 


Lower.. 


[Upper. 


I  Lower.. 


[Uppe 


.Lower. 


[Upper 


Lower..  J 


(Right, 
[Left.. 
JRight 
[Left . , 


Lower. 


I  Upper. 
Lower.. 


Upper. 


Lower.. 


f  Right. 
[Left.. 
(Right. 
[Left . . 
JRight. 
[Left . . 
JRight, 
[Left . . 
[Right 


Loft . 


3 

3J4' 
3   4 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
5|  1 
1 


2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2.. 

2.. 

2.. 

2.. 

2  ., 

2!  3 

2' 

2. 

21. 


(  +  ) 


(+) 


Stomach  disordered . 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Systolic  murmur. 


(+) 


(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


(+) 


3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar; 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  scq. 

''Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor 
molar;  ti,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (= 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normalstate;  has  reference  chieDyto  Table 
data) . 


5,  posterior  pre- 
x),  third  molar. 
3  (physiological 


hrduCka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  313 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages— Continued 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;    condition  of  subject;  breasts;   menstrua- 
tion^— Continued 

(6)  APACBTE  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


(Upper.. 


[Lower. 


fUpper. 


Lower.. 


Upper.. 


Xower.. 


Upper. 


Lower.. 


Upper.. 


Lower. 


[Right. 

JLeft.. 

J  Right. 

[Left.. 

f  Right. 

[Left.. 

JRight. 

[Lett.. 

[Right. 

[Lett.. 

(Right. 

[Left . . 

(Right. 

[Lett . . 

(Right. 

[Lett.. 

[Right. 

[Left. 

(Right 

I  Lett., 


Teeth.6 


First. 


Upper. . 


(Right. 
Left.. 


[Right. 
^"^^'"■••[Left.. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


[Upper.. 


(Right. 
[Lett . . 
(Right. 
[Left.. 
(Right. 
Left . . 


[Right. 
Lower..  J 

[Lett.. 


fUpper. 


(Right. 
[Left.. 


[Lower. .J  ■   , 
^  [Lett . . 


[Upper. 


(Right. 
[Left.. 

'^°^^''--pt"' 


3   4 


Second. 


All 


except    last 
molars. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Breasts. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Sore  throat. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Menstruation. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

!>  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 
c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 

data).. . 


314  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).   Teeth;   condition   of  subject;   breasts;  menstrua- 
tion "- — Continued 


(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


fUpp 


[Upper. .  f  Rigbt. 
I  JLeft . . 

lLower..fRigbt. 

I  Left.. 
fUpper.. [Right. 
'  JLeft.. 

Lower.. jRight. 

JLeft . . 

JRight. 

{Left . . 
I  Lower..  [Right. 

[Left.. 

[Upper..  fRight- 

iLeft.. 
iLower.. (Right. 

iLeft.. 

jRigJit. 

ILeft . . 
Lower..  [Right. 

iLeft.. 

Upper..  [Right. 

.  [Left . . 

I  Lower.  .[Right. 

[Left.. 

Upper..  [Right. 

.  [Left . . 

[l-ower    [Right 

[Left.. 


fUpper 


(Upper..  [Right. 
J  lT,pft. 


(Left 
Lower.  .[Right. 

(Left . . 
[Upper..  (Right. 
I  (Left.. 

[Lower..  (Right. 

iLeft.. 
[Upper..  [Right. 
I  (Left.. 

[Lower.  .JRight. 

[Left.. 
[Upper..  JRight. 
I  [Left . . 

[Lower..  J  Right 
Left . 


Teetii.b 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


(+) 


(?) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Had  been  running. 


(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


Strawberry  tongue. 


(+) 


Breasts.  Menstruation. 


3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar; 


a  See  also  taT)le  on  p.  287  et  soq. 

h  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;     , 
molar;  6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (= 

<:  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table 
data). 


5,  posterior  pre- 
x),  third  molar. 
3  (physiological 


hedliCka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  315 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4    (Female).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject;   breasts;   menstrua- 
tion ^ — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIKIiS— Continued 


Position. 


Teetli.6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Breasts, 


Menstruation. 


.Riglit. 
(UPP'^'iLeft.. 

J  Right. 
^"^''■■iLeft.. 

JRiglit. 

'iLeft.. 


Upper. 


I  Right. 
Lower. -i,    , 

(Left . . 

[Right. 

[Left . . 

[Right. 

^•'^"'■■iLeft.. 


Upper. 


fUppe 


jRight. 
ILeft . . 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left . . 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left . . 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
I  Right. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left . . 

(Right. 
rPP^'^-lLeft.. 

[Lower. .  J . 
V 


Upper. 


Upper. . 


Lower. 


[Upper. 


Lower. 


Upper. . 


Lower. 


fUpper. 


Left, 


•- 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

"7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

9.. 

(+) 


Tongue  whitish. 


All    except    last 
molars, 
....do 


.do 


(+) 

Tongue  whitish. 

Not  fully  well. . 

(+) 

(+) 


(+) 


Drank  cofEee. 


(+) 


(+) 


Cold  morning. 


(+) 


(I  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  irjcisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

<^  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


316  BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bdll.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;    comdition   of  subjfct;  hreasts;  menstrua- 
tion "' — Continued 

(&)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.b 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.c 


Breasts, 


Menstruation. 


[Upper..fRiglit. 

iLeft.. 
iLower.  .JRigiit. 

I  Left.. 


i  Upper. 
Lower. 


Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 


fRight. 

iLeft.. 

(Right. 

iLeft.. 

JRight. 

[Left.. 

IRiglit. 
■JLeft.. 

jRiglit. 

iLeft.. 

j  Riglit 
■[Left.. 

JRight. 

iLeft.. 

fRight. 
■[Left.. 


(Right. 
r^P^'-lLeft.. 


I  Lower. . 


JRight. 
[Left.. 


(Upper. 


I  Lower. . 


JRight. 
"[Left.. 
I  Right. 
[Left . . 


JRight. 
Left.. 


Lower. . 


2 

6 

S 

2 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

All    except    last 

molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
All   except    last 

molars. 
do 


(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

6 

8 

2 

8 

2 

3 

8 

2 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

6 

8 

2 

3 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8|..| 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

■■1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except    last 
molars. 
....do 
....do 


2   3..  ..  8 

2   3..  ..  8 

2   3....  8 

2   3  ....  8 


1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except    last 
molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 


2 

3 

8 

2 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

Not  quite  well. 

(+) 

'     (+) 

Not  quite  well. 
(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


Very 
small. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

1>  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; (),  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (  =  x),  third  molar. 

c  Syml)ol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  317 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4  (Female).     Teeth;    condition  of  subject;   breasts;  menstrua- 
tion "■ — Continued 

(5)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


[Right. 
rPP^'--lLeIt.. 
{Right. 


Lower. . 


[Left . 


[Upper..  P'S^t- 
I  iLeft.. 

I  Lower.  .J      , 

[Left . . 


Upper. -jj^ 


Lower. 


[Right, 
eft.. 
I  Right. 
iLeft.. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


JRight. 
ILeft.. 
JRight. 
'iLeft.. 


Teeth.ft 


First. 


Second. 


1    I     I    I    I    I     I 
All   except    last 

molars. 

....do 

....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
] 

All    except 

molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
AU    except 

molars. 

do 

....do 


last 


2..    6  7  8.. 

2..    6  7  8.. 

2   3   6  7  8   9 

2   3..  7  8   9 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

1 
1 
1 
1 

AU   except 
molars. 
do 


last 


2   3  6  7  8.. 

2   3  6  7  8.. 

2   3  6..  89 

2   3  6..  8.. 


1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except    last 
molars. 

....do 

....do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Condition  of  subject." 


Tongue    somewhat 
coated. 

(+) 
Tongue  coated 


(+) 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coated 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

Tongue  slightly  coated 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 


(+)      . 

(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 


Very 
small. 


SmaU. 


Very 
small. 
Small.. 
Very 
small. 


Small.. 

Very 

small. 


Very 
small. 


Menstruation. 


..do. 


.do 


..do 


Small. 


Just  begun. 


Yes. 


«  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Tables  (physiological 
data). 


318  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages^ — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;   condition   of  subject;   breasts;    menstrua- 
tion ^ — Continued 

(b)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


[Right. 

i^PP'^^-lLeft.. 

,  I  Right. 

Lower.  .-^^   ^^ 

[Left.. 


Upper.  .< 


Lower. , 


fRight. 
'Left.. 
fRight. 
JLeft.. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except    last 
molars. 

....do 

....do 

....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

C 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All   except    last 

molars. 
....do 


.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 


Condition  of  subject. 


(+) 


(+) 


Slightly  nervous 

Not  quite -well 

Tongue    slightly 
coated. 

(+) 

Tongue    slightly 
coated. 

(+; 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 

(+) 
(  +  )  Cold  morning... 


(+) 

(+) 

Not  quite  well .' 

Tongue    slightly 
coated. 

(+) 


Breasts. 


Very 
small. 


Small. 


Very 

small. 

Small.. 

Very 

small. 

....do.. 

....do.. 


Very 
small 


Small., 
...do.. 


Moder- 
ate. 
Small. 


Menstruation. 


First  time  this 
month. 


Yes,    for    6 

months. 
Yes. 

Yes,     for    3 

months. 
Yes,    for    15 

months. 


Yes. 

Yes      for     5 

months. 
Y  e  s ,    f  o  r    ll 

months. 


Yes,    for    14 
months. 


Moder- 
ate. 
(+)  Very 

small. 

"  See  also  taljle  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

ij  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre-- 
molar;  6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  319 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).     Teeth;    condition   of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion'^— Continued 

(&)  APACHE  GIKI.S— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


[Right. 
^PP'^-lLeft.. 
[Right. 
'iLeft.. 


[Lower. 


JRight. 


[Lower.. 


[Left. 


All    except    last 
molars. 

....do 

....do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All   except    last 
molars. 

....do 

....do 


Had  no  breakfast. 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(  +  )  Cold  morning. 

(+) 


.do. 

-do. 
-do. 
-do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Tongue  whitish 

(+) 
(+) 

Not  quite  weU  (hys- 
teric spells) . 

(+) 
(+)  Cold  morning . . . 

(  +  ) 


Not  well 

(+)  Cold  morning . 
(+) 


2   3  6  7  8  9 

2  ..  6  7  8  9 

2   3  6  7  8  9 

2   3  6  7  8  9 


1 
1 
1 
1 
All    except   last 

molars. 
....do 


.do. 


.do. 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 


Small.. 

Very 

small, 

Small.. 

...do.. 

...do.. 


.do. 


Moder- 
ate. 


.do. 


...do.. 

Very 

small, 

....do.. 

....do.. 
....do.. 
Moder- 
ate. 


Small.. 
Moder- 
ate. 

Small.. 

....do.. 

....do.. 

Moder- 
ate. 
Small.. 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  . 
molar;  6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (= 
c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table 
data). 


Yes,    for     4 

months. 
Yes,  for  about 

2  years. 
Yes,     for     6 

months. 


Yes. 

do. 
Yes,   for    12 

months. 
Yes. 

do. 


Yes,    for     6 

months. 
Yes. 


Yes,    over  18 
months. 

Yes,    over    18 
months. 

Yes,    for    13 

months. 
Yes,    for     6 

months. 
Yes,    for     2 

months. 
Yes. 


5,  posterior  pre- 
x) ,  third  molar. 
3  (physiological 


320  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4    (Female).    Teeth;  condition    of  subject;   breasts;   menstrua- 
tion " — Continued 


(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. 


Mens;;ruation. 


I  Upper. 
Lower. 


[Right. 

iLeft., 

[Right, 

'iLeft., 


Upper. . 


J  Right. 


Left . 


[Right. 
^""^'"- -ILeft.. 


All    except    last 

molars. 
....do 


.do. 
-do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
'.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(+) 
C+) 
(+) 

(+) 

CO 
Heart  not  normal . 

(+)     . 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
Not  well.. . : , 


2 

3 

6   7 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6   7 

8 

9.. 

2 

3 

6   7 

8 

9x 

2 

3 

6  7 

8 

9x 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except   last 
molars. 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All   except    last 

molars. 
....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8   9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8  9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8  9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8  9 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 


Small . . 
...do.. 


Yes,     for     10 

months. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 
Yes. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Small. 
...do. 


...do.. 


Moder- 
ate. 
Small. 


do. 
Yes,      for      4 

months. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 
Yes. 
do. 


Small., 
...do., 

Moder- 
ate. 

...do. 

Small . 

Moder- 
ate. 


....do.. 
....do.. 

....do.. 

Small.. 
....do 


do. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 
Yes,      for      7 

months. 
Yes,    over    18 

months, 
do. 
Yes. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 


Yes. 


do. 

do. 

do. 
do. 


«  See  also  taljle  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

''  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  V)icuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

^Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  nomial  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  321 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;   condition  of   subject;   breasts;   menstrua- 
tion °' — Continued 

(6)  APACHE  GIRLS— Continued    . 


Position. 


Teeth.  6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


[Right. 
^PP^'"-{Left.. 
(Right. 
■JLeft.. 


-Lower. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


(Right. 
I  Left.. 
(Right. 
Left.. 


All    except    last 
molars. 

do 

All  32. 

All    except   last 

molars. 
....do 


2 

.3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 

1 
1 

All  32. 

All    e.Kcept   last 

molars. 
....do 


.do. 
.do. 


-do. 
.do. 


.do. 


2 

3j  6   7 

8 

9 

.. 

2 

3   6   7 

8 

9 

2 

3   6   7 

8 

9 

X 

2 

3   6   7 

8 

9 

X 

1 
1 
1 

1 

All    except   last 
molars 

.  ..do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 


(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
Had  been  out  playing. 
Not  well 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 


(+) 


(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  whitish. 

(+) 
(+) 


Small. 


...do. 
...do. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Small.. 

...do. 

...do. 

Moder- 
ate. 
...do. 
Small. 


Moder- 
ate. 

Small. 

Moder- 
ate. 

Small. 


.do. 


Moder- 
ate. 

...do.. 

Small. 

...do. 

Moder- 
ate. 


Yes,     for     10 

months. 
Yes. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 
Yes. 

Yes,    over    18 
months. 


Yes,      for      9 
months. 

Yes,    over    18 

months. 
Yes,     over     2 

years. 
Yes,    over    18 

months, 
do. 
Yes,     for     11 

months. 
Yes,     over     2 

years. 
Yes. 
Yes,      for      5 

months. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 


do. 

do. 
do. 


(?) 


Yes. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (  =  x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-f )  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


3452— BulL  34—08- 


-21 


322  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).   Teeth;  condition    of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion^— Continued 


(6)  APACHE  tSIKLS— Continued 


844 

845 
846 


Teeth.  6 


Position. 


rPP--{Ler: 


(RiETlltJ 


First. 


All  except 
last  mo- 
lars. 

do... 


Lower. 


(Left. 


Second. 


All    except    last 
molars. 


.do. 


Condition  of  subject. c    Breasts 


Not  well. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except   last 
molars. 
All  32. 


(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 


Small.. 


Moder- 
ate. 


....do. 


Small. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Menstruation. 


Yes,    over    18 
months. 

do. 


do. 


Yes,      for      9 

months. 
Yes,    over    18 

months. 


Table  4  (Male).''  Teeth;  crmd/'t ion  of  subject" — Continued 

(C)  PIMA  TBOYS 


Rec- 
ord 

no. 


Position. 


Teeth.6 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


'Upper. 


[Upper 


I  Right.. 
iLeft. ... 
J  Right.. 

■  1 [.eft. . . . 
jRight.. 

■  I  Left.... 
[Right. . 

'Left.... 


Upper. 


Lower. . 


)  Right. . 
I  Left.... 
I  Right.. 
iLeft. ... 


All  20. 

All  20. 

All  20. 

All  20. 

All  20. 

All  20. 

All  20. 
2  3  ■ 
2  3  . 
2  3  ■ 
2  3  ■ 
2  3  ■ 
2  3  ■ 
2  3  . 
2  3  . 
All  20. 


2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

Crying. 


(  +  ) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
C+) 
(+) 

(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  287  et  seq.  (for  girls),  and  on  p.  292  et  seq.  (for  boys). 

''  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; (i,  8nt,f;rior bicuspid;  7,  po.slerior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 

dThc  first  part  of  Table  4  (Male)  will  be  found  on  p.  299  et  seq. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 


323 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject"' — Continued 


(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Position. 

Teeth.& 

First. 

Second. 

[Upper.. flight.. 
(Left.... 

Lower.. (Riglit-- 
Left.... 

1 
1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4' 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
.5 
S 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

.5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

92 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

(+) 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

(Upper. .{R'gl^t-- 
1                (Left... 

93 

It              [Right.. 

(  +  ) 

[  Lower.. -^      =■ 

(Left.... 

[Upper..|R'gl^t-- 
1                iLeft.... 

lLower..{R'ght.. 

I  Left-.. 

1 
1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

94 

1 
1 

(+) 

[Upper. -p'ght.. 

1                (Left.... 

lLower..pght.. 

(Left.... 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

8 

... 

95 

(  +  ) 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
S 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

96 

Lower..  ■"e>"-- 

(Left.... 

2 
2 
2 

2 

1 

1 

iTongue  coated. 

,TT             (Right.. 
PPP^'-JLeft.... 
L              [Right.. 

1 

1 

97 

1 
1 

2 
2 

(+) 

[Lower..       ^ 

[Left.... 

1^              [Right.. 
iLower..-;      " 

Left. . . . 

1 

1 

2 
2 
2 

98 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

(+ 

[*"--i"S':: 

2 
2 

99 

L              [Right.. 

2 
2 

(+) 

[Lower.. -^ 

[Left. . . . 

It              [Right.. 
[Lower..       ° 

[Left 

1 
1 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 

100 

1 

1 

■Not  quite  well. 

[Right.. 
Upper..       ° 

(Left 

[Right. . 
Lower.. -^ 

[Left.... 

1 

1 
1 

1 

101 

do. 

1 

1 
1 

1 

102 

L              [Right.. 

2 
2 

... 

... 

(+) 

^^^"^'^-iLeft.... 

[Upper..fff*- 
1                [Left.... 

[^              (Right.. 

1 

1 

2 
2 

103 

1 
1 

(+) 

1 

(Lower.. -^ 

[Left. . . . 

2 

a  See  also  tahle  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar,  9,  second  molar;  10  {  =  x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-I-)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


324  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject '^ — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.*: 


(Right. . 
pPP'''--lLeft.... 

(Right.. 
■iLeft.... 

(Right. . 
"iLeft.... 

jRight.. 

iLeft. ... 


Lower. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


(Right. 

UPP'^'"-iLeft... 

(Right. 

(Right. 
■UPP'"^--lLeft... 

(Right. 
^'°^'^'"--  Left... 


(Right. 

fUPP'^''--|Left... 

(Right. 
Lower.  .-^ 

[Left... 

(Right. 
(UPP^-^-lLeft... 

jRight. 

iLeft... 

(Right. 
"PP'^'^-lLeft... 

[Right. 


[Lower. 


Lower. . 


Left. 


(Right. . 
jUPP^^-lLeft.... 
(Right. 


Lower.. 


JLef  t. . . 

[UPP^^--lLeft... 

I  (Right. 

^^"^•"■•-iLeft... 

[Right. 
jUpper..j^^j^ 

(Right. 


Left. 


(Right. 
jUpper..j^^^^^ 


I  (Right. 

^^''^^'■--  Left... 


Sickly. 


Tongue  slightly  furred. 


(+) 


(+) 


Headache. 


■Soon  after  lunch. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(  +  ) 


(  +  ) 


iTongue  slightly  coated. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  292  et  seq.  ,        ^         ^    . 

h  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3.  canine:  4.  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar- fi  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  l)icuspid:  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (  =  x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
lata). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  325 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject"' — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Position. 

Teeth.  6 

Condition  of  subject. 

First. 

Second. 

fRieht 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

6    . 
6    . 

.    8 
.    8- 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
8 
8 
'     8 
r    8 
r    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
7     8 
.    8 

r    8 

I     8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
.    8 
7     8 
7     8 
-     8 
7     8 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

■    (+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

do. 

fpp---U.... 

116 

1                  fRiglit 

'^"^"■"■■iLeft 

fRight 

pPP^'--{Left 

117 

1                (Riglit 

^^^"^''-iLeft 

'Right 

pPP^'-JLeft 

118 

1                f  Riglit 

9 
9 
9 
9 

iLower.  .1^   ^^ 
[Left 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6     ' 
6     " 
6     " 
6     ' 
6     ' 

fRiglit. . 

ppp^-'-liit. 

119 

1                 [Right. . 

iLower.  .-^^    ^^ 
(Left.. 

fRight. . 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 

4 

4 

"a 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

rPP'^^-lLeft.. 

120 

1                 fRight. . 

iLower.  .< 

[Left. . 

fRight  . 

f)    . 

^PP^'-lLeft. 

9 

121 

!                 [Right.. 

6    . 

^^°^''--lLeft 

[Right.. 

3 
3 
3 
3 

6 

6    . 
6 

6 

fPP^--{Le?t 

5 

122 

1                fRight. 

lLower..i     °^ 
I  Left. . 

[Right. 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
4 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

pPP^'-iLeft. 

123 

1                 [Right. 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

[Lower.. L   " 

[Left. . 

[Right.. 

3 
3 
3 

6    . 
6    . 
6    . 
6    . 

pP^^-^-lLeft..- 

124 

1                (Right.. 

^^"^•^"■-iLeft... 

9 
9 
9 
9 

... 

[Right 

3 

rp^-iLeL.:: 

3 

6    . 

125 

1                [Right. . 

4 
4 

^^°---{lit.... 

3 
3 
3 
3 

6    . 

6 

6 

6 

6 

[Right.. 

(UPP^--|Le?t.... 

126 

1                 [Right. . 

^^""^■•■■Left.... 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=iX),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


326  BUKEAIT   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  84 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject"' — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Position. 


Teeth. & 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


128 


130 


131 


132 


133 


134 


138 


Upper.,  jl^'gl^*- 


(Left. 


Lower. 


(Upper.. I^'g'^*- 
iLeft... 

[Right. 

iLeft... 

[Upper.. JRig". 

iLeft. .. 

[Right. 


Lower.. P'g'^t- 
iLeft... 


Lower. . 


iLeft. 

Upper.. I^'sh*- 
ILeft. .. 


Lower..  R'ght - 
ILeft... 


[Upper. .{K'ght. 
J  ILeft... 


Lower., -^ 


Upper.. 


Lower. 


Upper. .] 


Lower. . 


JRight. 
I  Left... 
[Right. 
[Left... 
[Right. 
iLeft... 
{Right. 

Left... 

Right. 

Left. . . 

( Upper..  P'S'i*- 
J  I  Left... 

lLower..(l^'ght. 

I  Left... 

JRight. 

Left. . . 
(Right. 
I  Left... 
JRight. 

Left... 

Lower.. {l^'g'^*- 
I  Left... 

JRight. 

I  Left... 

J  Right. 

I  Left... 

{Right. 

Left. . , 

[Right. 

I  Left. . 


f  Upper..  I 

fUpper..| 
I 


[Upper. 


f  Upper..  I 
(Lower.. 


(+) 


(+) 


Exercised  shortly  before. 


(+) 


(+) 


iTongue  slightly  coated. 


(+) 


(+) 


(  +  )  Exercised  shortly  before. 


C+) 


(+• 


(+) 


a  See  also  ta))Is  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor:  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; fi.  anterior  l)iciispid;  7.  postprior  hiciispid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar,  10  (  =  x).  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+;  means  ingoodhealth  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  327 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth:  condition  of  subject"' — Continued 

(c)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Position. 

Teeth.ft 

Condition  of  subject. 

First. 

Second. 

TT..,^^..     iRieht.. 

3 

5 
S 
5 
5 

2 
2 

6 
6 

... 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
,8 
8 
8 
8 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

Not  well. 

(+) 

(+)' 

(+) 

Upper.. -^     s 

ILeft.... 

139 

Lower.,  jl^'ght-. 
iLeft.... 

2 

... 

4 

2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
7 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

7 
7 
7 

7 

frT^„„,.     [Right.. 

9 
9 
9 
9 

... 

Upper..  ^      ^ 
J                I  Left 

T               fRislit.. 

iLeft 

fT'»,^„..     (Right.. 

3 
3 
3 
3 

4 

4 
4 
4 

5 
5 
5 
5 

Upper.. -^     ^ 
1                (Left.... 

lil 

L„„,^^     [Right.. 

[Left.... 

fiT^„„..     [Right.. 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 

Upper.. -^     ^ 
J                iLeft.... 

T„           (Right.. 

(Left.... 

fTT             [Right.. 

)                (Left 

T„           [Right.. 

[Left.... 

fTT             [Right.. 

5 

144 

J                (Left.... 

T  „„ [Right.. 

[Left.... 

fTT.^,^^..     [Riglit.. 

145 

Upper.. -^     '' 
J                [Left.... 

T„„,„^     (Right.. 

Left. . « 
frT,,^^,.     (Right.. 

3 
3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
4 

5 
5 
5 
5 

146 

J                (Left. . . . 

T^w^r-     (Right.. 

(Left.... 

fTT       „     (Right.. 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

7 
7- 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 

— 

J                (Left.... 

T„      „     [Right.. 

(Left.... 

fTT^„  ..     [Right.. 

[Left.... 

T  ^„,  ,.     [Right.. 

ILower..-^      ^ 

[Left.... 

(n-,^^^..     [Right.. 

Upper..       ^ 
J                (Left... 

T„           (Right.. 

[Left.... 

fiT^.,  „     [Right. . 

J                [Left.... 

T„           (Right.. 

v  Lower..-,'      - 

[Left.... 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


328  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject  °' — Continued 

(e)  PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


152 


153 


iLower..-^ 


[Upper.. 


(^,  [Right. 

Tjpper..-^ 
I  iLeft... 

JRight. 

(Left... 

[Right. 

I  Left... 

[Right. 

[Left... 

[Right. 

I  Left... 

ILower. 


155 
156 

157 

158 
159 

160 

161 
162 
163 
164 
165 
166 
167 
168 
169 

170 


171 


172 
173 


Teeth,  b 


First. 


[Upper..] 


Upper . 


(Right. 
■(Left... 

I  Right. 
■(Left... 

(Right. 
'iLeft. .. 


Upper . . 


Lower. 


(Right. 
(Left... 
jRight. 
[Left... 


[Upper.. 
Lower.. 


[Right. 
[Left... 
JRight. 
(Left... 


Upper . 


T/Ower. 


Upper . 


Lower. 


[Right. 
(Left... 
JRight. 
(Left... 
JRight. 
[Left... 
(Right. 
■JLeft... 


I 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


All  e.xcept  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 

1 

1 

1 

1 


All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  lastjnolars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  naolars. 
All  except  last  molars. 

5 

5 

5 

5 


All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

e 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

b 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

6 

8 

9 

2 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

b 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

f 

7 

8 

9 

(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coated, 
do. 


(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(+) 


^Tongue  slightly  coated. 


(+) 


Not  quite  well. 


a  See  al.so  table  on  p.  292  ot  seq.  ,        ^  ,     . 

h  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


329 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4  (Male).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject"' — Continued 

(c)PIMA  BOTS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Position. 


Teeth.  & 


First. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


[Right. 
[UPP'^-'-lLeft..; 

[Right. 

'^°^''"-{LeK!!; 
j-— IS": 

I  Right. 
iLower.J 

Lelt. . . 


2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

177 
178 
179 
180 


jRight. 
[Left... 


1  Lower. 


182 
183 
184 
185 


187 


(Right. 


Lower. . 


[Left. 


,^^  [Right . 

pP^'-JLeft... 
(Right. 


I  Lower. , 


(Left. 


All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars 
All  except  last  molars 

I 


2  3 

2  3 

2  3 

2  I  3 


All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 
All  except  last  molars. 


1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

All  except  last  molars. 


189  All  except  last  molars. 

190  All  except  last  molars. 

191  All  except  last  molars. 

192  All  except  last  molars. 

193  All  except  last  molars. 

194  ...■ All  except  last  molars. 

195  All  except  last  molars. 

196  All  except  last  molars. 

197 All  except  last  molars. 

198  All  except  last  molars. 

199  ' All  except  last  molars. 

200  ' All  except  last  molars. 

201  ' All  except  last  molars. 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

6  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-H)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Taljle  3  (physiological 
data). 


(+) 


Tongue  coated  yellowish. 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coated. 

(+) 

(  +  ) 
Tongue    slightly    coated. 


(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  coated. 

(+) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

■Not  quite  well. 


(+) 

(4-)  Exercised  one-half  hour  be- 
fore. 


(+) 
(+) 
Tongue  coated. 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

(+)  . 
Not  well. 


330 


BUREAtr    OF   AMERIOAlSr   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 
Table  4  (Male).    Teetli;  condition  of  subject  ^^ — Continued 


(c)PIMA  BOYS— Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


202 


203 


204 
205 


207 
208 
209 
210 

2n 

212 
213 
214 
215 
216 
217 


218 
219 
220 


Position. 


[Upper. 


[Right. 
iLeft... 
[Right. 
'Left... 


[Right. 
[^PP'^"  iLeft... 
1  Right. 


Lower. . 


Teeth.  i> 


First. 


Second. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

X 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  32. 
1 

1 
1 
1 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  32. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  molars. 

All  except  last  inolars. 

All  except  last  molars 
(lelt  lower  third  mo- 
lar about   to  appear). 

All  except  last  molars. 
All  32. 

All  except  last  molars. 


Condition  of  subject,  c 


(+) 


Not  full3^  well. 


Tongue  coated, 
do. 

■Tongue  slightlj'  coated. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
Tongue  coated. 

(+) 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Tongue  coated. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Sore  throat. 
Tongue  coated. 


nSee  also  table  on  p.  292  et  seq. 

'> Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 0,  anterior  bicuspid;  7.  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

cSymbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  toTable3  (.physiological 
data). 

Table  4  (Female)  .'^^   Teetli;  condition  of  subject;  breasts;  menstru- 
ation ^ — Continued. 


(d)  PIMA  GIRLS 

6 

Position. 

Teeth,  c 

1 
Condition  of  snl)ject.f' 

Breasts. 

o 

First. 

Second. 

Menstruation. 

221 

All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 

(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 

22? 

223 

2?4 

(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
(  +  ) 
Gets  excited 

?2r. 

?2fi 

227 

228 

aTh(!  first  part  of  Table  4  (Female)  will  bo  found  on  p.  310  et  S(>q. 

I'  Sec  also  tal)l('.  on  p.  295  ot  seq. 

c  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 0,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

''Symbol  +  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  331 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).     Teeth;   condition  of  subject;   hreasts;   menstrua- 
tion " — Continued 

id)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth,  b 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Menstruation. 


i  Upper. 
Lower. 
(Upper. 
Lower. 
I  Upper. 
Lower 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 

i  Upper. 
Lower. 
(Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper- 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 


[Right. 
JLeft.. 
J  Right. 
JLeft.. 
(Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
I  Lett . . 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
iLeft  , . 
(Right, 
[Left . . 
(Right. 
[Left . . 
(Right. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 


j  Right. 
(Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left . . 
I  Right. 
iLeff.. 
(Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.. 
(Right. 
[Left.. 
(Right. 
[Left.. 


1 

2   3 

4 

1 

2   3 

4 

2   3 

4 

2   3 

4 

I   I  I  I 

.\U20... 
1  2l  3 
1  2  3 
.23 
.  2]  3 
All  20. 
All  20. 
AH  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 


3 

3 

3 

3 

3 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 
All  20. 


3   4   5 


(+) 
Somewhat  weak. 

(  +  ) 
Tongue  coated . . 


(+) 


(+) 


Not  fully  well. 
do 


(+) 


(+) 


Not  well. 


Ophthalmia 


(+) 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  eC  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor:  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid:  S,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar:  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


332  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;   condition  of  subject;    hreasts;    menstrua- 
tion "■ — Continued 


(d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.b 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.^ 


Breasts.  Menstruation. 


242 


243 


244 


245 


Upper. 


Lower. 


Upper. 


I  Lower. 


[Upper. 


I  Lower. . 


[Upper. 


JRight. 

[Left.. 

jRight. 

[Left.. 

(Right. 

I  Left.. 

JRiglit. 

[Left.. 

jRight. 

I  Left.. 

JRight 

[Left . 

(Right. 

(Left.  . 


[Right 
ILower.  .i 

[Left. 


[Upper. 


I  Lower. . 


I  Upper. 


Right. 

Left . . 

[Right. 

(Left,. 

[Right. 

[Left.. 

[Right. 
Lower.. 

[  ]..ef t . . 

[Right. 

[Left.. 

[Right. 
Lower.. 

Left . . 


fUpp 


pPP'^^-JLer: 

I  [Right. 

ILower... 

Left . . 


252 


(Right. 
^PP^'--{Left.. 


(Right. 
Lower.. 

[  Left  . . 

■Upper.. J,    ,, 


ILower. 


[Left.. 

[Right. 

'  1  T^ft . . 


[Upper. . 


ILower. 


jRight. 
[Left.. 
jRight 
[Left., 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coat- 
ed. 


(+) 


(+) 


Tongue  coated . 


w 


{+) 


(+)  Weak  looking. 


Tongue  slightly  coat- 
ed. 


(+) 


(+) 


Weakly. 


a  See  also  tahle  on  p.  235  et  soq. 

(>  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; f), anterior  l)icuspid;  7,  posterior  1)icuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  tb  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HBDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  333 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;  condition  of  subject;    hreasts;  menstrua- 
tion'^— Continued 

id)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


254 


255 


[Right. 
fUPP^'"-iLeft.. 
JRight. 
(Left.. 
JRight. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
UPP-^'- iLeft.. 
JRight, 
iLeft., 


258 


259 


260 


262 


!  Upper. 


1  Lower. 


Lower.  .1 


Teeth.6 


First. 


'Upper. 


(Upper 


fUpper. 


Lower. 


[Upper. 


Lower. 


JRight. 

iLeft.. 

JRight. 
■[Left.. 

(Right. 
"[Left.. 

JRight. 
"[Left.. 

JRight. 
'iLeft.. 

JRight. 
"[Left.. 

JRight. 
"[Left.. 

JRight. 


[Left 
JRight. 
[I>eft . . 
JRight. 
[Left . . 
[Right. 
^^PP*''^-"{Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left . . 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


fUpper. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.  <: 


All  except  last 
molars. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Breasts.  Menstruation. 


a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1.  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data) . 


334  ■  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAISr    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 


Table  4   (Female).   Teeth;    condition   of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 

tion°- — Continued 

(ci)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.ft 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject.'^ 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


[Upper. . 


I  Lower. . 


271 


273 


jRight. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.. 


266 


267 


269 


270 


Lower. . 


fUpper. 


Lower. . 


(Upper. . 


Lower. 


f Upper. . 


[Right. 
^PP'^^-Lft.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
I  Left.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.. 
jRight. 
I  Left.. 
jRight. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
jRight. 
(Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
jRight. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right- 
iLeft.. 
jRight. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 
[Left.. 
jRight. 
[Left.. 
JRight. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 


[Upper. 


[Upper. 


Lower.. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


f  Upper. 


I  Upper. 


Lower. . 


[Upper. 


[Lower. 


(Left. 


3k  1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
5|  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

51  1 

5   1 

S   1 


3  6 
3  6 
36 


3 

3   6 


Tongue  whitish . 


Not  fully  well. 


Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 


(+) 


Not  fully  well . 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Very 
small, 


Tongue 
coated. 


slightly 


a  Sec  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

*  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor:  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  U,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  liiciispid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (  =  ,x),  third  molar. 

«  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  ehieOy  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data;. 


HRDi.icKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  335 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4    (Female).    Teeth;   condition   of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion ° — Continued 

id)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


d 

Position. 

Teeth.  6 

Condition  of  subject,  c 

Breasts. 

u 
o 

First. 

Second. 

Menstruation. 

277 

f  Upper..  Jl^ight. 
1                [Left.. 

-- 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

4 

4 
4 

4 

S   1 
5   1 
5   1 
5   1 
.    1 
.    1 
5   1 
.    1 
5    1 
5    1 
5    1 
5   1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

6 

6 
6 
6 
6 

6 
6 
6 

7 
7 

7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

9 
9 
9 
9 

"9 

-■ 

[Lower.,  fl^ight. 

[Left.. 

(Upper.. jRight- 

27S'J                l^*^"- 

Not  fully  well 

(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  yellowish 

Very 
small. 

Very 

small. 

....do.. 

279 
280 

|Lower..|Right- 
[Left.. 

1— -&": 

281 

.    A 

5   1 
.    1 
S    1 
S    1 
.    1 
.    1 
.    1 
.    1 

Jl 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

e 

10 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

KG 

a  I 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

;p1 

s. 

7 

7 
7 
7 

7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

as 

9 
9 

9 
9 

t 

282 

^^°"''"-{St"' 

[Right. 
fUpper..-^^   ° 
1    -'^        [Left.. 

3 
3 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(+). 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

...do.. 

....do.. 

283 
284 

i-"'-er: 

Very 
small. 

285 
286 

287 

L             [Right. 
[Lower.. -^^   ^^ 

[Left.. 

["-'-isr.- 

1                [Right. 
l^^°^^''^'^-[Left.. 

'.] 

3 
3 

5    1 
5    1 
5    1 
5   1 
5   1 
5   1 
51  1 
5   1 
5    1 
.    1 
5    1 
.    1 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

7 

7 
7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

9 
9 
9 

289 

,^^             [Right. 
fPP'^'^-lLeft.. 

lLower..|^'S^*- 
[Left.. 

3 
3 

" 

5    1 
5   1 
5    1 
5   1 

2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

-- 

8 
8 
8 
8 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-1-)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data).  -- 


336  BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;   condition  of  subject;  breasts;   menstrua- 
tion °- — Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


290 


29G 


298 


299 


Position. 


Teeth.  6 


First. 


[Upper. 

iLower. 
[(Upper. 
iLower. 

Cpper. 
ower. 


fRight. 
■JLeft  .. 

[Right. 
■  [Left . . 

JRight. 
"iLeft.. 

fRight. 
■'iLeft.. 

(Right. 
'iLeft.. 

fRight. 
■JLeft.. 


(Upper. 


JRlght. 
iLeft.. 
fRight. 
iLeft.. 


I  Upper.. 
Lower. . 
I  Upper.. 
Lower. . 
i  Upper.. 
Lower. 


fRight. 
[Left . . 
fRight. 
iLeft.. 
fRight. 
iLeft.. 
fRight. 
Left.. 


J  Right. 
{Left.. 
fRight. 
Left.. 


[Upper. 
'  Lower, 
[fpper. 
[Lower. 


fRight 
■JLeft.. 

fRight 
■[Left.. 

fRight 
■(Left.. 

fRight 
'Left. 


302 


Second. 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

6 
6 
6 
6 

7 

7 
7 

7 
7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

8 

9 
9 
9 

9 
9 
9 
9 

-- 

All    except    last 
molars. 


1   2 

3 

6 

7   8 

1   2 

3 

6 

7,  8 

1   2 

3 

6 

7   8 

1   2 

3 

6 

7|8 

All  except 
molars. 


last 


3 
3 

3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

"' 

All    except    last 
molars. 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

7 
7 
7 
7 

All    except 
molars. 


Condition  of  subject.": 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 
Not  quite  well. 


(+) 


Weakly. 


Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 


(+) 

Not  quite  well . 
(  +  ) 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


Very 
small. 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 


Very 
small. 


Yes,   for   over 
a  year. 


...do. 


Yes,  within  a 
year, 
do. 


a  Sec  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

''  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  ;!,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  .5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-1-)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Tables  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLi&KA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  337 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued. 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;   condition  of  subject;    breasts;   menstrua- 

tion'^ — Continued 


(d)  PIMA  GIKLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.& 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject,  c  Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


Upper. 
Lower. 


[Right. 
'iLeft.. 

JRight. 
"iLeft.. 


Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 


JRight. 
"iLeft.. 

(Right. 
■[Left.. 

[Right. 
■JLeft.. 

[Right. 
■JLeft.. 


Upper. 
Lower. 


Right. 
Left.. 
Right. 


■■[Left , 


l°-"-{Lr: 


iLower. 


[Right. 
'iLeft .. 


■^pp^""-  [IT:. 

(Right. 
[Left.. 
[Right. 


Lower. 


Upper.. 


[Left.. 

Lower. .  { 
^  [Left.. 


Ali    except    last 

molars. 
1 
1 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9. 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9. 

1 
1 

All    except    last 
molars. 


All    cxccpi,    In-st 

molars. 
....do , 


.do. 


.do. 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
All    except 

molars. 
....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

s 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

last 


(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

Not  quite  well . 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 

(?) 
(+) 

Not  quite  well. 

Tongue  coated. 
(+) 


■V^  e  r  y 
small. 

Small..  Yes,  within  a 


year. 

Very 

(?) 

small. 

....do.. 

Mod- 

Yes, within  a 

erate. 

year. 

Small. 

....do.. 

Yes,     m  r.  r  e 

than  a  year. 

..-.do.. 

...do.. 

do. 

...do.. 

...do.. 

"Very 

do. 

small. 

Mod- 

do. 

erate. 

Very 
small. 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (_+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 

3452— Bull.  34—08 ^22 


338  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).    Teeth;   condition   of  subject;   breasts;   menstrua- 
tion "• — Continued 

{d)  PIMA  GIRL,S— Continued 


Position. 


Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 


[Right. 
iLeft.. 
[Right. 
iLeft.  . 
[Right. 
I  Left.. 
[Right. 
(Left.. 
[Right. 
JLeft.. 
JRight 
[Left.. 


Upper. 


Lower. . 


[Right. 
I  Left.. 
I  Right. 
ILeft.. 


Upper. 


Lower. 


Upper. 


Lower. . 


jRight. 
I  Left.. 
{Right. 
I  Left . . 
(Right. 
(Left.. 
(Right. 
I  Left.. 


Teeth.ft 


Second. 


All  except    last 

molars. 
....do 


All    except    last 
molars. 


All    except    last 

molars. 
....do 


2 

6 

8 

2 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

I 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

All    except   last 
molars. 

....do 

....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 
1 
1 
1 

All   except    last 

molars. 
....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8   9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8|  9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8'  9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8   9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

s'  9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8   9 

2 

3 

6 

8   9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

s'  9 

Condition  of  subject. 


(+) 
(+) 

Somewhat  nervous. 

(+) 


Slightly  nervous 

Tongue  slightly  coat- 
ed. 

(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
■    (+) 

Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 

(+) 
(+) 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  coat- 
ed. 


Breasts 


Very 

small. 

Sman.. 


Very 
small. 


Very 

small. 

Small.. 


..do. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Moder- 
ate. 
Small. 
...do. 


Moder- 
ate. 
Small. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Small. . 


Menstruation. 


Yes,  within  a 
year. 


Yes,  more  than 
a  year. 


Yes,  within  a 
year. 


Yes,  more  than 
a  year. 


do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 


do. 


do. 


Yes,  within  a 
year. 


Yes,     over    a 
year. 


«  See  also  table  on  p.  29.5  et  seq. 

''  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar 
molar;  fi,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (= 

<■  Symbol  (-I-)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table 
data). 


do. 


5,  posterior  pre- 
x),  third  molar. 
3  (physiological 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  339 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;  condition   of  subject;  hreasts;  menstrua- 
.  tion"' — Continued 

(d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


d 
a 

Teeth. b 

Condition  of  subject. c 

Breasts. 

o 

o 

Position. 

Fir 

St.                 Second. 

Menstruation. 

337 

All   exceot    last 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 
Not  quite  well 

Small. . 

Moder- 
ate. 

Yes,     over    a 

338 

m 

olars. 

do 

year. 
do. 

339 

340 

30:     All     excent 

Small.. 

Moder- 
ate. 

Small.. 

do. 

341 

342 

343 
344 

f  Upper..  P'g^t- 

1                iLeft.. 

lLower..|Right. 

iLeft.. 

A 

...51 
...51 
...51 
...51 

Ic 

m 

11 

m 
2 
2 
2 
2 

)  w 

oh 
e 

oh 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 

irs 
set 
irs 
6 
6 
6 
6 

r 

li 

8 
8 
8 
8 

is 

as 

9 
9 
9 
9 

t 
t 

do. 
do. 

A 

]| 

excf 

jpt 

7 
7 
7 
7 

8 
8 
8 
8 

last 

(+) 

Somewhat  nervous. . . 

(+) 
Slightly  nervous 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 
Tongue  coated 

Small.. 

Moder- 
ate. 

do. 

fRieht   -  - 

1 

1 

mol 

9'   s 

a.rs 
6 
6 
6 
6 

9 
9 
9 

345 

ppp-K— ::. 

1 

1 

2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 

do. 

346 
347 

^^""^■■-iLeft.. 

1 

A 

ill    e 

yp 

pn 

t    last 

Moder- 
ate. 

....do.. 

Very 

small. 

Small.. 

....do.. 

do. 

348 

r 

molars. 
lU    except    last 
molars. 

do. 

1. 

349 

1 

350 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

All  32. 

do. 

351 

do. 

352 
353 

do. 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

(+) 

Sore  throat 

Moder- 
ate. 

do. 

354 

355 

Moder- 
ate. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
,...do.. 

do. 

356 

do. 

357 

do. 

.S5S 
359 
360 

361 

1 
i 

do. 
do. 

Not  well 

Small.. 

n 

lolars. 

.do 

.do 

(+) 
(+) 

Moder- 
ate. 
Small.. 

do. 

362 

!.... 

do. 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq.  . 

b  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


340  BUREAU    OF    AMEEICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4   (Female).    Teeth;  condition    of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion "• — Continued 


{d)  PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


Position. 


Teeth.!' 


First. 


Second. 


Condition  of  subject. c 


Breasts. 


Menstruation. 


,  (Right, 

^PP^^-JLeft.. 


[Right 


fRight 
J^PP^^-JLeft.. 
fRight 
[Left.. 


Lower. 


Upper.. 


Lower. 


JRight 
[Left., 
fRight 
"[Left., 


Upper. 


fRight, 
■[Left.. 


(Right 
^"^^•^■■-iLett.. 
fRight 


fUpper. 


Lower. 


■[Left.. 
JRight 
■[Left., 


All   except    last 
molars. 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

All    except 

molars. 
do 


last 


2  3  6..  8  9 

2  3  6..  89 

2   3  6   7  8   9 

2   3  6   7  8   9 


1 

i 

1 
1 

All  32. 
All  32. 
All   except 
molars. 


last 


All   except    last 

molars. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
All    except 

molars. 
....do 


2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

last 


All  32. 
All   except 
molars. 


last 


Not  well. 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


(+) 


Tongue  slightly  whit- 
ish. 

(+) 
(+) 
(+) 


Tongue  somewhat 
coated. 

(  +  ) 
(+) 
(+) 
(+) 


Tongue  coated. 


(+) 

Tongue  slightly  coat- 
ed. 

(+) 

(+) 
(+) 


Moder- 
ate. 


Yes,      o\er 
year. 


Moder- 
ate. 


Small. 


Moder- 
ate. 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


....do. 


Moder- 
ate. 


.do. 


Small.. 

....do.. 

Moder- 
ate. 
....do.. 
....do.. 


do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 


a  Sf'o  also  table  on  p.  29.')  et  soq. 

fc  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar: 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (+)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  341 

II.  Indian  Children  of  Approximated  Ages — Continued 

Table  4  (Female).     Teeth;  condition  of  subject;  breasts;  menstrua- 
tion'^— Continued 

(d)PIMA  GIRLS— Continued 


6 

Position. 

Tee  til. 6 

Conditio!!  of  subject. c 

Breasts. 

O 
O 

First. 

Second. 

Menstruation. 

384 

Tongue  slightly  yel- 
lowish. 

(+) 

(+) 
(?) 

385 
3Sfi 

["-■-ISf: 

"" 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
6 
6 
6 

7 
7 
7 

8 
8 
8 
8 

9 
9 
9 
9 

X 

Moder- 
ate. 

Yes,     over    a 
year. 

387 

All 

nt 

Iqs 

t 

Moder- 
ate. 
.    do.. 

do. 

388 

m 

olars. 

do 

do.. 

do. 

389 

(+) 
(+) 

....do.. 
....do.. 

do. 

3P0 

do. 

Mill 

a  See  also  table  on  p.  295  et  seq. 

&  Explanation:  1,  median  incisor;  2,  lateral  incisor;  3,  canine;  4,  anterior  premolar;  5,  posterior  pre- 
molar; 6,  anterior  bicuspid;  7,  posterior  bicuspid;  8,  first  molar;  9,  second  molar;  10  (=x),  third  molar. 

c  Symbol  (-f-)  means  in  good  health  and  normal  state;  has  reference  chiefly  to  Table  3  (physiological 
data). 


342 


BTJKEAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


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HKDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


345 


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BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


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PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


347 


GO    -^    CO    '^    ISO    ^^i     lo    06  rH    CO 


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eocococo  loiococococococo 


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to    CO    o    ■— 1    «o 


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T-i     1-1    rt    00     i^.    05    M 


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348 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bulIj.  34 


m.  Indian  Adults 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration 

(a)  TTHITE  KIVEK  APACHE 

MALE 
[7»  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


11 
15 
18 
20 
21 
23 
32 
33 
38 
42 
43 
44 
48 
50 
50a 


Time  of  the  day. 


9  a.  m 

10a.  m... 
11.30  a.  m, 
1.30  p.m. 
1.45  p.  m. 
2.15  p.m. 
4p.m 

10  a.  m... 

11  a.  m... 
11.15  a.  m 

Ip.  m 

9a.  ni 

9.30  a.  m. 
10.30  a.  m 
9.30  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m. 
10.30  a.  m 
5.15  p.  m. 
7.30  a.  m. 
1.30  p.  m. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua). 

Pulse. a 

Respi- 
ration.a 

98.7 

59 

15 

98.8 

64 

14 

(99.3)? 

59 

18 

99.2 

64 

16 

99.1 

72 

16 

(99.4)? 

61 

15 

99.0 

60 

16 

98.5 

72 

17 

98.6 

59 

10 

98.4 

58 

17 

98.8 

59 

18 

98.5 

71 

16 

99.0 

56 

18 

98.7 

63 

18 

98.5 

62 

16 

98.8 
98.6 
98.6 
98.6 
98.7 

68 
56 
62 
54 
64 

16 
16 
16 
17 
16 

Slight  indisposition. 
After  lunch. 

do. 
A  slight  stomach  disturbance. 


Tongue  quite  white. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


9  a.  m 

10  a.  m... 
10.30  a.  m 
10  a.  ni... 

12  m 

9  a.  m 

4p.  m 


Some  pains  in  lumbar  region. 


o  Taken  in  sitting  position. 


hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


349 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 

(a)  WHITE   KIVEK    APACHE— Continued 

MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  tlie  day. 


9.30  a.  m.. 
11  a.  m... 
2.50  p.m.. 
2.30  p.m.. 
2.45  p.m.. 

3p.  m 

Ip.  m. 

1.45  p.  m.. 

2  p.  m 

2.15  p.  m.. 
2.45  p.  m.. 
3.15  p.  m.. 
5.30  p.  m.. 
9.45  a.  m.. 

10  a.  m 

10.15  a.  m. 
4.15  p.  m.. 

9  a.  m 

7  a.  m 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua.) 


99.5 


Pulse. 


Respi- 
ration. 


Remarks. 


Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

do. 
A  slight  sore  throat. 
Some  stomach  disturbance. 
Not  fully  well. 
Not  fully  well  (stomach). 
Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Not  fully  well  (stomach). 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 
Not  fully  well  (stomach). 
Not  well  (stomach). 
Headache. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


9.30  a.  m. 
11.30  a.  m 

2p.  m 

4p.  m 

4.15  p.  m. 
9.30  a.  m. 
11  a.  m... 


98.9 

82 

17 

99.1 

70 

17 

99.7 

69 

17 

99.4 

80 

16 

98.9 

74 

19 

97.6 

72 

15 

99.0 

76 

1 

Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Head  and  stomach  not  well. 
Excited  (nervous). 
Stomach  disordered. 
Stomach  not  well,  drank  tesvino. 
Somewhat  nervous. 


350 


BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


111.  Indian  Adults — Continued 

Table  6,  Data  on  temperature,  pulse^  and  respiration — Continued 

(&)  NAVAHO 

MALE 
\ln  good  health] 


Kec- 
ord 
no. 

Time  of  the  day. 

Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Remarks. 

1 

6  p.  m 

98.7 
97.7 
98.4 
98.6 
98.5 
98.6 
98.8 
98.9 
98.6 
98.8 
98.8 
98.0 
99.0 
99.0 
98.9 
98.9 
99.4 
98.6 
97.6 
98.4 
98.9 
98.7 
97.7 
98.8 
98.5 
99.2 
98.8 
98.3 
99.0 
98.8 
98.5 
98.8 

80 
66 
62 
68 
76 
68 
70 
65 
66 
64 
68 
58 
70 
67 
78 
56 
71 
70 
62 
70 
66 
70 
64 
65 
67 
62 
74 
62 
75 
72 
76 
70 

21 

18 
18 
20 
(23) 
18 
21 
16 
18 
20 
20 
14 
18 
15 
15 
21 
17 
16 
17 
18 
16 
16 
14 
14 
17 
18 
18 
16 
16 
18 
17 
17 

After  exercise. 

2 

10  a.  m 

3 

10  a.  m 

4 

11  a.  m 

5 

do           

6 

12  m                 

7 

2  p.  m 

9 

3  p.  m 

10 

do 

11 

13 

9.30  a.  m 

14 

15 

4  p.  m 

18 

9  a.  m 

19 

do 

21 

10  a.  m 

23 

26 

30 

11.30  a.  m 

32 

35 

36 

38 

2  p.  m 

39 

.     .do 

41 

9  a.  m 

42 

43 

9  a.  m 

46 

7  a.  m   

47 

9.30  a.  m 

49 

50a 
50b 

do 

hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


351 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  resjnration — Continued 

(6)  NAVAHO— Continued 

FEMALE 

[In  good-  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  the  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua.) 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

97.3 

62 

20 

99.2 

70 

20 

99.0 

(82) 

20 

99.4 

70 

20 

99.2 

72 

23 

99.2 

74 

22 

98.5 

7.5 

20 

98.7 

78 

16 

99.0 

76 

16 

99.1 

72 

22 

98.7 

72 

18 

99.0 

75 

20 

99.2 

70 

18 

Remarks. 


10  a.  m . . . 

11  a.  m... 

3p.  m 

11  a.  m... 
5  p.m.... 

4p.  m 

4.30  p.  m. 
9.30  a.  m . 

do... 

op.  m 

11  a.  m... 
11.30  a. m 

do... 


MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


9  a.  m. . 
6  p.m.. 
do.. 

10  a.  m . 
6p.  m.. 
2p.m.. 

11  a.  m. 
2p.m.. 
5p.  m.. 
10  a.  m. 


(99.1) 

(80) 

(16) 

(99.3) 

(78) 

(20) 

(99.4) 

(74) 

(18) 

(99.0) 

(80) 

(20) 

(99.5) 

(68) 

(18) 

■     (100.1) 

(70) 

(18) 

(99.1) 

(77) 

(16) 

(99.6) 

(67) 

(26) 

(100.2) 

(72) 

(19) 

(99.4) 

(72) 

(21) 

Health  not  good. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Pains  in  back  and  stomach. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  disordered. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  'perfectly  normal  condition] 


3p.  m 
2p.  m 
4  p.  m 
2  p.  m 
5p.  m 
3p.  m 
2  p.  m 


(99.5) 

(92) 

(18) 

99.1 

82 

21 

(99.4) 

(82) 

(24) 

(100.3) 

(86) 

(16) 

(99.6) 

(76) 

(19) 

(99.5) 

(79) 

(19) 

(99.8) 

(88) 

(22) 

Health  good  (pregnant) . 
Menses. 

Stomach  disordered. 


352 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(c)  PUEBLOS 

MALE 
\In  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  tlie  day 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua.) 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

99.0 

56 

15 

97.9 

57 

17 

98.7 

56 

17 

98.7 

56 

18 

98.8 

59 

15 

98.4 

57 

18 

98.6 

50 

16 

98.5 

60 

16 

99.1 

59 

17 

97.1 

51 

12 

98.9 

62 

16 

98.7 

68 

16 

98.9 

57 

16 

98.5 

58 

16 

99.1 

60 

16 

98.7 

66 

16 

Remarks. 


8  a.  m 

3.15  p.  m. 
8.30  a.m. 
8.45  a.  m. 

9  a.  m 

10a.  m... 
4.30  p.  m . 

8  a.  m 

10.25  a.  m 
6.30  a.  m . 

10  a.  m... 
10.30  a.  m 

2  p.  m 

7  a.  m 

7.30  a.m. 
2  p.  m 


Had  breakfasted;  cause? 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


87 


7a.m... 
8.30  a.  m 
10  a.  m.. 


56 

16 

58 

15 

57 

17 

hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIOISrS 


353 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued. 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 

(c)  PUEBLOS— Continued 

MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  the  day. 


4.30  p.m.. 

11  a.  m...- 
11.30  a.m. 
11.45  a.  m. 

12  m 

12.15  p.  m. 

1  p.  m 

2.15  p.m.. 

3p.m 

1  p.  m 

2.45  p.  m.. 

9  a.  m 

10.30  a.m. 
11.40  a.m. 

12  m 

2.30  p.m.. 
3.30  p.m.. 
9.40  a.m.. 
10.40  a.  m. 

Ip.  m 

1.15 p.  m.. 
1.30  p.m.. 
2.30  p.  m.. 

3p.  m 

3.15  p.m.. 
3.55  p.m.. 

2p.  m 

5p.  m 

9.30  a.  m . . 

1  p.  m 

2.15  p.m.. 
6.15  p.m.. 

12  m 

12.15  p.m. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


100 
100 


99 


Respi- 
ration. 


60 
64 
46 
54 
60 
54 
54 
60 
44 
60 
62 
70 
66 
59 
58 
70 
74 
54 
58 
65 
68 
68 
62 
52 
54 
(76) 
59 
65 
63 
66 
52 
76 
66 
62 


16 
20 
20 
16 
17 
14 
17 
16 
16 

.  19 
17 
15 
14 
20 
22 
18 
18 
15 
18 
18 
20 
14 
16 
15 
17 
(26) 
16 
16 
14 
24 
16 

■  19 
14 
18 


Remarks. 


Headache. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

do. 
A  slight  lumbago. 
Headache. 

Stomach  and  eyes  out  of  order. 
Slight  disorder  of  stomach. 
Not  fully  well. 

Left  eye  sore;  tongue  slightly  coated. 
Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 
Tongue  coated. 
Stomach  disturbed. 
Not  fully  well. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 
Not  well. 

do. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Tongue  coated. 
Stomach  deranged. 

do. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 
Not  fully  well  (lumbago) . 
Tongue  coated. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Not  fully  well. 
Tongue  coated. 

do. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Not  well. 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Not  fully  well. 
Tongue  coated. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


354 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BOLL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(c)  PUEBLOS— Continued 

FEMALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


90 


Time  of  the  daj-. 


9.15  a.  m. 
8.45  a.  m. 

9  a.  m 

2  p.  m 

8a.  m 

8.15  a.  m. 
10.30  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

2p.  m 

2.30  p.m. 

4p.  m 

11  a.  m... 

2  p.  m 

3p.m 

3.15  p.m. 
3.30  p.m. 

5p.m 

7.30  a.m. 
7.45  a.m. 
8.30  a.m. 

10  a.m... 

11  a.m... 
3.30  p.m. 

4p.m 

5p.m 

7.30  a.m. 

3p.m 

4p.  m 

6p.m 

6.15  p.  m. 

8a.m 

9  a.  m 

10.15  a.  m 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

(99.2) 

(76) 

99.4 

64 

99.6 

66 

99.6 

68 

(99.0) 

(84) 

99.8 

59 

99.9 

S8 

99.2 

68 

99.1 

56 

99.5 

60 

99.5 

64 

99.0 

80 

99.6 

56 

99.5 

76 

99.8 

72 

100.2 

64 

100.2 

71 

99.2 

54 

99.2 

56 

99.9 

63 

99.4 

84 

99.1 

68 

100.4 

72 

99.2 

78 

99.8 

84 

100.0 

66 

99.5 

68 

99.0 

58 

99.6 

68 

99.8 

67 

99.1 

62 

99.2 

56 

99.1 

68 

Respi- 
ration. 


(22) 
17 
20 
24 

(16) 
22 
20 
19 


Remarks. 


Not  fully  well. 

Tongue  coated. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

Bowels  not  in  order. 

Pains  in  left  shoulder. 

Stomach  disordered. 

Not  fully  well. 

do. 

18  I  Tongue  slightly  coated. 
16     Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
22  '  do. 

Not  fully  well. 

do. 
Not  well. 

Tongue  coated;  pregnant. 
Not  well. 

do. 
Probably  uterine  disorder. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Probably  uterine  disorder. 
Not  well. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 

do. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 
Tongue  shghtly  coated. 
Tongue  yellowish. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 


HRDLitKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  355 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 

(d)  HOP! 

MALE 
\In  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  the  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

97.6 

56 

20 

98.9 

70 

(22) 

98.8 

61 

18 

98.0 

57 

18 

99.4 

64 

18 

98.6 

73 

16 

98.7 

55 

■  17 

96.9 

52 

16 

99.3 

54 

17 

99.2 

68 

18 

99.0 

74 

(24) 

98.2 

58 

20 

98.4 

56 

18 

99.6 

53 

17 

98.8 

64 

16 

98.5 

48 

16 

98.6 

68 

18 

98.1 

48 

20 

98.2 

50 

18 

98.8 

70 

16 

98.4 

68 

18 

98.6 

67 

17 

98.8 

62 

15 

98.8 

63 

16 

97.8 

51 

16 

98.6 

60 

20 

97.6 

58 

20 

98.3 

55 

19 

98.2 

56 

16 

98.9 

58 

18 

98.5 

58 

17 

98.7 

53 

16 

98.8 

58 

19 

99.4 

1 

68 

14 

Remarks, 


9  a.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

I  p.  m  — 

2p.  m 

3p.  m 

....do.... 
4p.  m 

8  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m . 

9  a.  m 

9.15  a.  m. 
2.30  p.m. 
3.30  p.m. 
4.15  p.  m. 

10  a.  m.. - 
4.30  p.m. 
4.45  p.  m . 
4.55  p.  m. 
5.20  p.m. 

8  a.  m 

9  a.  m 

9.30  a.  m  . 

10  a.  m... 
10.15  a.  m 
10.30  a.  m 

II  a.  m... 
11.15  a.  m 
11.30  a. m 
12  m...... 

1  p.m. 

2p.  m 

3p.m 

3.15  p.m. 
3.30  p.m. 


Eyes  sore. 


No  breakfast. 
Had  breakfasted, 
do. 


Tibia  sore. 


356 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  M 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 

{<l)  HOPI— Continued. 
FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


Time  of  the  day. 


10.30  a.  m 

11  a.m... 
11.30  a. m 
11.45  a.  m 

12  m 

8.30  a.  ni. 

11  a.m... 

12  m 

1  p.  m 

1.15  p.  m. 
1.30  p.m. 
1.45  p.  m. 

2p.m 

2.15  p.m. 
2.45  p.m. 
2.55  p.  m. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


Respi- 
ration. 


22 

(24) 
19 
21 
20 

(24) 

20 

21 

"13 


Slight  indigestion. 


MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


10.30  a.  m 

2p.  m 

3.30  p.m. 

Ip.m 

1.30  p.m. 
1.45  p.  m. 

3p.  m 

3.15  p.m. 

4p.  m 

8.30  a.m. 
11.45  a.  m 
1.15  p.m. 
1.30  p.m. 


100.2 

80 

22 

99.4 

Vb 

23 

99.3 

60 

20 

99.2 

68 

23 

(99.5) 

54 

17 

(99.8) 

62 

22 

(100.0) 

(76) 

(17) 

(99.8) 

(74) 

(16) 

(99.0) 

(72) 

(23) 

99.3 

60 

20 

98.8 

64 

18 

(99.5) 

(70) 

(18) 

98.9 

04 

16 

Not  fully  well. 
Some  headache. 
Disordered  digestion. 
Headache. 

do. 
Stomach  not  in  order. 
Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 
Stomach  not  in  order. 
Stomach  slightly  disordered. 
Headache. 
Slight  headache. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


11.09  a.  m 
9.30  a.m.. 
9.45  a.  m. 
10  a.  m  .. 

1  p.m 

10  a.m... 
10.30  a.  m 


99.9 

76 

18 

99.6 

78 

19 

99.3 

84 

24 

99.8 

84 

22 

99.1 

84 

20 

99.4 

74 

20 

(99.8) 

(78) 

(22) 

Some  cough. 

Cough. 

Some  cough. 

Not  fully  well. 

Headache;  stomach  not  in  order. 

Slight  rheumatism. 

Not  fully  well. 


"Same  with  thermometer  out. 


hrdi.icka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


357 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  teTnpei'ature,  fulse,  and  respiration — Continued 

(e)  ZUNI 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

,    Time  of  the  day. 

Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Remarks. 

2 
3 

4 
5 

9.15a.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

11.15  a.  m 

98.9 
(?) 
98.3 
97.9 
98.8 
98.9 
99.3 
98.9 
98.7 
98.7 
98.6 
98.6 
98.6 
98.7 
98.2 
98.4 
98.6 
98.4 
98.0 
98.8 
99.1 
98.3 
97.4 
98.4 
98.7 
98.2 

56 
62 
50 
56 
68 
50 
58 
59 
56 
54 
68 
04 
64 
66 
60 
52 
62 
57 
44 
58 
58 
55 
45 
*49 
58 
55 

19 
16 
18 
16 
(22) 
16 
14 
19 
18 
14 
16 
19 
18 
16 

18 
18 
16 
16 
18 
19 
17 
17 
■      18 
19 
16 
16 

' 

6 

11.45  a.  m 

7 

12  m 

8 

12.15  p.  m 

q 

1.15  p.  m 

^7. 

2.30  p.  m 

13 

2.45  p.  m 

14 

3.30  p.  m        . 

15 

5  p.  m.                                   

16 

5.15  p.  m. . . .                         

24 

9.30  a.  m 

26 

10  a.  m . .                       

31 

11.45  a.  m 

37 

38 

9.15  a.  m 

39 

9.30  a.  m 

43 

10.15  a.  m 

46 

2.45  p.  m 

.W 

9  a.  m 

51 

9.15  a.  m 

No  breakfast. 

52 

9.45  a.  m. 

53 

10.10  a.  m 

54 

10.30  a.  m 

■ 

FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


2.30  p.  m. 
12.30  p.  m 
4  p.  m 


99.2 

62 

16 

99.1 

68 

15 

99.0 

58 

17 

Fairly  normal. 


858 


BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[P.FLIj.  o4 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(e)  ZUNI— Continued 

MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Time  of  tlie  day. 


9  a.  111. ... 
1.50  p.  m. 
2.10  p.  m. 
5.30  p.  m 
5.45  p.  m . 

6p.  m 

6.15  p.  m. 
8.45  a.  m . 

9  a.  m 

9.1S  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m . 
10.30  a.  m 

11  a.  m.... 
11.15  a.  ra 

12  m 

12.15  p.  ni 

1  p.  m 

8.45  a.  m . 
9.45  a.  m . 
10a.  m... 
12.45  p.  m 
2.30  p.  m. 

3p.  Tn 

11.40  a.  m 

11.45  a.  m 
12.10  p.  m 

3p.  m 

4  p.  m 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

99.5 

71 

20 

99.4 

66 

17 

99.0 

67 

19 

99.7 

65 

18 

99. 5 

62 

20 

99.2 

64 

19 

98.1 

50 

14 

98.3 

h2 

18 

98.6 

42 

17 

98.2 

50 

16 

99.0 

.'")2 

17 

99.6 

70 

18 

99.4 

66 

22 

99.2 

54 

20 

99.4 

68 

24 

99.4 

57 

23 

99.8 

64 

19 

99.7 

52 

16 

98.7 

66 

20 

99.2 

50 

22 

99.4 

63 

20 

98.6 

70 

18 

100.0 

72 

16 

99.3 

66 

19 

99.5 

"72 

17 

99.8 

53 

18 

99.5 

64 

15 

99.7 

62 

21 

99.2 

60 

22 

Remarks. 


Stomach  disordered. 
After  dinner  and  coffee. 
Stomach  disordered. 

do. 
Headache. 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
After  a  rapid  walk. 
Before  breakfast. 

do. 

do. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Before  breakfast. 
Digestion  slightly  disordered. 
Not  fully  well. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 
Stomach  slightly  disordered. 

Not  fully  well. 

do. 
Headache. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 

do. 


FEMALE 
[Not  m  -perfectly  normal  condition] 


3. 30  p.  m . 
8  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m . 
12.15  p.  m 

5p.  m 

5.15  p.  m. 
5.30  p.  m . 
10.45  a.  m 
11  a.  in... 

1  p.  m 

1.15  p.  m. 
1.30  p.  m. 

2p.  m 

2.30  p.  m . 


99.5 

67 

18 

99.1 

60 

14 

99.3 

62 

17 

99.8 

66 

21 

99.9 

72 

20 

99.5 

64 

22 

99.6 

56 

19 

99.3 

76 

20 

99.8 

72 

19 

98.8 

76 

16 

100.2 

66 

22 

99.9 

67 

16 

99.8 

64 

.18 

99.4 

75 

22 

Tertiary  syphilis. 

Stomach    slightly    disordered;    some 

female  trouble 
(?) 

Not  fully  well. 
Not  well. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 
Stomach  somewhat  disordered 
Not  fully  well. 
(?) 
Not  well. 

do. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Not  fully  well. 


hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 


359 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — -Continued 

(/)  PAP  AGO 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  oi  the  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


Pulse. 


Respi- 
ration. 


Remarks. 


2.30  p.  m. 

8  a.  m 

8.15  a.  m. 

9  a.  m 

10.45  a.  m 
1.15  p.  m. 
4.30  p.  m. 
8.45  a.  m. 
12.30  p.  m 

1  p.  m 

9.30  a.  m. 
9.45  a.  m . 
10.15  a.  m 
11.30  a.  m 
12.30  a.  m 

2  p.  m 

7.30  a.  m . 
8.30  a.  m. 
8.45  a.  m. 

9  a.  m 

1.45  p.  m. 
2.15  p.m. 
2.30  p.  m. 


98.7 
98.5 
97.9 
98.1 
99.1 
98.8 
(100.05) 
98.4 
98.9 
99.2 
99.2 
98.0 
98.8 
98.6 
99.5 
99.8 
(?) 
99.3 
98.1 
a  97. 8 
99.5 
99.3 
99.7 


20 
19 
18 
17 
16 
18 
17 
21 
18 
(22) 
16 
18 
18 
18 
18 
20 
21 
20 
18 
17 
16 
18 
17 


Smoked  considerably. 


Tongue  white-coated. 
Not  long  after  dinner. 


No  Isreakfast. 
Not  yet  dined. 
After  lunch. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


5.10  p.  m. 
10.15  a.  m 
4.15  p.  m. 
10  a.  m . . . 
10.15  a.  m 
10. 15  a.  m 
11.30  a.  m 

12  m 

12.30  p.  m 


98.7 

68 

20 

99.5 

75 

20 

98.2 

62 

14 

98.7 

78 

18 

99.6 

76 

17 

98.9 

54 

20 

99.9 

68 

(22) 

99.9 

76 

20 

99.5 

64 

18 

Had  no  lunch  or  but  little. 
Was  ill  recently. 


(?) 


360 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  .'?4 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.   Data  on  temperature^  pidse^  and  respiration — Continued 


(/)  PAP  AGO— Continued 

MALE 
{Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Time  of  the  day. 


2  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

10  a.  m. .. 
12.10  p.  m 
1.30  p.  m. 

8.30  a.  m . 

9  a.  m 

10.50  a.  m 

12  m 

1.50  p.  m . 

2.15  p.  m. 
3.45  p.  ni . 

4  p.  m 

4.30  p.  m. 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m. .. 

11  a.  m. .. 
11.15  a.  m 
1.30  p.  m. 
2  p.  in 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


99.2 

99.9 

99.3 

99.4 

99.4 

(?) 

99.2 

99.2 

99.4 


100.1 

(?) 

99.3 
99.2 
99.6 
99.5 
98.7 
99.6 
99.3 
99.3 


Pulse. 


(?) 


(?) 


Respi- 
ration. 


(?) 


(?) 


Remarks. 


Slight  stomach  disorder. 

Not  fully  well. 
do. 

Somewhat  disordered  stomach. 

Probably  not  fully  well. 

Not  fully  well. 

Tongue  somewhat  yellowish. 

Stomach  disordered. 

Tongue  coated. 

Some  slight  indisposition. 

After  rapid  horseback  ride;   stomach 
somewhat  disordered. 

Stomach  disturbed. 

Not  fully  well;  heart  somewhat  en- 
larged; excited. 

Backache. 

Slight  cough. 

Not  fully  normal. 

Some  cough. 

Headache. 

Coughing. 

Tongue  slightly  j-ellowish. 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


5  p.  m 

5.30  p.  m. 
9.15  p.m. 
10  a.  m. . . 
10.30  a.  m 
12  m 

1..30p.  m. 

3  p.  m 

5  p.  m 

10  a.  m. .. 

11  a.  ni . . . 
11.15  a.  m 
11.45  a.  m 
11.40  a.  in 


99.5 

84 

20 

99.4 

84 

17 

98.3 

75 

17 

100.1 

75 

24 

100. 05 

80 

22 

100.2 

75 

21 

(?) 

(?) 

(?) 

98.6 

84 

16 

99.7 

75 

26 

99.8 

84 

24 

99.4 

76 

21 

99.2 

84 

18 

99.6 

81 

22 

99.  5 

78 

18 

98.9 

78 

20 

Pregnant. 

Some  stomach  ache  and  side  ache. 

Slight  stomach  disturbance. 

Not  fully  well. 

Probably  excited. 

Stomach  disordered. 

Pregnant. 

Not  fully  well. 

Not  well. 

Not  fully  well. 

Tongue    clean;    stomach    somewhat 

disordered. 
Some  pains  in  chest, 
l^robalily  not  fiilly  well. 
Slightly  nervous. 
Pregnant. 


hrducka]       physT:ological  and  medical  observations 
III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


361 


Table  6.  Matci  on  temj)eratiire^  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(fit)   PIMA 

MALE 

\ln  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  tlie  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua). 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

.99.4 

66 

19 

a  97.  4 

66 

16 

99.2 

48 

20 

99.1 

66 

18 

98.9 

63 

21 

97.3 

66 

17 

98.8 

64 

(.22) 

a  97.  5 

66 

17 

98.3 

60 

16 

98.3 

70 

16 

l<  98. 0 

63 

20 

98.3 

66 

18 

C98.0 

60 

20 

98.8 

78 

19 

98.3 

69 

18 

98.9 

66 

16 

98.4 

68 

16 

98.7 

67 

21 

98.7 

58 

18 

98.1 

56 

16 

99.3 

60 

18 

98.8 

63 

20 

98.9 

60 

18 

C97.5 

54 

18 

Remarks. 


8.30  a.  m. 
8.45  a.m. 

1  p.  m 

1.15  p.  m. 
3.30  p.  m. 
3.45  p.m. 

4p.  m 

4.30  p.m. 
9.15  a.  m. 
10  a.  m. .. 
1.30  p.m. 

5p.  m 

9.30  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m. 
10.15  a.  m 

12  m 

1.30  p.m. 
4.30  p.  m. 
4.45  p.  m. 

5p.  m 

11.45  a.  m 
2.15  p.  m. 

9  a.  m 

1  p.  m 


Before  lunch. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


10.45  a.  m 
4.15  p.  m. 
8.45  a.  m. 
9.30  a.  m. 


98.9 

72 

19 

99  5 

70 

16 

99.3 

68 

18 

99.1 

60 

17 

a  8  minutes. 


6  6  minutes. 


c  7  minutes. 


362 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY* 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[bull.  34 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature^  pulse^  and  respiration-;^Con.tinMQ^ 


{g)  PIMA— Continued 

MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


Time  of  tlie  day. 


12  ra 

1.30  p.m. 
1.45  p.  m. 
9.30  a.m. 
9.45  a.  m. 

1  p.  m 

1.45 p.  m. 
2.15 p.  m. 

3p.m 

3.15  p.  m. 

4p.  m 

4.45  p.m. 

8.45  a.  m . 


Ip.m 

1.45  p.  m.. 

3p.m 

3.15  p.m.. 
3.30  p.m.. 
7.40  a.m.. 

10  a.  m 

11.30  a.m. 

12  m 

1  p.  m 

2p.m 

9.15  a.  m.. 


Tem- 
perature   p   , 

(sub     I  ■^"'®''- 
lingua) . 


99.6 
99.9 
99.6 
99.1 
98.9 
99.9 
99.5 
99.4 
99.5 
100.2 
100.0 
100.4 


100.7 
99.4 
98.9 
99.6 
99.7 
97.6 

100.4 
99.5 

100.1 
99.4 
99.5 
99.1 


Respi- 
ration. 


Remarljs. 


Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

Not  fully  well. 

Tongue  quite  coated  at  base. 

Stomach  slightly  disordered. 

Tongue  somewhat  yellowish  at  base. 

Not  fully  well. 

Not  fully  normal. 

Some  pains  over  the  liver. 

Says  he  is  well;  tongue  clean. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

Sore  throat. 

Some  lameness  of  right  lower  limb. 

Possibly  malaria. 

Has  cold. 

Some  articular  rheumatism. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

Pains  in  back. 

Had  not  enough  sleep. 

Pains  in  the  chest. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

Stomach  disordered. 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

do. 
Tongue  yellowish-white. 


hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


363 


111.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature^  pulse^  and  respiration — Continued 

((/)  PIMA— Continued 

FEMALE 

\Not  in  'perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Time  of  the  day. 

Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Remarks. 

51 

«97.6 
99.0 

100.8 

100.4 
99.5 
99.4 
99.6 
99.9 

100.2 

99.9 

75 
84 
80 
64 
82 
78 
80 
76 
78 

78 
70 
74 
1        86 
1        72 
88 
70 
74 
72 
78 
90 
70 
80 

22 
16 
20 
21 
23 
29 
24 
24 
28 

20 

(?) 
21 
17 
18 
19 
20 
•  18 
25 
23 
22 
19 
24 

Tongue  whitish. 

52 

Not  fully  well;  probably  stomach. 

S3 

Stomach  disordered;  rheumatism. 

54 

10.15  a.  m 

Not  well;  probably  ovary. 

5fi 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

57 

12  m 

Pain  inchest. 

fi'> 

"Chest  sick." 

64 

1.15  p.  in                                 .   

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

65 

1.30  p.  m                      

Stomach  disordered;  probably  rheu- 

66 

1.45  p.  m     .                       

matism  in  hand. 
Not  fully  well. 

67 

3.30  p.  m. .    .                

Stomach  disordered. 

68 

3.45  p.  m   . . .           

99.8 
99.2 

99.2 
100.4 
100.2 

99.0 
100.6 
100.5 

99.4 
100.2 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

70 

4.30-4.50  p.  m 

Cough. 

72 

1 
Stomach  disordered. 

73 

Probably  not  fully  well. 

74 

Tongue  clean. 

75 
76 
78 
79 
80 

11.30  a.  in 

11.45  a.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

11a.  m 

11.30  a.  m 

"  Never  fully  well;"  stomach. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Not  well. 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Not  fully  well;  rheumatism. 

(A)  MARICOPA 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


I  p.  m 

10.15  a.  m 
10.30  a.  m 
3.15  p.m. 
10.30  a.  m 
10.45  a.  m 
4.30  p.m. 

9a.  m 

10.30  a.  m 

II  a.  m. .. 


98.9 

72 

17 

98.8 

70 

16 

97.2 

56 

14 

98.4 

60 

17 

98.8 

66 

14 

98.2 

66 

16 

99.2 

70 

16 

99.2 

66 

16 

98.8 

62 

18 

98.6 

63 

-      16 

FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


12  m.-.. 

1.10  p.  m 
10  a.  m.. 


98.7 

[        78 
1        76 

1    ■» 

98.5 

72 

18 

98.3 

72 

14 

a  7  minutes. 


364  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

111.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature^  pulse^  and  respiration — Continued 

{li)  MARICOPA— Continued 

MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Time  of  tlie  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


Pulse. 


Respi- 
ration. 


Remarks. 


1.45  p.m.. 
4.15  p.  m.. 
4.30  p.m.. 
8.10  a.  m.. 

10  a.  m 

11.45  a.  m. 
1.15  p.  m.. 
2.15  p.m.. 
2.25  p.  m.. 

3p.  m 

4.45  p.  m. . 
5.15  p.  m. . 
10  a.  m... 
11.30a.  m. 
12.30  p.  m. 

1  p.  m 

1.40  p.m.. 
2.15  p.  m.. 
9.15  a.  m.. 


99.4 
99.8 
99.1 
98.4 
99.8 
99.1 
99.2 
97.9 
99.4 
99.5 
99.4 
99.6 
99.2 
99.5 
99.0 
99.1 
9*9.6 
99.6 
99.3 


Tongue  whitish. 
Stomach  disordered. 
Some  pain  in  the  chest. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Not  fully  well. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Some  rheumatism. 
Had  no  lunch. 
Not  fully  well. 

do. 
Tongue  very  slightly  furred. 
Not  fully  well. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

do. 

do. 
Tongue  heavily  coated. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Tongue  .slightly  coated. 
Stomach  slightly  disordered. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


51 

1.30  p.  m     

99.5 
99.6 
99.4 
100.2 
99.8 
99.9 

74 
64 
71 
68 
66 
66 
66 
72 

21 
18 
24 
20 
15 
19 
19 
19 

Stomach  disordered. 

52 

Tongue  slightly  coated 

54 

Not  fully  well. 

55 

3.30  p.  m         

Stomach  disordered. 

56 

3  45  p.  m   - - 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

[stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

57 

12.15  p.  m         : 

59 

9  a.  m              

99.9 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

60 

Not  fully  normal. 

61 

10.30  a.  m 

96.4 
99.3 
98.8 
99.6 
99.5 
99.8 
99.8 
99.5 

60 
80 
76 
80 
80 
70 
76 
74 

16 
14 
20 
14 
18 
18 
17 
21 

Apparently  well. 

62 

Tongue  slightly  furred. 

65 

Pain  in  the  chest. 

70 

12  15  p.  m                          

Tongue  coated. 

72 

do. 

73 

3  15  p.  m                      

do. 

75 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

76 

4.15  p.  m            

Tongue  slightly  whitish. 

HEOLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  365 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.  Data  on  temperature^  fuhe^  and  respiration — Continued 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 


(i)  MOHA\'E 

MALE 
[7«  good  health'] 


Time  of  the  day. 


10  a.  m 

10.20  a.  m. 

11  a.  m 

2  p.  in 

3p.  m 

10.10  a.  m . 

2  p.  m 

3.10  p.m.. 
9.30  a.  m . . 
9.25  a.  m  . 
10  a.  m 

12  m 

1  p.  m 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua). 


98.6 


se. 

Respi- 
ration. 

63 

17 

64 

16 

58 

18 

64 

19 

58 

20 

60 

¥ 

60 

16 

54 

IT 

64 

18 

66 

20 

63 

19 

63 

21 

54 

22 

FEMALE 
[In  good  heaUh\ 


i 

11  a.  m 

11.30  a.  m ' 

10  a.  m ;       ^98.4 


66 

18 

70 

18 

51 

20 

MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


3.40  p.  m . . 
9.40  a.  m.. 

11  a.  m 

12  m 

9  a.  m . 

3p.  m 

Ip.  m 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

10.30  a.  m . 
12.15  p.m. 
3.15  p.  m.. 


68 
62 
63 
66 
66 
58 
54 
60 
70 
60 
66 
Irreg. 


Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Tongue  coated. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Tongue  slightly  coated. 

do. 
Fairly  normal. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 
Quite  well. 
Tongue  whitish. 
Weak. 
Quite  well. 


a  7  minutes. 


366 


BUEEAIT    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  3-t 


III.  Indian  Adults— Continued 
Tablk  6.  Data  on  temperature^  j^ulme,  and  respiration — Continued 

((")  MOHAVE— Continued 

FEMALE    • 

[  Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Time  of  the  day. 

Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Remarks. 

52 

ll.lSa.m 

78 
74 
76 
72 
72 
76 
67 
72 

20 
20 
16 
17 
16 
23 
20 
19 

Tongue  somewhat  coated, 
do. 

53 

3.20  p.  m 

55 

do. 

57 

10.40  a.  m 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

63 

10.30  a.  m 

do. 

64 

11  a.  ni 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

66 
72 

12.30  p.  m 

*100. 1 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 
Tongue  slightly  coated  at  base. 

(j)  YUMA 

MALE 
[  In  good  health] 


•4.45  p.  m . 
7.30  a.m. 
7.45  a.  m . 
9.45  a.  m . 
10  a.  m . . . 
10.10  a.  m 
5.15  p.  m. 

9  a.  m 

10  a.  m . . . 

5  p.  m 

8.45  a.  m . 
9.15  a.  m. 


98.6 

58 

19 

98.0 

57 

16 

96.8 

64 

17 

a  96. 3 

54 

18 

98.2 

58 

16 

98.1 

68 

19 

99.1 

62 

14 

98.6 

72 

16 

98.9 

62 

20 

fc98.2 

58 

16 

6  98.3 

64 

22 

98.6 

56 

15 

Had  breakfasted, 
do. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


2a 


1  p.  m. 


(?) 


a  8  minutes. 


6  6  minutes. 


hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


367 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6.   Data  on  temperature^  pulse^  and  resjnration — Continued 

(j)  YUMA— Continued 

MALE 

{Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


Time  of  the  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


8  a.  m 

8.15  a.  m. 
9.20  a.m. 

2p.  m 

4.45  p.  m. 

5  p.  m 

9.05  a.  m . 
11.45  a.  m 

3  p.  m 

3.45  p.  m . 
4.30  p.m. 
8.30  a.  m . 
11  a.  m . . . 


98.8 

a  96. 6 
98.6 
99.4 

100.4 
99.5 
99.1 
99.2 
99.3 
99.2 
99.0 

6  97.4 
99.2 


Pulse. 


Respi- 
ration. 


Remarks. 


Tongue  clean. 

Tongue  clean  (had  breakfasted). 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

Probably  incipient  tuberculosis. 

Not  fully  normal. 

Tongue  clean. 

Stomach  somewhat  disordered. 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

Normal  after  exercise. 

Not  fully  well. 

Tongue  coated. 

do. 
Headache. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


1.15  p.  m. 


99.9 


76 


16     Tongue  somewhat  coated. 


{h)  YAQUr 

MALE 

[In  good  health] 


4p.m... 
4.15  p.  m 
5  p.m... 
5.30  p.  m 
5.45  p.  m 
8.30  a.  m 
9.30  a.  m 


(100. 2) 

72 

15 

99.9 

72 

20 

(101.  3) 

72 

18 

99.6 

72 

20 

99.8 

51 

15 

98.3 

57 

15 

98.9 

62 

18 

MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition'] 


5.15  p.  m 
6  p.  m... 
6.15  p.  m, 
9.15  a.  m 
11  a.  m.. 


100.5 

80 

15 

100.2 

68 

20 

100.6 

75 

20 

99.2 

68 

19 

99.4 

72 

15 

Tongue  clean;  probably  some  drink. 
Tongue  whitish. 

do. 
Tongue  sUghtly  whitish. 
Tongue  somewhat  coated. 


a  7  minutes. 


6  6  minutes. 


368 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  6,  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(1)   TARAHUMABB 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


Time  of  the  day. 


10  a.  m. 


Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 


98.6 
97.3 
98.0 
98.2 
97.4 

97.6 
96.2 

97.2 
99.1 
98.4 
99.0 
99.2 
99.1 
99.0 
98.8 

:?) 

97.8 
98.5 
98.4 


Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

65 

17 

66 

19 

68 

22 

64 

18 

66 

15 

66 

18 

68 

18 

78 

18 

64 

22 

60 

(24) 

64 

17 

66 

22 

58 

18 

62 

22 

66 

19 

66 

19 

54 

15 

62 

17 

68 

19 

Remarlcs. 


Several  days  after  a  "frio;"  well  and 
rested  when  examined. 

Two  tests  of  temperature;  same  re- 
sults.   Cause? 


15  minutes  rest  after  a  dance;  no  drink. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


97.7 

78 

19 

98.6 

78 

19 

98.6 

70 

20 

99.0 

64 

(22) 

98.9 

78 

16 

99.3 

70 

18 

99.4 

70 

19 

Slightly  nervous  during  the  tests. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


MALE 

[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


(100.0) 

62 

(24) 

(99.  6) 

(68) 

(28) 

(99.  4) 

(?) 

(22) 

Not  fully  well, 
do. 
do. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


(?) 

(76) 

(24) 

(99. 8) 

(78) 

(20) 

(98.1) 

(88) 

(21) 

Not  fully  well. 

Some  headache,  and  pains  in  liody. 

Head  ache. 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


369 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — ^Continued 


(TO)  HUICHOL 

MALE 
[In  good  health'] 


Time  of  the  day. 


Tem- 
perature 

Csub 
lingua.) 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

98.1 

58 

19 

98.2 

56 

16 

98.5 

(?) 

16 

97.8 

74 

16 

98.5 

72 

(23) 

98.9 

68 

22 

97.6 

66 

17 

98.0 

66 

18 

98.0 

68 

20 

98.3 

67 

22 

97.7 

54 

16 

98.6 

66 

20 

97.1 

56 

15 

96.6 

58 

16 

98.8 

72 

20 

98.8 

66 

19 

98.6 

62 

18 

9  a.  m... 
12  m.... 

do.. 

10  a.  m . . 
3.30  p.  m 
5p.m... 

9  a.  m... 
do.. 

10  a.m.. 

12  m 

1  p.  m... 

do... 

6.30  a.m. 

9.30  a.  m. 
3  p.m... 

11  a.  m. . 
1  p.  m... 


IJ  hours  after  a  walk  of  several  miles. 
At  rest. 

Fully  at  rest;  had  breakfasted. 
After  a  walk  of  about  a  mile;  at  rest. 
1  hour  after  a  walk  of  about  a  mile;  at 

rest. 
At  rest. 

Before  dinner,  normal;  at  rest. 
Normal;  at  rest. 
At  rest  after  a  walk,  normal;  had  a 

little  breakfast. 

At  rest. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


FEMALE 
[In  good  health] 


9  a.  m. 
12  m.. 

10  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

1  p.  m. 

2  p.  m. 

3  p.  m. 
5  p.  m. 

8  a.  m. 

9  a.  m. 
do. 

10  a.  m 


98.8 

76 

22 

98.  5 

62 

18 

98.3 

64 

22 

98.8 

74 

16 

98.8 

68 

22 

98.5 

66 

17 

(99.8) 

68 

(23) 

98.6 

68 

20 

98.4 

64 

17 

99.3 

66 

20 

98.5 

(84) 

18 

99.3 

(82) 

22 

At  rest. 

do. 
Fully  at  rest  and  nonnal. 
At  rest. 

At  rest  after  a  walk. 
At  rest. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


4p.m. 

10  a.  m 
10  I  4  p.m. 
13  3  p.m. 
21  I  11  a.  m 
29     3  p.m. 


99.6 

68 

19 

98.6 

78 

22 

98.5 

(88) 

(22) 

99.2 

82 

23 

(99.  3) 

(94) 

(21) 

!    98.3 

76 

16 

Some  headache. 

Immediately  after  a  meal. 

Not  fully  well. 

1  hour  after  a  walk  of  several  miles. 

Drank  some  sotol. 

At  rest  after  a  walk. 


3452— Bull,  34—08 24 


370 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[BULL.  34 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


Cm)  HUICHOL— Continued 

FEMALE 

[Not  in  -perfectly  normal  condition] 


Rec- 
ord 
no. 

Time  of  tlie  day. 

Tem- 
perature 

(sub 
lingua) . 

Pulse. 

Respi- 
ration. 

Remarks. 

8 

12  m  

(99.2) 
98.9 

(98.  4) 
98.7 
98.8 
98.9 

(100.0) 

(82) 
(90) 
(90) 

88 
(90) 

84 

(86) 

(22) 
(20) 
(24) 
19 
18 
22 

(20) 

Not  fully  well. 

9 

Some  headache. 

12 

10  a.  m              

Not  fully  well. 

20 

11  a.  m             

At  rest.     Cause  of  pulse? 

23 

12  m                     

At  rest;  slight  cough. 

38 

At  rest;  had  a  little  sotol  in  morning, 

43 

10  a  m                    

about  an  hour  before. 
Some  malaria  or  stomach  trouble. 

(n)  OTOMI 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


10.15  a.  m 
11.30  a.  m 
2.30  p.  m. 
6p.  m 


(?) 

62 

16 

98.9 

58 

18 

(?) 

62 

18 

(?) 

70 

10 

MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


11.45  a.  m 

2p.  m 

2.15  p.m. 
4.30  p.  m. 
8.40  a.  m. 


98.7 

1        76 
1        72 

1 

}         20 

99.6 

72 

22 

(?) 

68 

•    17 

(?) 

66 

18 

(?) 

66 

16 

Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

do. 
Tongue  slightly  coated, 
do. 
do. 


(0)  TARASCO 

MALE 
[In  good  health] 


4.30  p.m.. 
8.30  a.m.. 
10.10  a.m. 
11  a.  m... 

Ip.  m 

2.20  p.m.. 
5.20  p.m.. 
10.20  a.  m. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


371 


Table  6.  Data  on  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration — Continued 


(o)  TAKASCO— Continued 

FEMALE 

[In  good  health] 


Rec- 
ord i 
no. 


.Time  of  the  day. 


I     Tem- 
I  perature 
!     (sub 
'  lingua). 


Pulse. 


Respi- 
ration. 


8.15  a.  m. 
1.45  p.  m. 
6.40  p.  m. 


60 


MALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


9a.  m 

12.45  p.  m. 
3.10  p.  m.. 
4.40  p.  m.. 
12  m 


18     Tongue  slightly  coated. 

14  do. 

i  Tongue  somewhat  coated. 

j  Tongue  yellowish. 

22  I  Tongue  clean. 


FEMALE 
[Not  in  perfectly  normal  condition] 


1.30  p.  in. 
8  a.  m. .. 
10  a.  m. . 
1  p.  m..- 
4  p:  m . . . 


7.15  a.  m. 


60 

19 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

68 

21 

do. 

72 

18 

Tongue  clean. 

(30 

17 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

66 

17 

do. 

70 

14 

Tongue  somewhat  coated 

66 

16 

Tongue  slightly  coated. 

372  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Jcilos 

(o)  APACHE 

MALE 


[BULL.  34 


Record  uo. 


Pressure. 


Age. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Average. . . 
Mimmura. 
Maximum. 


25 

25 

30 

28 

26 

24 

27  I 

28 

28 

26 

24 

25 

25 

28 

28 

30 

26 

25 

29 

27 

28 

30 

24 

28 

26 

28 

30 

26 

28 

24 

28 

27 


53.0 
35.0 
41.5 
39.5 
65.0 
42.5 
42.0 
43.0 
41.5 
39.5 
42.0 
53.0 
45.0 
49.5 
51.0 
50.0 
41.5 
62.0 
58.5 
46.0 
46.0 
42.5 
51.5 
45.0 
37.5 
46.5 
46.0 
40.6 
51.6 
46.0 
48.0 
47.0 


36.0 

58.5 


45.0 
34.5 
43.0 
42.6 
47.0 
41.0 
40.0 
39.5 
33.5 
32.5 
35.5 
43.5 
41.0 
50.6 
51.0 
48.5 
35.0 
48.5 
52.0 
39.0 
51.5 
40.0 
51.0 
45.0 
33  0 
41.0 
42.0 
43.0 
49.5 
49.5 
42.0 
44.0 


4^.9 
32.5 
62.0 


32.0 
28.0 
27.0 
27.0 
33.0 
24.0 
31.0 
32.0 
28.0 
23.0 
29.0 
31.0 
26.0 
32.0 
30.5 
35.0 
24.0 
34.0 
35.0 
29.0 
33.0 
26.0 
33.0 
31.5 
25.0 
31.0 
33.0 
26.0 
30.0 
30.6 
32.0 
31.5 


23.0 
36.0 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Trac- 
tion. 


21 

40 
40 
40 
32 
35 
35 

35.0 
47.0 
39.0 
50.0 
42.5 
47.5 

35.0 
49.0 
35.0 
47.6 
45.0 
41.6 

25  0 

23 

30  5 

24 

26  6 

27 

32.0 

30 

27.5 

36 

33.0 

Average 

43.5 
35.0 
50.0 

42.2 
35.0 
49.0 

28.9 

Minimum 

25.0 

Maximum 

3.3.0 

1 

4 

5. 

46 
46 
46 
45 
50 
45 
46 
50 
50 
60 
46 

48.0 
47.5 
37.5 
41.0 
28.5 
48.0 
30.5 
36.6 
34.0 
24.0 
44.5 

47.0 
47.0 
:34.5 
43.0 
33.0 
46.6 
32.6 
31.6 
29.6 
28.6 
45.0 

30.0 
27.0 
26.0 

16 

22.0 

26 

18.5 

37 

20.0 

39 

41 

22.0 
22.6 

44 

24.0 

46 

17.0 

47 

32.0 

38.1 
25.0 
48.0 

38.0 
24.0 
47.0 

24.^ 

Minimum 

28.6 

32.0 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


38.0 


28.6 


HRDLICKA 


PHYSTOLOGK^AL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONkS 


373 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Jcilos — Continued 


(o)  APACHE— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


40 

.31.0 

25.0 

33 

28.0 

27.5 

38 

27.5 

29.0 

40 

33.5 

29.0 

35 

29.5 

24.5 

38 

17.5 

20.0 

40 

18.5 

18.5 

Trac- 
tion. 


53 

26 
28 
23 
30 
24 
28 
26 
24 
23 
28 
24 
25 

31.0 
31.0 
26.5 
32.0 
25.0 
24.0 
•     18.5 
25.5 
27.5 
29.0 
26.5 
25.5 

31.5 
32.0 
21.5 
28.5 
28.5 
23.0 
21.0 
27.5 
28.0 
22.5 
22.0 
23.0 

16.0 

56 

22.0 

59 

21.0 

60 

23.0 

66 , 

67 

19.0 
20.5 

68 

15.0 

69 

20.5 

71 

21.0 

76 

19.0 

79 

18.0 

80.                 

20.0 

26.8 
18.5 
32.0 

25.  S 
21.0 
32.0 

19,6 

15.0 

23.0 

10.5 
17.0 
23.5 
25.0 
15.0 
17.5 
14.0 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years — Continued. 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average... 
Minimum . 
Maximum. 


17.5 
17.5 
14.0 
19.5 


17.1 
14.0 
19.5 


15.5 
17.5 
12.5 
17.5 


15.8 
12.5 
17.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


65.                  

40 

29.5 

30.0 

18.0 

26.9 
17.5 
33.5 

25.4 
18.5 
30.0 

17.6 

Minimum 

10.5 

Minrimiim 

25.0 

Age: 

40  to 

50  years 

55 

50 
45 
45 
45 
50 
45 

27.0 
20.5 
27.0 
22.5 
23.5 
23.0 

23.0 
22.5 
25.5 
21.5 
26.0 
21.0 

13.0 

70 

23.0 

73             

19.5 

74                         

16.0 

75 

18.5 

78..- 

13.0 

23.9 
20.5 
27.0 

2S.3 
21.0 
26.0 

17.2 

13.0 

23.0 

12.5 
21.0 
12.0 
16.5 


15.5 
12.0 
21.0 


374 


BUREAU  .OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[buli,.  M 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  liilos — Continued 


(b)  PUEBLOS 
MALE 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      I>eft 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


2 

40 

G 

35 

13 

35 

16 

40 

19 

32 

23 

40 

24 

37 

27 

36 

31 

40 

33 

35 

.39 

32 

47 

32 

48 

33 

49../. 

35 

83 

32 

36.0 
42.0 
41.0 
40.0 
38.5 
51.0 
39.5 
53.5 
39.5 
52.0 
52.5 
41.5 
43.5 
40.5 
38.0 


33.0 
36.5 
38.5 
34.0 
34.5 
41.0 
29.0 
53.5 
37.0 
45.0 
43.5 
41.5 
40.5 
39.5 
33.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


1..  .    

24 
23 
24 
28 
26 
30 
25 
23 
24 
30 
28 
25 
28 
29 
26 
28 
29 
28 
30 
28 
30 

35.5 
50.5 
51.0 
58.5 
48.0 
38.0 
28.5 
45.5 
43.5 
32.5 
44.5 
42.0 
35.0 
44.5 
35.5 
42.0 
46.5 
26.5 
45.0 
42.5 
(?) 

38.0 
44.0 
50.0 
54.0 
41.0 
35.0 
28.5 
42.5 
39.5 
32.5 
43.5 
36.0 
37.5 
39.0 
32.5 
37.0 
43.0 
26.0 
45.0 
36.5 
34.0 

19.0 

4     

24.0 

7   .                  

27.0 

9        

29.0 

10                         .     .. 

30.0 

12                         ... 

18.0 

14 

15.5 

15 

24.0 

17 

28.0 

21 

16.5 

26 

26.0 

29 

27.0 

30 

21.5 

34 

20.0 

35 

22.0 

36 

25.0 

41 

24.0 

43 

46 

16.0 
27.0 

85 

24.0 

86 

19.5 

Jtl.8 
26.5 
58.5 

S8.9 
26.0 
54.0 

23.3 

15.5 

Maximura 

30.0 

23.0 
24.5 
20.0 
25.0 
28.0 
28.0 
27.0 
26.0 
23.0 
25.5 
25.5 
25.0 
26.5 
30.0 
27.5 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right  I    Left 
hand.-   hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued. 


84 .     . 

40 
33 

42.5 
46.0 

41.0 
44.0 

26.5 

90 

26.5 

Average     

36.0 
53.5 

39.1 
29.0 
53.5 

£5.7 

Minimum 

20.0 

Maximum 

30.0 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


3 

45 
50 
45 
50 
50 
50 
50 
48 
45 
45 
45 
50 

.     43.5 
42.0 
31.5 
29.0 
39.0 
32,5 
33.0 
30.0 
35.0 
39.5 
36.5 
35.0 

41.0 
40.0 
26.5 
31.0 
36.0 
32.0 
40.0 
30.5 
32.0 
39.0 
37.0 
29.0 

22.0 

5 

8 

2.3.0 
18.0 

18  ... 

25.0 

22 

24.5 

32 

17.5 

37 

21.0 

38 

22.0 

44 

21.0 

81 

24.0 

82 

25.0 

89 

20.0 

35.  S 
29.0 
43.5 

34.  B 
26.5 
41.0 

SI. 9 

17.5 

25.0 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . 
Minimum  . 
Maximum. 


28.5 
34.0 
31.0 
35.5 
38.5 
18.0 
29.5 
29.0 
28.0 


18  0 
38.5 


26.0 
31.5 
30.0 
33.5 
33.5 
15.0 
23.0 
24.0 
26.5 


37.0 
15.0 
33.5 


HRDUCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III,  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Jcilos — Continued 

(b)  PUEBLOS— Continued 
FEMALE 


375 


Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age: 

20  to  30  years 

Age:  30  to  40  years— Cont 

inued'. 

26.0 
23.0 
22.5 
18.0 
16.5 
24.0 
23.5 
25.5 
24.0 
19.5 
26.5 
26.0 
23.0 
22.5 
23.0 

16.0 

19.0 

16.0 

15.0 

13.0 

14.0 

15.5 

17.0 

13.0 

16.0, 

14.5 

17.5 

16.5 

16.0 

18.0 

61 

25 
30 

28 
27 
26 
29 
28 
27 
24 
29 
24 
27 
26 
29 
24 

27.0 
28.0 
25.5 
20.5 
19.0 
21.5 
25.0 
25.5 
27.5 
22.0 
28.5 
26.0 
27.0 
24.0 
27.0 

75. 
78. 

35 
38 

21.5 
23.5 

21.5 
23.5 

19.5 

52 

16.0 

53 

Average 

57 

20.9 
17.5 
24.0 

20.5 
16.5 
24.5 

18.2 

01 

14.0 

62 

19.5 

65 

66 

67 

68 

Age:  40  to  50  years 

73 

56. 
60. 
63. 
69. 
70. 
76. 

45 
45 
50 
45 
50 
45 

20.5 
24.5 
25.0 
24.0 
20.0 
20.0 

20.5 
20.5 
23.5 
21.0 
17.0 
20.0 

12.0 

74 

15.0 

77 

15.5 

79 

13.0 

80 

12.0 

24.9 
19.0 
28.5 

22.9 
16.5 
26.5 

15.8 
13.0 
19.0 

14.5 

Minimum 

22.3 
20.0 
25.0 

20.4 
17.0 
23.5 

13.7 

Maximum 

Minimum 

12.0 

Maximum 

30  to  40  years 

Age 

Age:  50  to  60  years 

58 

40 
33 
35 
40 

17.5 
19.0 
24.0 
20.0 

16.5 
18.5 
24.0 
18.5 

14.5 
14.0 
18.0 
15.0 

59 

54. 
72. 

55 
60 

17.5 
22.5 

16.0 
19.5 

64 

12.0 

71 

13.5 

376 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[bdll.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 


(c)  HOPI 

MALE 


Pressure.       1 

Age. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age: 

20  to  30  years 

2 

26 

42.5 

35.0 

30.0 

6 

30 

41.5 

39.5 

25.0 

10 

25 

40.0 

37.0 

32.0 

13 

25 

46.0 

37.0 

29.0 

14 

26 

39.0 

37.0 

26.0 

15 

28 

37.5 

33.5 

25.5 

16 

28 

39.0 

33.5 

26.0 

17 

26 

39.5 

36.5 

29.0 

18 

30 

38.5 

38.5 

25.0 

25 

26 

42.5 

42.5 

28.5 

26               i 

27 
24 
30 
28 
27 
26 
28 
25 
26 
27 
27 
30 
28 
25 
26 
23 

41.0 
40.5 
41.0 
25.0 
43.5 
36  0 
51.5 
43.0 
56.0 
39.5 
39.0 
47.0 
35.5 
55.5 
48.0 
47.0 

40.5 
37.5 
34.0 
20.0 
40.5 
37.0 
44.5 
40.0 
52.5 
33.0 
33.0 
42.0 
32.0 
46.5 
41.5 
35.5 

25.0 
24.5 
24.0 
12.5 
32.0 
28.5 
34.0 
30.0 
37.5 
31.0 
26.0 
25.0 
27.0 
35.0 
25.0 
31.0 

27                    

31                      

33                      

37                        ...... 

38 

39 

41 

43 

46 

51 

54 

55 

58 

59 

60 

Jt2J 

37.7 

gr.s 

25.0 
56.0 

1 

20.0 
52.5 

12.5 
37.5 

Maximum 

Age: 

30  to  40  years 

3 

35 

47.0 

.35.0 

29.0 

- 

32 
38 

47.5 
33.5 

45.0 
25.0 

29.0 
22.0 

X 

11 

35 

41.0 

39.0 

32.6 

12 

35 

41.0 

39.0 

32.5 

22 

j      40 

42.5 

,      37.0 

31.0 

23 

35 

45.5 

41.5 

25.0 

29 

38 

35.0 

j      31.5 

23.0 

34 

35 

1 

35.0 

25.5 

28.0 

Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 


44 

32 
33 
38 
40 
33 

44.5 
41.0 
36.0 
35.0 
35.5 

35.5 
36.5 
31.0 
29.0 
39.5 

22.5 

47 

27.0 

48                         

24.5 

52                          

23.0 

53                          -   --- 

20.0 

40.2 
33.5 
47.5 

36. 1 
25.0 
45.0 

Z6.S 

20.0 

32.5 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


19           

45 
50 
50 
43 
50 
50 

40.0 
33.0 
34.0 
35.0 
34.5 
34.0 

36.5 
24.5 
31.5 
32.0 
23.0 
38.0 

25.0 

24       

19.0 

30.    ..            

19.5 

35 

36                        

22.0 
23.0 

57 

25.0 

35.1 
33.0 
40.0 

30.9 
23.0 
38.0 

26.3 

19.0 

25.0 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum . 
Maximum. 


32. 4 
24.0 
42.0 


33.5 

28.5 

34.0 

27.5 

32.5 

22.5 

28.5 

22.0 

42.0 

36.0 

31.5 

23.5 

30.0 

25.0 

29.5 

29.5 

31.5 

26.0 

35.5 

26.0 

36.0 

33.5 

24.0 

25.0 

27.1 
22.0 
36.0 


K.^]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIOlSrS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength^  in  Mlos — Continued 

(c)  HOPI— Continued 
FEMALE 


377 


Record  no. 


Pressure. 


Age. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


64 
65 
66 
73 
74 
76 
79 
84 


35 

27.5 

26.0 

35 

25.0 

22.5 

40 

30.0 

25.5 

35 

22.0 

20.5 

38 

22.0 

21.0 

32 

33.0 

31.5 

40 

20.0 

19.5 

35 

24.5 

21.0 

38 

20.0 

18.5 

Trac- 
tion. 


62 

63 

71 . . .     . 

30 
28 
30 
24 
28 
25 
26 
30 
25 
26 

25.0 
35.0 
29.0 
26.0 
29.5 
23.0 
26.5 
25.5 
25.0 
22.0 

22.5 
26.5 
21.0 
25.0 
23.5 
22.0 
23.5 
23.0 
20.5 
21.0 

15.0 
20.0 
16.0 

72...                    .       . 

21.0 

75 

77 

78 

18.0 
16.5 
14.0 

81 

83 

15.0 
17.5 

85 

19.0 

.Average 

Minimum 

Maximum. .  . 

26.7 
22.0 
35.0 

Z2.9 
20.5 
26.5 

17.2 
14.0 
21  0 

21.0 
17.0 
15.0 
14.0 
14.5 
18.0 
12.5 
16.5 
16.0 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  .30  to  40  years— Continued 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average... 
Minimum . 
Maximum. 


21.5 
22.0 
20.5 
21.0 
22.5 
22.5 
24.0 


22.0 
20.5 
24.0 


21.0 
19.0 
19.0 
21.5 
18.5 
21.0 
23.5 


20.5 
18.5 
23.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


90 

40 

25.0 

21.5 

17  5 

Average 

2Jt.9 
20.0 
33.0 

22.8 
18.5 
31.5 

16.2 

Minimimi. . . . 

12.5" 

Maximum 

21.0 

Age: 

40  to  50  years 

82.. 

50 
45 
45 

13.0 
32.0 
21.5 

13.0 
24.0 
21.0 

11  0 

86 

17  0 

87 .- 

13  5 

Average 

22.2 
13.0 
32.0 

19.3 
13.0 
24.0 

13  8 

Minimum. 

11  0 

Maximum. 

17  0 

16.0 
11.0 
13.5 
13.0 
14.0 
15.5 
19.0 


t4.6 
11.0 
19.0 


878 


15. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
22. 
25. 
28. 
30. 
33. 
35. 
42. 
43. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
53. 
54. 
56. 
57. 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


fBlTiL.  34 


Table  7 .    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 


(d)  ZUNI 

MALE 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Average . . 
Minimum . 
Maximum  , 


40.0 
43.5 
36.0 
37.0 
37.0 
35.0 
45.0 
50.0 
43.5 
47.0 
42.5 
43.5 
42.5 
47.0 
39.0 
41.0 
36.0 
39.0 
35.0 
36.0 
51.5 
41.0 
42.0 
44.5 
43.0 


41.5 
35.0 
51.5 


40.0 
39.0 
31.0 
33.5 
31.5 
35.0 
43.5 
45.0 
39.5 
46.0 
37.0 
34.0 
38.0 
42.0 
38.5 
37.0 
35.0 
36.0 
35.0 
37.0 
42.0 
38.5 
41.0 
41.0 
39.0 


31.0 
46.0 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


35 

37.0 

40 

50.0 

35 

34.0 

33 

(?) 

38 

44.0 

40 

32.0 

33 

47.5 

32 

38.5 

35 

37.0 

40 

33.0 

35 

30. 5 

37.5 
42.0 
31.5 
36.0 
43.5 
27.5 
38.5 
40.0 
36.0 
27.0 
33.0 


26.5 
26.5 
23.0 
24.0 
19.0 
20.5 
29.0 
36.0 
30.0 
32.0 
26.0 
26.0 
24.0 
32.0 
23.0 
27.0 
22.0 
25.5 
26.0 
29.0 
31.0 
24.5 
25.0 
27.5 
30.5 


19.0 
36.0 


24.5 
37.0 
22.0 
24.0 
30.0 
20.5 
35.0 
25.0 
19.0 
20.0 
22.0 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 


51 

33 

36 

32 
38 

.36.0 

28.5 

38.5 
40.0 

34.0 
28.0 

35.0 
37.5 

0 

19. 

52... 

21.5 

55 

27.5 

59..- 

25.5 

Average 

38.  G 
28.5 
50.0 

35.1 
27.0 
43.5 

^.8 

Minimum. . . . 

19.0 

Maximum  . .  . 

37.0 

Age :  40  to  50  years 


9    ...               

45 

45 

50 

45 

50 

45 

45- 

50 

45 

50 

(?) 
51.5 

(?) 

44.0 

39.5 

38.5 

44.0 

31.5 

35.0 

33.5 

32.5 
46.5 
28.0 
42.5 
33.0 
32.0 
36.0 
29.0 
30.5 
31.0 

22.0 

13                         .   ... 

30.0 

24 

(?) 

27 

27.5 

29 

24.5 

31 

21.0 

34 

27.0 

36   

25.0 

38   ..             

20.0 

46                      

21.0 

Average    .  . . 

39.7 
31.5 
51.5 

34.1 
28.0 
46.5 

■S4  2 

Minimum . 

20.0 

Maximum  .  .. 



30.0 

Age;  50  to  60  years 


Average .  . 
Minimum . 
Maximum 


28.0 
32.0 
27.0 
27.0 
27.5 
41.5 
31.5 
25.0 
28.0 
26.0 


29.3 
25.0 
41.5 


27.0 
23.0 
28.0 
18.0 
29.5 
36.0 
26.0 
25.5 
26.0 
24.5 


2(>.3 
18.0 
30.0 


HKDi.itKA]  PHYSIOLO«IOAU  AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength.,  in  Mlos — Continued 

(d)  ZUNI— Continued 
FEMALE 


379 


Record  no. 


Age. 


63. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Age;  40  to  50  years 


50        23.0        19.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


61 

24 

28 
30 
28 
24 
27 

24.0 
25.0 
26.5 
33.5 
27.0 
30.0 

18.5 
23.5 
25.0 
34.5 
26.0 
25.5 

15.0 

65 

19.0 

67 

20.0 

77 

87 

89..- 

20.0 
19.5 
17.5 

Average 

S7.7 
24.0 
33.5 

S5.5 
18.5 
34.5 

18.5 

Minimum .... 

15.0 

Maximum  .  . . 

20.0 

66 

72 

79.    .. 

40 
33 
35 
35 
40 
33 
32 

30.0 
30.0 
27.5 
22.0 
19.5 
19.5 
22.5 

22.0 
27.5 
25.0 
17.5 
17.0 
18.0 
22.5 

17.0 
21.0 
19.5 

80 

15.0 

81 

13  0 

82 

85..    - 

15.5 
15  0 

Average    . . 

24.4 
19.5 
30.0 

21. 4 

17.0 
27.5 

16.6 

Minim  imi .... 

13  0 

Maximum  .  . . 

21.0 

62. 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age :  40  to  50  years — Continued 


Age:  oO  to  60  years 


Average  .  . 
Minimum. 
Maximum 


19.5 
17.0 

(?) 
24.5 


W.3 
17.0 
24.5 


21.5 
18.0 
19.5 
20.0 


19.8 
18.0 
21.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


64.    . 

50 
45 
50 
50 
45 
45 
50 
45 
50 
50 
50 
50 

20.0 
24.0 
21.0 
22.5 
23.5 
21.0 
26.5 
27.5 
20.0 
26.0 
22.0 
20.0 

21.5 
23.0 
19.5 
21.0 
25.0 
23.0 
24.0 
24.0 
19.0 
20.5 
19.5 
19.5 

14  5 

70 

15  5 

71.    . 

15  0 

73. 

12  0 

/4... 

16  0 

rs.. 

18  0 

76 

17  5 

78...   ' 

20  0 

83... 

12  5 

86.... 

22  0 

88 

14  0 

90 

15  5 

Average    

22.9 
20.0 
27.5 

21.4 
19.0 
25.0 

15.9 

Minimum .... 

12.0 

Maximum  .  . . 

22.0 

11.0 
10.0 
10.0 
13.5 


11.1 
10.0 
13.5 


380 


BUREATT    OF    AMERICAN    ETnNOLt)fiY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


Tbull.  34 


Table  7.    Tesifi  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 


(«)  MOHAVK 

MALE 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left, 
hand 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age 

20  to 

30  years 

Age: 

40  to  50  years 

7 

26 
26 
28 
29 
26 
25 
24 
27 
25 
24 
26 
28 

..    38.0 
32.5 
41.0 
48.0 
37.0 
48.5 
44.0 
33.0 
39.5 
46.0 
48.0 
54.0 

33.5 
30.0 
37.0 
44.5 
29.5 
42.5 
37.5 
33.5 
31.0 
44.5 
39.0 
47.0 

21.0 
12.0 
26.5 
28.0 
27.5 
25.0 
21.0 
22.0 
18.0 
20.0 
30.5 
31.0 

1. 

4. 
11. 
12. 
15. 
17. 
24. 
28 

47 
50 
50 
48 
45 
50 
50 
45 
50 
50 

47.5 
39.0 
42.5 
35.0 
32.0 
41.5 
23.0 
47.0 
41.5 
32.5 

43.0 
34.0 
37.5 
32.0 
27.5 
31.0 
20.0 
41.0 
34.0 
30.5 

25.5 

18 

23.5 

23 

17.0 

25 

18.0 

30   .              .       .     .. 

20.0 

34.    .. 

24.0 

35 

23.5 

36 

29. 5 

40 

31. 
33. 

26.5 

42 

29.0 

4.-1 

38.2 
23.0 
47.5 

33.1 
20.0 
43.0 

23.7 

4a 

Minimum 

17.0 

4S.5 
32.5 
54.0 

37.4 
29.5 
47.0 

S3. 5 
12.0 
31.0 

Maximum. .. . 

29. 5 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Age: 

50  to  6 

0  years 

Age 

:  30  to 

40  years 

2 

37 
32 
38 
40 
40 
35 

50.0 
58.5 
43.5 
32.0 
43.5 
48.5 
48.0 
43.0 

46.0 
47.0 
36.5 
33.0 
37.0 
44.0 
46.5 
,  37.5 

30.0 
32.0 
24.0 
24.0 
34.0 
30.5 
23.0 
23.0 

3. 

5. 
10. 
16. 
19. 
38. 
41. 
44. 

54 
55 
55 
55 
55 
55 
60 
55 

29.5 
22.0 
26.0 
27.5 
25.0 
42.0 
26.0 
32.5 

31.0 
21.0 
21.0 
24.0 
23.5 
30.0 
19.5 
28.5 

23.0 

6 

9.0 

8. 

15.5 

14 

12.5 

20. 

13.0 

ff, 

•    19.0 

29. 

S? 

24.5 

45.9 
32.0 
58.5 

40.9 
33.0 
47.0 

27.6 
23.0 
34.0 

28.8 
22.0 
42.0 

24.8 
19.5 
31.0 

16.6 

Minimum 

9.0 

Maximum 

24.5 

hrdlicka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


381 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  hilos — Continued 

(e)   MOHAVE— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


51 
53 
54 
56 
57 
60 
63 
66 
73 


35 

26.0 

36 

15.0 

40 

30.5 

40 

29.0 

32 

24.5 

36 

27.5 

35 

27.5 

40 

21.0 

35 

27.5 

26.0 
16.0 
24.0 
20.5 
20.0 
22.0 
22.0 
20.0 
21.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


52.. 

.      24 

22.0 

19.0 

12.5 

55.. 

30 

31.5 

22.0 

14.0 

59.. 

26 

27.0 

21.5 

S.O 

61.. 

26 

27.5 

25.0 

19.5 

74.. 

Average. . 

.      25 

31.0 

29.5 

16.5 

27.8 

16.7 

10.1 

22.0 
31.5 

19.0 
29.5 

8.0 

19.5 

Record  no. 


58. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right       Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years — Continued 


76. 

33 

29.5 

22.0 

18.5 

25.8 
15.0 
30.5 

21.3 
16.0 
26.0 

H-i- 

Minimum ; 

Maximum  . 

12.0 

18.5 

Age :  40  to  50  years 


62 

50 
50 
50 
45 
45 
45 
45 
50 

22.0 
22.0 
19.5 
22.0 
33.5 
26.5 
26.0 
28.0 

22.5 
16.5 
17.0 
21.5 
28.0 
23.5 
25.0 
22.0 

(?) 

64 

12.0 

65 

13.0 

67 

7.5 

69 

15.0 

70 

14.5 

71 

13.0 

72 

14.5 

2^.9 
19.5 
28.0 

22.0 
16.5 
28.0 

12.8 

Minimum 

7.5 

Maximum. 

15.0 

Age:  .50  to  60  years 


55        19.0 


15.0 


382 


BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[BULL.  34 


Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Tcilos — Continued 


(/)  YUMA 

MALE 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Average... 
Minimum . 
Maximum . 


55.0 
34.0 
53.5 
45.5 


Jt7.0 
34.0 
55.0 


36.5 
30.0 
40.0 
40.0 


36. 6 
30.0 
40.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


2     

24 
29 
28 
27 
25 
29 
25 
25 
25 
26 
25 
30 
27 

47.5 
5L5 
3L0 
45.0 
36.5 
58.5 
43.5 
42.0 
35.5 
49.5 
35.0 
60.0 
46.0 

43.0 

36.5 

41.0 

36.5 

(?) 

50.0 

43.5 

41.0 

31.0 

44.5 

32.0 

52.0 

40.5 

32.0 

5 

27.0 

11        

24.0 

14       

32.0 

15 

16              

17.0 
32.5 

18 

29.0 

19       

23.0 

20                       

21.0 

21       .            

33.0 

22 

15.0 

25                

31.0 

27 

22.0 

U-7 
31.0 
60.0 

40.9 
31.0 
52.0 

26.0 

15.0 

Maximum  — 

33.0 

31.5 
21.0 
26.0 
25.0 


21.0 

31.5 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


60 


Average.. . 
Minimum . 
Maximum . 


47.5 
46.0 
42.0 
29.5 


U.S 
29.5 
47.5 


40.0 
37.5 
36.5 
29.0 


29.0 
40.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


1 

50 
50 
45 
50 
45 
50 
47 
50 

40.5 
35.0 
29.5 
34.5 
32.5 
4.5.0 
46.5 
47.0 

30.5 
37.0 
25.0 
31.5 
28.5 
30.5 
32.5 
37.5 

28.0 

8 

33.5 

12 

12.5 

17 

17.0 

23 

17.0 

24   . 

27.5 

26 

29 

20.5 

24.5 

38.8 
29.5 
47.0 

31.6 
25.0 
37.5 

22.6 

Minimum 

12.5 

Maximum 

33.5 

33.0 
31.0 
32.0 
13.0 


27.3 
13.0 
30.0 


hrdlicka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian   Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Jcilos — Continued 

(/)  YUMA— Continued 
FEMALE 


383 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

! 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

'    Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

I, eft 
hand. 

Age:  20  to  30  years 

Age:  30  to  40  years 

- 

2a 

30 

24 

27.5 
16.5 

21.5 
17.0 

13.0 
4.0 

8.5 

la .' 

40 
32 

32.0 
20.0 

29.0 
16.0 

18.0 

3a. 

4a 

r^.  0 

Average 

s$.6 

19.3 

26.0 

22.5 

11.5 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


6a. 


50 


20.0 


iV)  MARICOPA 

MALE 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


7.. 

30 

58.0 

49.0 

33.0 

q 

30 
25 

45.0 
40.5 

32.5 
39.0 

22.0 

15.. 

26.5 

23.. 

29 

58.5 

44.5 

33.0 

29.. 

28 

50.0 

44.5 

31.0 

31.. 

30 

51.5 

50.0 

32.0 

34.. 

29 

48.5 

44.5 

29.5 

35.-. 

25 

48.0 

38.0 

31.5 

36.. 

28 

53.0 

4L5 

36.0 

39.. 

Average 

26 

36.0 

27.0 

24.5 

48.9 

41.1 

29.9 

Minimum 

36.0 

27.0 

•  22.0 

Maximum 

58.5 

50.0 

36.0 

Age:  30  to  40  years 


1 
3 
5 
10 
13 
14 
19 
20 


38 

35.0 

31.0 

32 

32.0 

28.5 

40 

53.0 

43.5 

35 

51.5 

46.5 

40 

38.5 

34.0 

32 

46.0 

35.0 

40 

46.0 

36.0 

40 

61.0 

57.0 

18.0 
16.0 
24.5 
29.0 
21.5 
32.0 
32.0 
34.0 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 


Average... 
Minimum. 
Maximum . 


5L5 
43.0 
46.0 
40.5 
42.0 
50.0 
38.5 


U.9 
32.0 
61.0 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Average . . . 
Minimum. 
Maximum . 


46.0 
40.5 
45.0 
43.0 
47.5 
46.0 
43.5 
52.5 


45.5 
40.5 
52.5 


48.5 
39.5 
40.0 
36.5 
35.0 
49.5 
35.5 


39.7 
28.5 
.57.0 


34.5 
35.0 
41.5 
40.5 
43.5 
42.0 
38.5 
45.0 


40.1 
34.5 
45.0 


34.0 
24.0 
30.0 
19.0 
24.5 
36.5 
22.0 


26.5 
16.0 
36.5 


16.0 
22.0 
31.0 
21.0 
26.0 
30.0 
(?) 
32.0 


25.4 
16.0 
32.0 


384 


BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[bull.  34 


Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  inMlos — Continued 


(f/)  MARICOPA— Continued 
MALE— Continued 


Record  no. 


Pressure. 


Right 
hand. 


Left 
hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  50  to  CO  years 


2 

55 
60 
53 
55 
55 
60 

43.0 
47.5 
35.0 
30.5 
28.0 
26.5 

36.0 
35.5 
31.5 
26.5 
25.5 
22.5 

23.0 
25.5 
19.5 
18.0 
15.0 
17.0 

28 

Average 

60 

34.0 

30.5 

22.0 

6 

34. 9 
26.5 
47.5 

29.7 
22.5 
36.0 

30.0 

8 

Minimum .   . . 

15.0 

11 

Maximum 

25.5 

12 

17 

FEMALE 


Age:  20 to  30  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


37.5 
29.0 
34.0 
30.5 
32.5 
28.5 
23.5 
28.5 
30.0 
26.0 


30.0 
23.5 
37.5 


31.0 
24.5 
30.5 
25.0 
27.0 
27.5 
30.0 
27.0 
27.5 
25.0 


37.5 
24.5 
3L0 


17.0 
13.5 
20.0 
18.0 
17.5 
17.0 
18.0 
17.5 
15.5 
18.0 


17.2 
13.5 
20.0 


Age:  .30  to  40  years 


51 
55 
56 
57 
58 
68 
69 
70 
73 
76 


40 

24.0 

25.0 

40 

21.5 

20.5 

35 

24.5 

21.5 

33 

28.0 

20.0 

33 

25.0 

23.5 

40 

21.0 

20.5 

35 

40.0 

32.0 

38 

24.5 

24.0 

40 

23.5 

24.0 

35 

31.5 

27.0 

17.0 
12.5 
17.0 
12.0 
12.0 
6.0 
17.0 
17.5 
13.0 
20.0 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 


Average, . . 
Itjinimum . 
Maximum. 


22.0 
28.0 


26.1 
21.0 
40.0 


22.0 
28.0 


24.0 
20.0 
32.0 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


21.5 
21.5 
19.0 


20.7 
19.0 
21.5 


18.5 
21.0 
17.0 


18.8 
17.0 
21.0 


13.0 

14.5 


14.3 

6.0 

20.0 


54 

50 
50 
50 
45 
50 

18.0 
17.0 
15.0 
21.0 
22.0 

14.0 
1^.0 
14.5 
18.5 
20.0 

8.0 

59 ... 

(?) 
11.0 

64.    .. 

65.      . 

7.5 

67 

8.0 

Average 

18.6 
15.0 
22.0 

16. 4 
14.0 
20.0 

8.6 

Minimum. . . . 

7.5 

Maximum 

11.0 

15.0 
1-0.0 
3.5 


9.S 
3.5 
15.0 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 

(A)  PAPAGO 

MALE 


385 


Record  no. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

8. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
19. 
23. 
25. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
35. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
44. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Average... 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


36.0 

26.5 

34.5 

48.0 

40.0 

40.0 

30.0 

33.5 

40.5 

41.5 

38.0 

50.5 

37.5 

29.5 

36.5 

43.0 

41.0 

46.0 

34.0 

38.5 

46.5 

38.0 

44.0 

42.0 

32.0 

44.5 

(?) 

38.5 

40.0 


38.9 
26.5 
50.5 


32.5 
29.5 
34.5 
47.0 
37.0 
38.5 
26.0 
32.0 
37.5 
37.5 
36.5 
46.0 
32.0 
28.0 
35.0 
44.5 
37.0 
32.0 
35.0 
34.0 
37.5 
35.0 
35.0 
34.5 
29.0 
37.5 
31.0 
37.5 
36.5 


Trac- 
tion. 


35.6 
26.0 
47.0 


16.5 
23.0 
28.0 
37.0 
25.0 
22.5 
17.0 
25.0 
29.5 
.33.0 
37.0 
37.5 
26.0 
24.0 
21.5 
34.0 
27.5 
28.0 
24.5 
22.0 
27.0 
26.5 
22.0 
27.0 
24.0 
32.5 
23.0 
18.0 
24.0 


16.5 
37.5 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right       Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Trac- 
tion. 


7 

9 

33 
40 
35 
35 
40 
32 
38 
40 
38 
35 
40 

38.0 
46.5 
45.0 
40.5 
29.5 
47.0 
36.0 
28.0 
43.5 
45.0 
48.0 

30.0 
39.5 
45.0 
38.0 
32.0 
43.0 
42.5 
26.5 
34.0 
37.0 
38.0 

24.0 
18.0 

15 

16 

34.0 
32.0 

18 

15.0 

21 

28.0 

26 

25.0 

27...  . 

12.5 

36... 

23.0 

41 

27.0 

45 

32.0 

40.6 
28.0 
48.0 

36.9 
26.5 
48.0 

^.6 
12.5 

Minimum 

Maximum 

34.0 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


17 

20 

50 
45 
48 
46 
45 
45 
50 
50 

37.5 
38.0 
32.0 
41.0 
39.5 
42.5 
32.0 
31.0 

32.0 
33.5 
27.5 
31.0 
42.0 
31.0 
25.0 
28.0 

23.0 
18.0 

22 

32.5 

24 

16.0 

28 

26.0 

34.... 

24.0 

42 

25.0 

50 

20.0 

Average  . 

36.7 
31.0 
41.0 

31.3 
25.0 
42.0 

23.1 

Minimum. . . . 

16.0 

Maximum. . 

32.5 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


55        39.0 


33.5 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


-25 


386 


BUEEAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[bull.  34 


Table  7.   Tests  of  muscxdar  strength^  in  kilos — Continued 


(A)  PAP  AGO— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 


55. 
56. 
62. 
63. 
67. 
72. 
73. 
74. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  20  to  30  years 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Trac- 
tion. 


51 

22 
26 
30 
26 
25 
23 
25 
25 
24 
25 
30 

20.0 
27.5 
28.0 
28.0 
21.5 
22.5 
20.5 
25.5 
23.0 
27.0 
17.5 

21.0 
20.5 
20.0 
22.0 
21.5 
22.0 
20.0 
21.5 
18.0 
22.0 
16.0 

10.0 

52 

13.5 

54 

16.0 

58 

16.0 

59 .   ... 

10.0 

61 

11.5 

64...    . 

7.0 

66.    .. 

13.0 

68..    . 

12.0 

69 

16.0 

77..    . 

9.5 

Average 

23.7 
17.5 
28.0 

20.  i 
16.0 
22.0 

12.2 

Minimum. . . 

7.0 

Maximum . . . 

16.0 

35 

20.0 

18.0 

33 

19.0 

18.5 

40 

23.5 

20.0 

32 

18.0 

11.5 

38 

27.5 

23.5 

40 

26.0 

23.5 

35 

18.0 

15.0 

40 

24.5 

20.5 

8.0 

8.0 
12.0 

7.0 
12.0 
11.0 

3.5 
13.5 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 


75 

76 

35 
35 
40 
35 

27.0 
30.0 
21.0 
28.0 

25.0 
26.0 
18.0 
21.5 

17.0 
13.0 

79 

5.5 

80 

24.0 

Average 

23.5 
18.0 
30.0 

20.1 
11.5 
26.0 

11.2 

Minimum 

3.5 

Maximum 

24.0 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


53   .    . 

45 
50 
45 
45 

(?) 
23.0 
11.0 
21.5 

22.0 
16.0 
13.0 
20.0 

(?) 

57 

60 

12.0 
7.0 

78 

7.0 

Average. . 

18.5 
11.0 
23.0 

17.8 
13.0 
22.0 

8.7 

Minimum. . . . 

7.0 

Maximum 

12.0 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. 


24.0 
13.0 


19.0 
10.0 


14.0 
3.0 


HEDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 

111.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.   Tests  of  'muscular  strength^  in  Mlos — Continued 

(0   PIMA 

MALE 


387 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


.\ge:  20  to  30  years 


1                 

24 
30 
23 
29 
25 
30 
23 
28 
29 
26 
29 
29 
29 

41.5 
42.5 
45.0 
38.5 
45.0 
41.0 
43.5 
41.0 
46.0 
40.0 
36.0 
48.5 
34.0 

35.0 
36.0 
41.5 
33.0 
38.0 
34.0 
36.0 
31.5 
46.0 
37.5 
29.0 
44.5 
32.5 

18.0 

3     

27.0 

5     .            

33.0 

14 

24.0 

23 

28.0 

24... 

26.5 

31 

25.0 

35 

20.0 

37 

42 

47 

50 

82 

33.0 
17.0 
17.0 
32.0 
20.5 

Average. . 

U.7 
34.0 
48.5 

S6.5 
29.0 
46.0 

2^.7 

Minimum 

17.0 

Maximum. . 

33.0 

Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Trac- 
tion. 


7 

50 
45 
•    50 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
48 
45 
50 

30.0 
35.0 
35.0 
41.0 
40.5 
31.0 
30.5 
39.0 
38.5 
38.0 
43.0 
34.5 

31.0 
30.0 
29.0 
33.5 
34.5 
28.0 
29.0 
36.0 
36.0 
35.0 
38.0 
31.5 

11.5 

17 

26.0 

19 

15.0 

26 

25.0 

32 

23.0 

39 

18.0 

40 

20.0 

45 

23.5 

46 

30.0 

49 

22.0 

81 

27.0 

83 

21.0 

Average 

S6.3 
30.0 
43.0 

3Z.6 
28.0 
38.0 

21.8 

Minimum 

11.5 

Maximum. .  . 

30.0 

Age: 

30  to  40  years 

Age 

50  to  00  years 

2.. 

31 
35 
40 
39 
40 
40 
32 
33 
38 
35 
33 
40 
32 
34 

48.5 
45.5 
29.5 
34.0 
45.0 
42.0 
41.0 
48.5 
32.5 
32.5 
46.0 
37.5 
44.0 
43.5 

38.5 
40.5 
29.5 
32.0 
38.5 
34.0 
28.5 
47.0 
28.5 
28.5 
39.5 
32.0 
38.0 
38.5 

25.5 
27.0 
15.0 
25.5 
25.5 
18.0 
22.0 
32.0 
(?) 
21.0 
30.5 
21.0 
22.0 
23.0 

4.. 

8.. 

6 

55 
55 
60 
60 
60 
55 
60 
60 
60 
60 
55 
55 

34.0 
31.0 
34.5 
22.5 
38.5 
43.0 
19.5 
19.0 
27.5 
29.0 
27.5 
18.0 

29.5 
27.0 
28.5 
21.0 
33.0 
36.5 
18.5 
16.0 
23.0 
22.5 
27.0 
17.0 

25.0 

13   .               

9 

27.0 

■50 

10 

19.0 

21.. 

11 

13.5 

22 

14 

24.0 

25 

15 

22.5 

27 

16 

7.0 

34 

18   .    . 

(?) 
14.5 

36 

28.. 

41.. 

29 

14.5 

43 

30 

15.0 

44 

48 

5.5 

Average. . 

Average. . 

^0.7 
29.5 
48.5 

35.0 
28.5 
47.0 

23.7 
15.0 
32.0 

28.7 
18.0 
43.0 

24.9 
16.0 
36.5 

17.0 

Minimum. . . . 

Minimum. . . . 

5.5 

27.0 

388 


BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[bull.  34 


Table  7. — Tests  of  muscular  strength.^  in  kilos — Continued 


(i)  PIMA— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Age: 

20  to  30  years 

Age 

40  to  SO  years 

54 

27 
28 
23 
29 
25 
30 
28 

20.5 
26.0 
29.0 
21.0 
27.0 
23.0 
19.0 

16.0 
21.5 
19.0 
19.5 
24.5 
22.5 
15.0 

8.0 
10.5 
14.0 
10.0 
12.5 
12.0 

8.0 

51. 
56. 
63. 
66. 
69. 
74. 

50 
50 
50 
50 
50 ' 
45 

16.0 
25.0 
15.5 
15.0 
26.0 
20.5 

18.0 
21.5 
15.0 
15.5 
2L5 
17.0 

7  0 

67 

10  0 

68 

8  0 

73 

6.0 
8  0 

78 

9  0 

79              -         

19.7 
15.0 
26.0 

18.1 
15.0 
21.5 

Average 

•  8  0 

23.6 
19.0 
29.0 

19.7 
15.0 
24.5 

10.7 
8.0 
14.0 

Minimum 

6  0 

Minimum. . . . 

Maximum 

10  0 

Maximum 

Age 

50  to  60  years 

Age: 

30  to 

40  years 

57 

40 
40 
40 
35 
40 
40 
35 
40 
35 
33 

23.5 
22.0 
18.5 
20.5 
16.5 
19.0 
20.5 
23.0 
21.5 
25.5 

21.5 
21.5 
19.5 
22.0 
18.5 
16.0 
19.5 
16.5 
19.5 
23.0 

10.0 

7.0 

12.5 

11.0 

15.5 

5.0 

7.0 

11.5 

9.0 

21.0 

58 

59 

60 - 

'o'l. 

52. 
53. 
55. 
64. 
80. 

55 
55 
55 
55 
55 

13.0 
20.0 
15.5 
20.0 
17.0 

17.0 
13.5 
11.5 
17.5 
15.0 

65 

5.0 

71 

2.0 

72 

5.0 

75 

5.0 

76 

11.5 

Average 

21.1 
16.5 
25.5 

19.  S 
16.0 
23.0 

10.9 

5.0 

21.0 

17.1 
13.0 
20.0 

14.9 
11.5 
17  5 

5.7 

2.0 

11.5 

:a]       physiological  and  medical  observations 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.   Tests  of  Trmscular  strength^  in  hilos — Continued 

0")  CORA 

MALE 


389 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

' 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age: 

20  to 

30  years 

Age: 

40  to  50  years 

2 

28 
26 
30 
27 
25 
24 
22 
24 
24 
25 
22 
22 
23 
24 
24 
23 

38.0 
35.5 
38.0 
41.0 
40.0 
40.0 
31.5 
28.5 
32.0 
30.5 
33.0 
29.0 
32.5 
36.0 
35.0 
41.0 

32.0 
3L0 
32.5 
33.5 
38.0 
36.0 
28.5 
22.0 
27.5 
27.5 
29.5 
28.5 
31.5 
36.0 
26.5 
34.0 

20.0 
20.0 
20.5 
26.0 
27.5 
21.0 
18.5 
13.0 
15.0 
32.0 
22.5 
18.0 
15.0 
25.5 
20.5 
24.0 

1 

45 
50 
50 
50 
48 
50 
50 
45 
45 
50 
48 
48 
50 
50 
50 
50 
45 

32.5 
34.5 
31.0 
30.0 
24.5 
34.0 
34.5 
36.0 
29.0 
30.0 
34.0 
33.0 
27.5 
36.0 
31.0 
30.0 
29.5 

29.0 
28.0 
20.5 
29.5 
24.5 
24.5 
32.5 
32.0 
20.5 
30.0 
31.0 
21.0 
28.0 
28.5 
26.0 
21.0 
23.0 

20.0 

3 

5 

15.5 

6 

11 

23.5 

8. 

15 

19.5 

18 

17 

16.0 

19. 

20.                        .   ... 

21.0 

23 

21 

25.0 

24 

25 

19.5 

26 

30 

12.0 

28 

36 

18.5 

29 

37 

22.0 

31 

38 

18.0 

41 

39 

13.0 

43 

, 

42 

19.5 

47 

45 

17.0 

50 

46 

(?) 

49 

S5.1 
28.5 
41.0 

SO.  9 
22.9 
38.0 

21.2 
13.0 
32.0 

SI. 6 
24.5 
36.0 

2R.i 
20.5 
32.5 

18.  S 

Maximum .  . . 

12.0 

Maximum 

25.0 

Age: 

30  to 

40  years 

Age: 

50  to 

BO  years 

33 
40 
38 
36 
34 
35 
35 
32 
35 

36.0 

26.5 

36.0 

41.0 

31.0 

(?) 

32.5 

38.5 

27.5 

27.5 
21.0 
33.0 
38.5 
29.5 
25.0 
33.0 
29.0 
24.5 

19.0 
11.0 
26.5 
25.0 
21.0 
16.0 
27.0 
22.5 
12.5 

4. 

7 

55 
60 
55 
60 
54 
60 
65 
55 

30.0 
24.5 
34.5 
29.5 
35.0 
30.0 
29.0 
31.0 

20.0 
12.5 
27.0 
23.5 
28.5 
25.5 
26.0 
24.0 

9 

14.0 

14 

10 

15.5 

16.    

12 

17.0 

^7r 

22 

12.0 

32. 

27 

23.0 

33 

34 

15.0 

40 

35 

13.0 

48 

44. 

12.5 

Average   . 

SS.6 
26.5 
41.0 

S9.0 
21.0 
38.6 

20.1 
11.0 
27.0 

SO.Jf 
24.5 
35.0 

23.  i 
12.5 
28.5 

15.3 

Minimum 

Minimum 

12.0 

Maximum 

Maximum 

23.0 

390 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


[BULL.  34 


Table  7.   Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Tcilos — Continued 


{j)  CORA— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 

Riglit 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

tion. 

Age: 

20  to  30  years 

Age:  30  to  40  years— Continued 

a..                 -      -  - 

30 
20 
25 

28 

20.5 
27.0 
21.5 
19.5 

19.5 
26.5 
22.0 
17.5 

15.0 
18.0 
9.0 
8.0 

j 

40 

19.5 

15.5 

10.5 

21.0 
19.0 
24.5 

18.7 
15.5 
22.5 

7.0 

4.5 

Maximum.. 

Average 

10.5 

22.1 
19.5 
27.0 

Sl.Jt 
17.5 
26.5 

12.5 
8.0 
18.0 

Minimum 

Age;  40  to  50  years 

Maximum . . . 

d 

50 
45 
45 

18.5 
29. 0 
21.0 

15.0 
33.0 
20.5 

7.5 

Age 

30  to  40  years 

e 

15.5 

f 

11.5 

22.8 
18.5 
29.0 

22.8 
15.0 
33.0 

35 
32 

19.0 
24.5 

18.0 
22.5 

6.0 
4.5 

11.5 

h. 

Minimum . 

7.5 

i 

Maximum 

15.5 

(k)  TARASCO 

MALE 


Age 

20  to  30  years 

Age:  20  to  30  years— Continued 

7 

30 
25 
23 
24 
27 
24 
27 
30 
24 
26 
23 
22 
24 
24 
26 

32.0 
29.0 
31.5 
32.5 
40.5 
33.0 
32.5 
39.5 
37.0 
38.0 
35.0 
38.0 
33.0 
44.5 
(?) 

21.0 
26.5 
29.0 
32.5 
33.0 
29.0 
29.5 
36.5 
28.0 
27.5 
32.5 
30.5 
30.0 
43.5 
32.0 

1£.0 
15.5 
13.0 
.33.0 
25.5 
23.0 
26.0 
26.0 
17.5 
5:0 
17.5 
25.5 
25.0 
28.0 
16.0 

35 

23 
24 
26 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
23 
25 
30 

33.0 
30.0 
31.5 
34.5 
42.5 
39.5 
40.5 
37.5. 
32.0 
34.5 
41.0 

29.5 
30.5 
27.0 
28.0 
35.5 
30.5 
40.5 
27.5 
29.0 
28.0 
40.0 

19.5 

10 

36 

20.0 

11 

.37 

16.0 

14 

38... 

20.5 

19 

39     . 

21.5 

20 

41      . 

17.5 

24... 

42     . 

23.5 

25... 

43 

20.0 

26 

44 

14  5 

29 

48 

10.0 

30 

49 

31.5 

S5.7 
29.0 
44.5 

31.0 
21.0 
4.3.5 

20.3 

Minimum 

5.0 

3'* 

Maximum 

3.3.0 

HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — ^Continued 

(k)  TAKASCO— Continued 
MALE— Continued 


891 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Age :  40  to  50  years 


34.0 
34.5 
33.0 
32.5 
27.0 


28.0 
31.0 
32.0 
24.5 
29.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


9 

40 
40 
37 
33 
32 
33 
38- 
34 

32.5 
29.0 
24.0 
31.0 
35.5 
40.5 
36.5 
31.5 

25.5 
27.0 
23.0 
32.5 
23.0 
35.5 
33.5 
28.0 

20.0 

12 

7.0 

22 

12.0 

40  . 

17.0 

45 

22.0 

46  ... 

23.0 

47 

32.0 

50 

17.5 

33.6 
24.0 
40.5 

38.5 
23.0 
35.5 

18.8 

7.0 

32.0 

15.5 
18.0 
23.0 
19.5 
13.5 


Record  no. 


Age. 

Pressure. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age:  40  to  50  years — Continued 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


38.0 
24.0 
22.5 
32.5 
20.5 


S7.S 
20.5 
38.0 


29.0 
18.0 
17.0 
24.5 
18.0 


17.0 
29.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


21 

50 
50 
50 

30.0 
31.0 
24.0 

24.5 
30.0 
29.5 

12.0 

23 

14.0 

28 - 

18.0 

Average. . 

32.0 
27.0 
34.5 

38.6 
24.5 
32.0 

16.7 

Minimum 

12.0 

Maximum.. 

23.0 

22.0 
19.0 
12.5 
14.5 
4.0 


14.4 

4.0 

22.0 


FEMALE 


Age:  20  to  30  years 

Age:  20  to  30  years— Continued 

f : 

28 
30 
25 
28 
26 
30 

19.5 
25.0 
16.5 
20.0 
21.0 
28.0 

19.5 
21.5 
11.5 
13.5 
19.5 
19.0 

12.0 
7.5 
3.0 
2.0 
6.0 
5.0 

26 

28 

24.0 
14.5 

23.0 
10.5 

7.5 

h 

1.5 

81.1 
14.5 
28.0 

17.3 
10.5 
23.0 

5.6 

Minimum 

1.5 

Maximum.. 

12.0 

392 


BUREAU    OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  jCdults — Continued 


[BULL.  34 


Table  7.   Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 


(k)  TAKASCO— Continued 
FEMALE— Continued 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Age 

:  30  to  40  years 

Age:  40  to  50  years— Continued 

a 

35 
32 
35 
38 
32 
35 
32 
35 
38 
40 

15.5 
25.0 
14.5 
22.0 
22.0 
22.5 
24.5 
25.0 
22.5 
15.5 

14.0 
17.5 
15.0 
19.0 
20.0 
16.0 
20.0 
24.5 
16.0 
11.5 

3.0 
12.5 
2.5 
9.0 
9.5 
7.0 
12.0 
6.5 
10.0 
7.0 

0. 

45 
45 
50 

20.5 
27.0 
13.5 

17.0 
19.5 
11.0 

4  0 

d 

5  5 

e 

2  0 

Average. 

■■ 

• 

18.7 
13.5 
27.0 

H.4 

9.5 
19.5 

3  2 

Minimum 

2.0 

Maximum 

5.5 

j3. 

Age: 

50  to  60  years 

3 

Average 

20.9 
14.5 
25.0 

17.4 
11.5 
24.5 

7.9 
2.5 

Minimum. . 

60 
55 
60 
60 
55 

11.0 
18.0 
14.5 
18.5 
14.0 

7.5 
13.5 
13.0 
14.6 
13.  S 

Maximum 

1.6 

m. 
p.. 

w. 

4.5 

A 

?e:  40  to  50  years 

2.0 

6.5 

SO 
50 
50 
45 

14.5 
16.0 
22.5 
17.0 

9.5 
11.5 
16.5 
15.5 

2.0 
3.0 
2.0 
4.0 

4.0 

b.. 

c ; 

15.2 
11.0 
18.5 

12.4 
7.5 
14.5 

3.5 

j 

1.5 

V 

5.5 

(Z)  OTOMI 

MALE 


3. 

4. 
19. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 


:  20  to  3   years 

23 

39.0 

33.0 

20.0 

22 

33.5 

29.0 

19.0 

26 

32.0 

32.0 

22.0 

22 

26.0 

24.0 

11.5 

26 

36.0 

32.0 

23.0 

23 

35.0 

30.5 

18.0 

24 

26.0 

24.5 

16.0 

Age:  21  to  30  years— Continued 


Average. . . 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


34.0 
33.0 
32.0 


S2.  7 
26.0 
39.0 


27.5 
30.0 
29.5 


29.2 
24.0 
33.0 


18.0 
17.5 
20.0 


18.5 
11.5 
2.3.0 


HRDUCKAj  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.   Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Mlos — Continued 

(I)  OTOMI— Continued 
MALE — Continued 


393 


Record  no. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


13.. 

38 

30.0 

24.5 

14.5 

25.. 

40 

39.0 

30.0 

24.5 

29.. 

33 

32.0 

29.5 

18.0 

30.. 

34 

34.5 

34.0 

24.0 

49.. 

35 

35.0 

34.0 

21.5 

50.. 

Average. 

38 

38.0 

30.5 

27.0 

34.8 
30.0 
39.0 

SO.  4 
24.5 
34.0 

21.6 

Minimum 

14.5 

Maximum 

27.0 

Age:  40  to  .50  years 


50 

(?) 

22.0 

45 

29.0 

31.0 

50 

29.5 

28.5 

50 

31.5 

3L0 

50 

31.0 

27.5 

41 

30.0 

30.0 

45 

29.0 

26.0 

48 

26.0 

21.0 

50 

24.5 

26.0 

50 

19.0 

17.0 

42 

26.0 

23.0 

48 

31.0 

27.5 

45 

1 

28.0 

30.0 

(?) 

20.0 
14.0 
2L0 
15.0 
16.5 
15.0 
11.0 
22.0 
11.5 
10.5 
13.5 
15.6 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 

Trac- 

Right      Left      tion. 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  40  to  50  years— Continued 


48 ... 

50 

26.0 

19.0 

7.5 

Average 

27.7 
19.0 
31.5 

25.7 
17.0 
31.0 

14.8 

7.5 

22.0 

Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum.. 
Maximimi. 


30.5 
28.5 
31.5' 
,19.0 
28.0 
33.0 
16.5 
25.0 
21.0 
19.0 
28.5 
20. 0 
26.0 
28.0 
34.5 
24.0 
25.5 


24.0 
34.0 
26.5 
23.0 

(?) 

29.0 

15.0 

23.5 

20.0 

22.0 

21.5 

19.0 

28.0 

22.5 

30.0 

21.0 

20.0 


26.1 
16.6 
34.5 


23.7 
15.0 
34.0 


FEMALE 


Age:  20  to  30  years 

Age:  20  to  30  years — Continued 

f 

25 
30 
25 
26 
30 

13.0 
24.5 
19.0 
24.0 
25.0 

12.5 
21.0 
16.6 
24.0 
18.0 

5.0 
12.0 

8.0 
10.0 
11.0 

V 26 

Average 

23.0 

20.5 

13  0 

21.4 
13.0 
25.0 

18.8 
12.5 
24.0 

9.8 

Minimum 

5.0 

q - 

13.0 

\ 

394  BUEEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.   Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  Tcilos — Continued 

(Z)  OTOMI— Continued 
FEMALE— Continued 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Trac- 
tion. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


a 

35 
40 
35 
35 

14.5 
11.0 
20.5 
23.5 

13.5 
8.0 
18.5 
21.5 

13.0 

j 

2.0 

0 

6.5 

s 

8.0 

17.4 
11.0 
23.5 

15.4 
8.0 
21.5 

7.1 

Minimum 

2.0 

Maximum. 

13.0 

Age:  40  to  50  years 


20.0 
14.5 
17.0 
18.0 


18.5 
13.0 
12.0 
16.0 


3.5 
4.0 
5.5 
10.0 


liecord  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  40  to  50  years— Continued. 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Trac- 
tion. 


1... 

50 
45 
45 
45 
50 
45 

15.6 
14.0 
24.5 
21.0 
17.0 
16.0 

9.5 
17.0 
22.0 
16.5 
13.5 
13.5 

5.0 

m 

5.0 

t 

11.0 

w 

2.5 

X 

7.0 

y..- 

7.0 

Average. . 

17.7 
14.0 
24.5 

15.2 
9.5 
22.0 

6.1 

Minimum...  . 

2.5 

Maximum. 

11.0 

3.5 


(77!)  AZTEC 
MALE 


Age 

20  to  30  years 

Age:  20  to  30  years— Continued 

,3 

24 
26 
29 
28 
28 
30 
28 
29 
29 
30 
24 
29 

27.0 
27.6 

(?) 

29.6 

29.0 

34.6 

36.0 

29.5 

(?) 
32.0 
36.  5 
30.5 

24.0 
24.0 
33.0 
29.5 
28.0 
32.0 
32.0 
24.5 
26.0 
25.0 
31.0 
29.6 

13.0 
26.6 
22.6 
20.0 
20.0 
22.0 
26.0 
19.5 
20.0 
18.0 
26.0 
16. 0 

33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39 

29 
30 
28 
22 
26 
28 
20 
25 

26.0 
27.6 
35.6 
28.0 
30.0 
36.0 
30.5 
.37.6 

23.5 
18.5 
33.5 
26.6 
30.6 
30.6 
24.5 
27.5 

20.5 

5 

12.0 

7 

27.0 

8 

29.5 

13 

20.5 

14 

21.0 

17 

12.0 

18 

63 

21.0 

SI. 2 
26.0 
37.6 

27.7 
18.5 
33.5 

20.7 

Minimum 

12.0 

Maximum.. 

29.5 

HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Tests  of  muscular  strength,  in  hilos — Continued 

(to)  AZTJEC— Continued 
MALE— Continued 


395 


Record  no. 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right       Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  30  to  40  years 


Average... 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


24.5 
24.5 
25.0 
32.5 
30.5 
35.0 
30.0 
30.0 
23.5 
27.5 
17.0 
24.0 
25.5 
25.5 
21.5 
29.5 
29.0 


17.0 
35.0 


29.5 
13.5 
23.5 
22.5 
28.0 
30.0 
25.0 
22.0 
25.5 
26.5 
18.0 
22.0 
21.5 
23.0 
23.0 
25.5 
27.5 


13.5 
30.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


10.0 
4.5 
14.5 
(?) 
18.0 
22.5 
13.0 
11.0 
19.5 
15.5 
10.0 
7.0 
10.0 
12.0 
9.5 
19.0 
29.0 


H.1 

4.5 

29.0 


Record  no.' 


Age. 


Pressure. 


Right      Left 
hand.     hand. 


Age:  40  to  50  years 


Age:  50  to  60  years 


Average. . . 
Minimum . 
Maximum. 


22.5 
27.5 
23.0 


24.3 
22.5 
27.5 


21.0 
26.0 
21.5 


21.0 
26.0 


Trac- 
tion. 


10 

50 
45 
45 
45 
50 
45 
45 
50 

20.5 
34.0 
20.5 
25.0 
24.0 
38.5 
32.0 
26.5 

••-■20.0 
31.5 
23.0 
19.0 
16.5 
35.5 
21.0 
23.5 

12  0 

20 

23  0 

26 

17  5 

27 

12  0 

30 

7  5 

45 

12  5 

49 

13  0 

52 

13  0 

Average 

27.6 
20.5 
38.5 

23.8 
16.5 
35.5 

13  8 

Minimum 

»7  5 

MflA-imnm 

23.0 

7.5 
13.0 
12.0 


10.8 
7.5 
13.0 


396 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY 


[bull.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  7.    Teds  of  iituscular  strength^  m  ^^/(>6'— Continued 


(m)  AZTEC— Continued 
FEMALE 


Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Record  no. 

Age. 

Pressure. 

Right 
liand. 

Left 
hand. 

Right 
hand. 

Left 
hand. 

Trac- 
tion. 

Age 

20  to 

30  years 

Age 

40  to  50  years 

23 
30 
30 
29 
25 
26 
28 
27 
29 
30 
28 

13.5 
23.5 
20.0 
16.0 
12.5 
17.5 
20.0 
19.0 
18.0 
16.5 
15.0 

13.5 
18.0 
18.5 
18.5 
9.5 
16.0 
16.0 
16.5 
18.0 
14.0 
14.0 

2.0 
7.5 
13.0 
5.5 
2.0 
5.5 
5.5 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

m. 

P- 

s. . 

V. 

w. 
* 

45 
50 
50 
50 
60 
45 
50 

13.5 
16.0 
18.0 

(?) 
13.5 
16.0 
11.0 

8.0 
14.0 
12.5 
14.0 
15.0 
14.0 

9.5 

'?■ 

5  0 

h 

r     r 

6    5 

gf 

2  5 

2  0 

0 

4  0 

q 

2  0 

r.. 

t 

U.7 
11.0 
18.0 

12.4 
8.0 
1.5.0 

3.9 
2.0 
6.5 

u 

y 

Average. 

J7.4 
12.5 
23.5 

15.7 
9.5 
18.5 

4.6 
2.0 
13.0 

Age: 

50  to  60  years 

Minimum . 

Maximum 

Age 

:  30  to 

40  year 

3 

d  

40 
40 
33 
32 
35 
40 
32 

19.0 
19.0 
13.5 
10.0 
12.5 
15.0 
16.0 

16.0 
16.5 
8.5 
8.5 
10.5 
14.0 
13.0 

3.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
7.5 
11.0 

e 

f 

j.  ,  ,  

55 
55 

55 

15.0 
13.5 
13.0 

13.5 
13.5 
13.0 

X 

3.0 

z 

u.. 

+  . 

5.0 

ZZ - 

4.0 

Average 

Average. 

15.0 
10.0 
19.0 

12.4 

■  8.5 
16.5 

4.5 

2.0 
11.0 

IS.  8 
13.0 
15.0 

13.3 
13.0 
13.5 

4.0 
3.0 

Minimum 

Minimum 

Maximum. 

Maximum. 

5.0 

hrdliCka] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


397 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  'pertaining  to  grayness 

(a)  APACHE 

MALE 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noo 

Age 

24 
24 
24 
24 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 

No.n 

39.. 
47.. 
36.. 

Age 

45 
45 
55 

No.« 

Age 

Degree. 

No.n 

Age 

No.« 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

9 

40.. 
46.. 
49.. 
28.. 

6.. 
20.. 
32.. 
42.. 
27.. 
30.. 
35.. 
21.. 
23.. 
24.. 

1.. 

4.. 

5.. 
16.. 
37.. 
25.. 
41.. 
44.. 
45.. 

28 
28 
28 
29 
30 
30 
30 
30 
32 
35 
35 
40 
40 
40 
45 
45. 
45 
45 
45 
50 
50 
50 
50 

14 

33 

48 

2 

1 

3 

15 

17 

26 

g 

13 

22 

?8 

- 

43 

10 

29 

50 

7 

11 

12 

18 

19 

31 

34 

53. 


23 

73.. 

45 

70.. 

45 

23 

74.. 

45 

78.. 

45 

24 

75.. 

50 

64.. 

60 

24 

77.. 

60 

62.. 

60 

24 

25 
26 
26 
28 
28 

72.. 

65 

Moderate. 

do. 

Half  gray. 

Moderate. 

About   one-half 

gray. 


76.. 
60.. 
52.. 
58.. 
54.. 
61.. 
51.. 
57.. 
63.. 
65.. 
55.. 

28 
30 
33 
35 
38 
38 
40 
40 
40 
40 
50 

o  Individual  record  numbers. 


398 


BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BDLL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 


Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 


(h)  PUEBLOS 

MALE 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

.Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

23 

23 
24 
24 

24 
25 

25 
26 
26 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
30 
30 
30 
30 
32 
32 

No.« 

Age 

45 

45 
48 
50 

55 
60 

No.a 

Age 

65 

65 
55 
60 

60 
65 

Degree. 

No.« 

Age 

32 
32 
33 
33 
35 
35 
35 
35 
36 
37 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
45 
45 
45 
60 
60 
60 
60 
SO 
52 

No.« 

Age 

No." 

Age 

Degree. 

4 

3.. 

44.. 
38.. 
32.. 

28.. 
50.. 

11.. 

25.. 
40.. 

87.. 

88.. 
45.. 

About  two-thirds 

gray. 
Moderate. 

do. 

About    one-half 

gray. 

do. 

About  one-fourth 

gray. 

47.. 
83.. 
48.. 
90.. 

6.. 
13.. 
33.. 
49.. 
27.. 
24.. 

2.. 
16.. 
23.. 
31.. 
42.. 
84.. 

8.. 
81.. 
82.. 
5... 
18.. 
22.. 
37.. 
89.. 
20.. 

15 

1 

17 

14 

29 

10 

35 

q 

.• 

ff, 

?n 

?fi 

43 

85 

34 

41 

12 

21 

46 

86 

19 

39 

67.. 
73.. 
80.. 

SI 

24 

24 
24 

25 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
28 
28 

71.. 
66.. 
69.. 

76.. 

40 

45 
45 

46 

70.. 
54.. 
72.. 

50 
55 
60 

61 

77 

67 

66 

74 

5S 

65 

Moderately  gray. 

do. 
About    one-third 
gray. 


62.. 
68.. 
79.. 
52.. 
59.. 
64.. 
76.. 
78.. 
58.. 
60.. 
55.. 
63.. 

29 
29 
29 
30 
33 
36 
35 
38 
40 
46 
48 
50 

a  Individual  record  numbers. 


HRDLICKA] 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  fertaining  to  grayness — Continued 

(c)  ZUNI  , 

MALE 


399 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray   . 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No. 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

23 
24 
25 

25 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 

27 
27 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
30 

No.a 

21.. 
9... 

24.. 

29.. 
46.. 
14.. 
45.. 
50.. 

Age 

40 
45 
50 

50 
50 
55 
55 
55 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

No.o 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

28.. 
2 

13.. 
36.. 
11.. 

1... 
58.. 
60.. 
40.. 
37.. 
32.. 

45 
50 
55 

55 
55 
55 
55 
60 
65 

Moderately  gray. 

do. 
About    one-third 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 

do. 

do. 
Many  gray  hairs. 
Moderately  gray. 
About     one-hall 
gray. 

30.. 
42.. 
43.. 
67.. 
26.. 
55.. 
16.. 
23.. 
51.. 
5... 
12.. 
39.. 
44.. 
52.. 
20.. 
59.. 
10.. 
41.. 
27.. 
31.. 
34.. 
38.. 

30 
30 
30 
30 
32 
32 
33 
33 
33 
35 
35 
35 
35 
36 
38 
38 
40 
40 
45 
45 
45 
45 

4 

8... 
3 

.  - 

g 

18 

47 

49 

7 

15 

17 

25 

33 

48 

54 

56 

19 

1 

35 

53 

99 

FEMALE 


61.. 

24 

78.. 

45 

63.. 

50 

87.. 

24 

64.. 

50 

88.. 

50 

89.. 

27 

71.. 

50 

69.. 

55 

65.. 

28 

73.. 

50 

68.. 

55 

77 

28 
30 
32 
33 

76.. 
83.. 
86.. 
90.. 

50 
50 
SO 
50 

67 

S") 

7? 

Moderately  gray. 

do. 
About    one-third 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 


82.. 
79.. 
80.. 
66.. 
81.. 
70.. 
74.. 
75.. 


a  Individual  record  numbers. 


400  BUEEAU    OF   AMEBIC  AN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  j^ertaining  to  grayness — Continued 

(d)  MOHAVE 

MALE 


[BULL.  34 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

24 
24 

25 

25 

25 
26 
26 

26 

26 

27 

?8 

No.a 

Age 

40 
40 

45 

45 

48 

No.a 

Age 

Degrees. 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

No." 

39.. 
3... 

5... 

10.. 
13.. 

16.. 

19.. 

38.. 
44.. 

41.. 

Age 

Degree. 

S5 

14.. 
22.. 

27.. 

37.. 

12.. 

32.. 
20.. 

21.. 

28.. 

1... 
4... 
11.. 

17.. 

24.. 

31.. 

33.. 

35 
40 

45 

Moderately  gray. 
About  one-fourth 

gray. 
About   one-sixth 

45.. 
25.. 

6... 

29.. 
26.. 

9 

28 
29 

32 

32 
35 

•^7 

50 
54 

65 

55 
55 

55 

55 

55 
55 

60 

Moderately  gray. 

49. 

q 

gray. 
About  two-thirds 

34 

•gray. 
45  1  Somewhat     vellow- 

yellowish  gray. 
Moderately  gray. 

47 
50 
50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

ish  gray. 
Moderately  gray. 

do. 
About  one-sixth 

yellowish  gray. 
About  one-fourth 

yellowish  gray. 
About  one-third 

yellowish  gray. 
About  one-third 

gray, 
do. 

About  two- thirds 

40.. 

7 

yellowish  gray. 
About  two-thirds 

18 

8...    38 

gray. 
About  one-sixth 

80 

15.. 

45 

yellowish  gray. 
Mostly  yellowish. 

43 

3fi 

gray. 
Mostly  yellowish 

?3 

gray. 

52.. 
74.. 
59.. 

61.. 
55.. 
57.. 

76.. 


FEMALE 


24 

53.. 

36 

67.. 

45 

25 

60.. 

36 

71.. 

45 

26 

54.. 

40 

65.. 

50 

26 

66.. 

40 

68.. 

50 

30 

69.- 

45 

75.. 

50 

32 
33 

64.. 
62.. 

50 
50 

Moderately  yellow. 
Moderately  gray. 
About  one-fourth 

gray, 
do. 
do. 
About  one-third 

yellowish  gray. 
Mostly  yellowish 

gray. 


51.. 

63.. 
73.. 
56.. 
70.. 

72.. 

35 

35 
35 
40 
45 
50 

58.. 

58 

About  one-half  yel- 
lowish gray. 


(e)  YUMA 

MALE 


2... 

24 

4... 

32 

24.. 

50 

15.. 

25 

26.. 

47 

1... 

50 

18.. 

25 

8... 

50 

17.. 

50 

1<» 

25 
25 

25 

26 

27 

29.. 
6... 

3... 

7... 
9... 

50 
53 

55 

55 
60 

?n 

n 

?i 

14 

About  one-third 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 
do. 
do. 
About  one-third 

gray. 
About  two-thirds 
gray, 
do. 
Mostly  dirty  gray. 


27.. 
11.. 
5... 
16.. 
25.. 
13.. 
10.. 
28.. 
12.. 
23.. 

27 

28 

29 

29 

30- 

32 

33 

38 

45 

45 

a  Individual  record  numbers. 


HRDLiCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 

(e)  YUMA— Continued 
FEMALE 


401 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

24 
30 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

No.a 

Age 

No.o 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

3a  . 

la.. 
5a.. 

40 
50 

Moderately  gray. 
About  one-fifth 
gray. 

4a.. 

32 

9<, 

(/)  MAMCOPA 

MALE 


15.. 

25 

10.. 

3= 

5... 

40 

35.. 

25 

30.. 

38 

13.. 

40 

39.. 

26 

40.. 

38 

27.. 

45 

29.. 

28 

19.. 

40 

18.. 

50 

36.. 

28 

38.. 

40 

16.. 

50 

23.. 

29 

25.. 

45 

8... 

53 

34.. 

29 

26.. 

45 

11.. 

55 

7.. 

30 

33.. 

45 

12.. 

55 

About   one-sixth 
yellowish  gray. 

Moderately  gray. 

About  one-fifth 
gray. 

About  one-third 
dirty  gray. 

Moderately  gray, 
do. 

About  one-half  yel- 
lowish gray. 

About  two- thirds 
dirty  gray.  . 


9.. 

31.. 

3... 
14.. 
24.. 
32.. 
1... 
20.. 
21.. 
22.. 

30 

30 

32 
32 
32 
35 

38  ; 
40  ' 
40 
40 

37.. 
4... 

45 
50 

2... 

6... 

17.. 
28.. 

55 

60 

60 
60 

m 

Mostly  yellowish 

gray. 
About  two-tliirds 

yellowish  gray.  ■ 
Mostly  dirty  gray, 
do. 


FEMALE 


53.. 

24 

71.. 

29 

80.. 

35 

60.. 

28 

70.. 

38 

68.. 

40. 

66.. 

28 

73.. 

40 

65.. 

45 

79 

?S 

59.- 

50 

7? 

29 
30 

30 

30 

67.. 
64.. 

54.. 

61.. 

50 
50 

50 

55 

6'' 

63 

74 

Somewhat    yellow- 
ish gray. 

Moderately  gray. 

About     one-third 
gray. 

About     one-sixth 
yellowish  gray, 
do. 

About  one-flfth  yel- 
lowish gray. 

About  one-fourth 
yellowish  gray. 

About     one-sixth 
yellowish  gray. 


75.. 

57.. 

58.. 
56.. 
69.- 
76.. 
78.. 
51.. 
55.. 

30 

33 

33 
35 
35 
35 
35 
40 
40 

52.. 

77.. 

55 
55 

j 

1 

1 

1 

About  two-thirds 
yellowish  gray. 

Somewhat  yellow- 
ish gray. 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


a  Individual  record  numbers. 
-26 


402  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  'pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 

(g)  PIMA 

MALE 


[BULL.  34 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noo 

Age 

23 

23 

24 
25 
26 

28 

29 
29' 
29 

29 

29 

30 

No.o 

24.. 

4... 

34.. 
13.. 
20.. 

21.. 

39.. 
40.. 
45.. 

81.. 

38.. 

Age 

30 

35 

35 
39 
40 

40 

45 
45 
45 

45 

50 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

No.« 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

5 

27.. 

41.. 

26.. 
32.. 
83.. 

7... 

19.- 
33.- 
30.- 

15.. 

6... 

48-- 

38 

40 

45 
45 
50 

50 

50 
60 
55 

55 

55 

55 

Somewhat    yellow- 
ish gray. 

About     one-sixth 
gray. 

Moderately  gray, 
do. 

About      one-fifth 
gray. 

About  one-fifth  yel- 
lowish gray, 
do. 

Moderately  gray. 

About     one-sixth 
gray. 

About     one-third 
gray. 

Over  one-third  yel- 
lowish gray. 

About  one-half  yel- 
lowish gray. 

2... 

22-- 

43-- 

25.. 
36.. 

44.. 

8... 

17.- 

46-- 
49- 

31 

32 

32 

33 
33 

34 

40 

45 

45 
48 

9... 

11.. 

16.. 

12.. 
18.. 

28.. 

29.. 

10-- 

55 

60 

60 

60 
60 

60 

60 

65 

■^1 

yellowish  gray. 

1 

gray. 

23.. 
42 

gray. 

Yellowish  gray. 

Mostly  yellowish 
gray. 

All  shades  of  yel- 
lowish gray. 

Mostly  yellowish 
gray. 

Iron -grayish  yel- 
low. 

35-. 

14.. 
37 

47.. 

50.. 

8'> 

3 

FEMALE 


77.. 


23 

61.. 

35 

62.- 

40 

25 

75.. 

35 

74.. 

45 

27 

58.. 

40 

51.- 

50 

28 

59-. 

40 

66-- 

50 

28 

65.. 

40 

56-- 

SO 

29 
30 

63-. 
69.. 

50 
50 

1 

Somewhat  yellow- 
ish gray. 

About     one-third 
yellowish  gray, 
do. 

About  two-thirds 
all  shades  yel- 
lowish gray. 

Somewhat  yellow- 
ish gray. 

Moderately  gray. 

Somewhat  yellow- 
ish gray. 


76.- 

60-- 

71-- 
57-- 

72-- 

70-- 

33 

35 

35 
40 

40 

45 

52.. 

80.. 

55.- 
64.. 

63.. 

55 

55 

56 
56 

65 

About  one-fourth 
yellowish  gray. 

About  one-half  yel- 
lowish gray. 

Yellowish  gray. 

Mostly  yellowish 
gray. 

Almost  all  yellow- 
ish gray. 


a  Individual  record  numbers. 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  'pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 

(h)  PAP  AGO 

MALE 


403 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few     ! 
gray     1 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

23 
23 
24 
24 
24 

24 
24 

25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
26 

No.  a 

23.. 
25.. 
30.. 
8... 
49.. 

46.. 
48.. 

41.. 
9... 
45.. 
20.. 
34.. 
22.. 
17.. 

Age 

24 
25 
26 
28 
29 

30 
30 

35 
40 
40 
45 
45 
48 
50 

No." 

Age             Degree. 

No.a 

Age 

No. a 

Age 

No. a 

Age 

Degree. 

12.. 
38.. 
13.- 
29.. 
35.. 

36.. 
28.. 
24.. 
43.. 
50.. 

42.. 
10.. 

38 
45 
46 
48 
50 

50 
55 

Moderately  gray, 
do. 
do. 
do. 
About       one-half 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 
About       one-half 
gray. 

3... 

44.. 
47.. 
6... 
33.. 
40.. 
1... 
2... 
21.. 
7... 
15.. 
16.. 
26.. 
18.. 
27.. 

27 
27 
27 
28 
28 
29 
30 
30 
32 
33 
35 
35 
38 
40 
40 

,37.. 
39.. 

4 

19 

31 

5 

11 

14 

^9 

1 

FEMALE 


51.. 

22 

55.. 

35 

74.. 

40 

61.. 

23 

67.. 

38 

60.. 

45 

68.. 

24 

53.. 

45 

65.. 

55 

59.. 

25 

57,. 

50 

70.. 

55 

64 

25 

71.. 

55 

66 

'''i 

69 

''^ 

52 

?6 

58 

26 

Somewhat  gray. 

About  one-tenth 
gray. 

About  one-third 
gray. 

About  three- 
fourths  gray. 

Somewhat  gray. 


54.. 
77.. 
63.. 
66.. 
73.. 
75.. 
76.. 
80.. 
62.. 
72.. 
79.. 
78.. 

30 
30 
32 
33 
35 
35 
35 
35 
40 
40 
40 
45 

(i)  YAQUI 

MALE 


19.. 
17.. 
10.. 
1... 
2... 
11.. 
16.. 
4... 
5... 


21 
23 
24 
26 
26 
26 
26 
27 
27 

14.. 

30 

1 

1 

9... 
15.. 
6... 
13.. 
18.. 
3... 
8... 
7... 
12.. 

27 
27 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
30 
32 

"Individual  record  numbers. 


404 


BUEEAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BULL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 

Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 
(j)  tahahumake 

MALE 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

20 
24 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 

No.  a 

21.. 
9... 

Age 

51 
60 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

3 

6... 
11.. 
17.. 
2... 
8... 
6... 
19.. 

43 
55 
55 
60 
60 
65 
65 

Moderately  gray, 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

20.. 
13.. 
12.. 
15.. 
1... 
16.. 

28 
30 
35 
35 
40 
40 

23 

fi"^ 

Much  gray  hair. 

14 

in 

18 

4 

7 

?? 

FEMALE 


J... 
a.. 


65     Moderately  gray. 
70  I  Many  gray  hairs. 


b.. 
c... 
g--- 
e... 

26 
30 
30 
35 

(,k)  COKA 
MALE 


23.. 

22 

8... 

27 

25.. 

45 

29.. 

22 

11.. 

50 

20.. 

50 

31.. 

22 

21.. 

50 

45.. 

50 

41.. 

23 

30.. 

50 

5... 

50 

50.. 

23 

35.. 

65 

27.. 

54 

19 

24 
24 
24 
24 

24 
25 
25 

25 

12.. 
7... 
44.. 
10.. 

22.. 
34.. 

55 
55 
55 
60 

60 
60 

?4 

?fi 

43 

47 

13 

18 

?^ 

3 

26 
28 
30 
32 

? 

6 

40 



Moderately  gray. 


do. 

do. 
Aljout    three- 

fourths  gray. 
Moderately  gray. 
Many  gray  hairs. 


4... 
27  a 
32.. 
33.. 
48.. 
16.. 
14.. 
9... 
1... 
30.. 
49.. 
17.. 
37.. 
38.. 
15.. 
30.. 
42.. 
46.. 

33 
34 
35 
35 
35 
36 
38 
40 
45 
45 
45 
48 
48 
48 
50 
50 
50 
50 

1 

i 

t 

! 

I...... 

! 

...  . 

FEMALE 


c... 
g  .. 

25 

28 
30 
.32 

b.. 

20 

d.. 

50 

a... 

! 

1 

About    one -half 
gray. 


h.. 
j... 
e... 
f... 

35 
40 
45 
45 

' 

■      1 

« Individual  record  numbers. 


hedi,i^:ka]  physiological  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS 

III.  Indian  Adults — Continued 
Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  grayness — Continued 


405 


(I)  OTOMI 

MALE 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few- 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

22 
22 
23 

23 

24 

24 

25 
26 

26 

33 

No.a 

Age 

28 
38 
45 

48 

50 

50 

50 
50 

50 

55 

No.'t 

Age 

Degree. 

No.a 

Age 

No.n 

Age 

58 

59 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

4... 
32.. 
3... 

40.. 
13.. 
6... 

27.. 

5... 

10.. 

20.. 
38.. 

48.. 

12.. 

16.. 
36.. 
37.. 

11.. 

47-- 

42.. 

26.. 
31.. 

15.. 

17.. 

50 
50 
52 

55 

55 

55 

56 
58 

60 

60 

Moderately  gray. 

do. 
About   one-sixth 

gray. 
About  one-fourth 

gray. 
About  one-third 

gray. 
About   one-half 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 
About   one -third 

gray. 
About    one-fifth 

gray. 
About  one-third 

gray. 

30.. 

49-- 
50.- 

25-. 

21.. 

41-- 
9... 

22 

46.. 

45.. 

34 

35 

38 

40 

41 

42 
45 

45 
45 

48 

14-. 

8-.. 

23.. 

24.. 
28.. 

2... 

1... 

7... 
18.. 

44-- 

60 

60 
60 

60 

60 

60 
60 

60 

About  one-third 
gray, 
do. 
About   two-fifths 

34.. 

gray. 
About     one -half 

35.. 

gray. 
About  two-thirds 

39.. 

gray, 
do. 

4^^ 

About       three- 

19-. 

fourths  gray. 
Moderately  gray. 

?3 

29.. 

FEMALE 


24 

a..- 

35 

b... 

35 

25 

0... 

35 

i.. . 

45 

25 

j... 

40 

n... 

45 

25 

e... 

45 

X  . 

50 

26 

ni-. 

45 

1... 

50 

Moderately  gray, 
do. 
do. 
About  one-third 

gray. 
About  two-t  birds 
gray. 


g--- 

30 

w.. 

45 

c... 

50 

u... 

30 

h... 

50 

r... 

55 

s... 

t... 

y--- 

35 
45 
45 

d... 

60 

Mostly  gray. 
About  one-half 

gray. 
Mostly  gray. 


(to)  TAKASCO 
MALE 


22 

48.. 

25 

1... 

35 

23 

45.. 

32 

13.. 

50 

23 

40.. 

33 

4... 

50 

23 

3... 

45 

5... 

50 

23 

28.- 

50 

21.. 

50 

24 

17-. 

58 

2... 

60 

24 

16.. 

60 

6... 

60 

24 
24 

24 
24 
24 
25 
25 
26 
26 

18.. 
15.. 

45.. 

60 
65 

32 

Moderately  gray. 
About  one-sixth 

gray. 
Moderately  gray. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Mostly  gray. 
About    one-fifth 

gray. 
Exceptional.  6 


37.. 
41.. 
19.- 
24.- 
42.. 
43.. 
7... 
25.- 
49.. 
46.. 
50.. 
27.. 
22.. 
47.. 
9... 
12-. 
8... 
23.. 

26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
28 
30 
30 
30 
33 
34 
35 
37 
38 
40 
40 
46 
50 

o  Individual  record  numbers.  &  A  small  tuft  of  grayish-yellow  hair  on  lef  b  and  in  front. 


406 


BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY 


[BFLL.  34 


III.  Indian  Adults — -Continued 
Table  8.  Data  pertaining  to  gratjness — Continued 

(m)  TAKASCO— Coutinued 
FEMALE 


No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

Advancing  grayness. 

No 
gray 
hair. 

Few 
gray 
hairs. 

1 

Advancing  grayness. 

Noa 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

No.a 

Age 

Degree. 

No.a  Age 

No.a 

Age 

No.« 

Age 

Degree. 

25 
26 
26 

28 
28 

28 

30 

d... 
a... 

y--- 

n... 
k... 

c... 

32 
35 
35 

38 
45 

50 

j... 
a  . . 
X... 

m.. 
g..- 

w.. 

p... 

50 
50 
55 

55 
60 

60 

60 

Somewhat  gray, 
do. 

About     two-thirds 
gray. 

Somewhat  gray. 

About      one-eighth 
gray. 

Somewhat    yellow- 
ish gray. 

Mostly  gray. 

V...    30 

q... 

r.. . 
t... 

s... 

0... 
u  .. 
b... 

.32 
32 
35 
35 
38' 
40 
45 
45 
50 

f 

1 

b 

(n)  AZTEC 

MALE 


20 

32.. 

29 

12.. 

40 

22 

4... 

35 

2... 

55 

24 

16.. 

35 

11.. 

55 

24 

46.. 

35 

29.. 

55 

25 

51.. 

35 

31.. 

55 

26 

23 

40 

26 

24 

40 

28 

48 

40 

?8 

20 

45 

28 

27 

45 

28 

52 

50 

28 

?fl 

2q 

2q 

30 

30 

Somewhat  gray. 

do. 
About        one-third 

gray. 
About  one-half 

gray, 
do. 


34.. 
40.. 
47.. 
54.. 
43.. 
6... 
15.. 
41.. 
19.. 
9... 
42.. 
50.. 
1... 
22.. 
44.. 
26.. 
45.. 
49-. 
10.. 
30.. 

30 
30 
30 
30 
32 
35 
35 
35 
36 
38 
38 
38 
40 
40 
40 
45 
45 
45 
50 
50 

FEMALE 


23 

*. .. 

45 

1... 

.50 

25 

a. .. 

50 

p... 

50 

26 

27 
28 
28 

29 

V... 

s... 
w.. 

j... 

50 

50 
.50 
55 

55 

..   . 

29 

n... 

.55 

About       one-third 

gray, 
do. 
About  one-half 

gray. 
Somewhat  gray. 

do. 
About      one-fourth 

gray. 
About     two-thirds 

gray. 
Somewhat  gray. 


b... 
c... 
u... 

\... 

zz.. 

f... 

h... 

X... 

d... 
e... 
z... 
m.. 

30 
30 
30 
32 
32 
33 
35 
35 
40 
40 
40 
45 

a  Individual  record  numbers. 


C.  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

The  student  of  matters  of  physiological  and  medical  interest 
relating  either  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  Indians  wil]  be  aided  by 
a  list  of  references  to  authors  who  have  dealt  with  these  subjects. 
To  render  this  list  more  serviceable  a  brief  indication  of  contents  is 
appended  to  e£.3h  title.  The  list  has  no  claim  to  completeness;  the 
publications  on  the  subjects  considered  in  the  present  paper  were 
found  to  be  widely  scattered  and  it  is  certain  that  some  have  not 
come  to  the  writer's  attention. 

Alcalde,  J.  G.     Recuerdos   del   americano   aborigen.     Gac.  de  san.  mil.,   Madrid, 
1884,  X,  641,  673,  705,  737;  1885,  xi,  1,  33,  65. 
Nothing  original.     Data,  resumed  from  other  works,  deal  in  general  with  all  the 
Indians  known  to  the  early  Spanish.     Chapters  on  food  and  drinks;  on  medicine. 
Alcocer,  Gabriel  V.     Catalogo  de  los  frutos  comestibles  mexicanos.     An.  d.  Mus. 
nac.  de  Mex.,  Mexico,  1905,  2  ep.,  ii,  no.  10  et  seq. 
Brief  botanical  refe  ences  to  and  identification  of  Mexican  fruits;  with  biblio- 
graphical notes.     Gi\      native  names,  but  nothing  further  of  importance  to  the  eth- 
nologist. 

Allen,  W.  A.     Indians  immune  to  pyorrhoea.     Items  of  Interest,    N.  Y.,   1900, 
XXII,  251-252. 
Crow  tribe.     Has  never  found  an  Indian  with  pyorrhea  alveolaris.     Three  illustra- 
tions of  Indian  dental  arches. 

Anatomy  and  medicine,  preliminary  remarks  on  the  Indian  notions  of.     School- 
craft's Arch.,  Phila.,  1854,  iv,  501-502. 
Brief  remarks  on  the  subject. 
Andrews,  E.     Military  surgery  among  the  Apache  Indians.     Chicago  Med.  Exam., 

1869,  X,  599-601. 
Andros,  F.     The  medicine  and  surgery  of  the  Winnebago  and  Dakota  Indians. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,  1883,  i,  116-118. 
Indian  knowledge  of  anatomy ;  surgery;  snakebites;  diseases;  treatment  and  reme- 
dies. 

Practice  of  medicine  among  the  Winnebagos.     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila., 

1853,  m,  497-498. 
Brief  report  on  diseases,  medicine-men,  remedies,  sweat  bath. 
An  experience  among  the  red  Indians.     (From  a  correspondent.)     Lancet,  Lond., 
1904,  I,  611-12. 
Relates  an  instance  of  effectual  treatment  by  Manitoba  Indians  of  the  wounded 
and  inflamed  arm  of  a  white  man. 

Baegert,  Jacob  .     An  account  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  California  peninsula. 
Smithson.  Rep.  for  1863, 352-369,  Wash.,  1864;  ibid,  for  1864, 378-399,  Wash.,  1865. 
Includes  observations  on  physical  traits,  dwellings,  dress,  food,  drinks,   habits, 
marriage,  children,  mental  traits,  diseases,  cures,  remedies. 

407 


408  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  S4 

Bailey,  E.  H.  S.     The  delicacy  of  the  sense  of  taste  among  Indians.     Proc.  A.  A.  A. 
Sci.  1893,  XLii,  311,  Salem,  1894. 
A  short  abstract.     Tests  made  at  Haskell  by  chemicals  of  different  taste. 
Bandelier,  a.  F.     Aboriginal  trephining  in  Bolivia.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1904, 
n.  s.,  VI,  440-446. 
Notes  on  the  writer's  finds  of  trephined  skulls,  and  on  trephining  practised  by  the 
natives  of  Bolivia  to  this  day. 

Barrows,  D.  P.     The  ethnobotany  of  the  Coahuilla  Indians  of  southern  California. 
Chicago,  1900,  1-82. 
Dwellings,  foods,  food  plants,  drinks,  narcotics,  medicines,  diseases.     A  detailed 
account  of  value. 
Batista,  P.     Native  midwifery  in  South  America  and  Mexico.     St.  Louis  Jour. 

Homoeop.  and  Clin.  Reporter,  1894-5,  i,  332. 
Bell,  R.     The  medicine-man,  or  Indian  and  Eskimo  notions  of  medicine.     Canada 
Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Montreal,  1885-f3,  xiv,  456,  532. 
Cree  Indians:  Notions  on  the  subjects  of  medicine,  medicine-men,   treatment, 
witchery,  remedies,  poisons,  labor,  surgery,  sweat  bath. 

Eskimo:  A  few  words  only  on  diseases,  treatment,  and  remedies. 
Benedict,  A.  L.     A  medical  view  of  the  American  Indians  of  the  Northeast.     Med. 
Age,  Detroit,  1901,  xix,  767-771. 
Nothing  original  except  a  reference  to  a.  supernumerary  tooth  in  an  Indian  skull 
(p.  770),  and  a  few  remarks  on  bones. 

Beshoar,  M.     Medical  customs  of  the  Mexicans  and  Rocky  Mountain  Indians.     Trans. 
Colo.  Med.  Soc,  Denver,  1897,  166-169. 
A  few  remarks  on  Mexican  physicians.     Not  a  word  on  Indians. 
Bissell,  G.  p.     Description  of  proceedings  of  the  Clalam  squaws  of  Puget  sound,  in 
some  cases  of  difficulty  in  accouchement.     Cal.  Med.  Jour.,  Oakland,  1889,  x, 
227-228. 
A  few  notes  on  labor,  head  deformation,  and  procedure  of  the  Indians  in  a  case  of 
abnormal  delivery. 
Boas,  Franz.     The  Central  Eskimo.     6th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1884-5,  399-669,  Wash., 


Includes  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  habits,    social  life,  parturition, 
attention  to  the  new-born,  puerperium,  medicine-men,  treatment  of  diseases. 

The  doctrine  of  souls  and  of  disease  among  the  Chinook   Indians.     Jour. 

Amer.  Folk-Lore,  Boston  and  N.  Y.,  1893,  vi,  39-43. 

A  number  of  Chinook  texts  relating  to  the  subjects  expressed  in  the  title. 
Borden,  W.  C.     The  vital  statistics  of  an  Apache  Indian  community.     Boston  Med. 
and  Surg.  Jour.,  1893,  cxxix,  5-10;  also  Sanitarian,  N.  Y.,  1893,  xxxi,  224-237. 
Statistics,  for  a  period  of  five  years,  on  Apache  prisoners  at  Mount  Vernon  barracks, 
Ala.     Births,  deaths,  causes  of  death. 

Boteler,  W.  C.     Peculiarities  of  American  Indians  from  a  physiological  and  patho- 
logical standpoint.     Maryland  Med.  Jour.,  Baltimore,  1880-1881,  vn,  54-58. 
BouRKE,  John  G.     The  medicine-men  of  the  Apache.     9th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1887-8, 
443-603,  Wash.,  1892. 
Treats  of  the  subject  in  general,  including  many  references  to  other  writers.     Medi- 
cine-men and  medicine-women,  remedies,  modes  of  treatment,  fetishes;  bibliography. 

Distillation  by  early  American  Indians.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1894,  vii, 

297-299. 

Notes  on  native  liquors,  principally  Mexican. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  409 

BoussENAED,  L.     Le  "medeciii"  chez  les  Peaux-Rouges  de  la  guyane  fran^aise. 

Rev.  scient.,  Paris,  1883,  xxxii,  656-658.     Also  Praticien,  Paris,  1883,  vi,  599-602. 
Brewer,   I.  W.     Tuberculosis   among  the  Indians  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,.Nov.  17,  1906. 
Tuberculosis  among  the  school  and  reservation  Indians  in  this  part  of  the  United 
States. 
Brinton,  D.  G.     Left-handedness  in  North  American  aboriginal  art.    Amer.  Anthrop. , 

Wash.,  1896,  ix,  175-181. 
Discussion  as  to  the  frequency  of  left-handedness  among  the  Indians,  based  on  the 
evidence  of  their  artifacts. 
Buchanan,  C.  M.     Some  medical  customs,  ideas,  beliefs,  and  practices  of  the  Snoko- 

mish  Indians  of  Puget  sound.  St.  Louis  Cour.  Med.,  1899,  xxi,  277,  355. 
Observations  on  foods,  habits,  medicine-men,  notions  of  disease,  treatment  of  dis- 
ease, knowledge  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  causation  of  disease,  remedies,  sweat  baths 
and  cold  baths,  poisons,  twin  birth,  ideas  of  sexual  and  generative  functions,  menstrua- 
tion, gestation,  retained  placenta,  chastity.  Treats  mainly  of  the  beliefs  and  customs 
of  the  people  in  the  above  particulars. 
Carr,  L.     The  food  of  certain  American  Indians  and  their  method  of  preparing  it. 

Proc.  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc,  Worcester,  Mass.,  1895;  reprint,  1-38. 
A  general  account,  mainly  of   the   eastern   tribes.     A  large  list  of  references  to 
earlier  writers. 

Chamberlain,  A.  F.     Maple  sugar  and  the  Indians.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1891, 
IV,  381-383. 
Notes  on  the  subject,  with  references  to  other  writings. 
Chamberlain,  Lucia  S.     Plants  used  by  the  Indians  of  eastern  North  America  (com- 
piled by  Russell).     Amer.  Naturalist,  Boston,  1901,  xxxv,  1-10. 
Enumeration  of  the  plants  used,  and  their  uses;  list  of  works  from  which  information 
was  obtained. 

Chastrey,  H.     L'hygifene  et  la  medecine  chez  les  Indiens  Guaraunos.    J.  d'hygiene, 
Paris,  1898,  xxiii,  505-508. 
The  natives  of  the  delta  of  the  Orinoco:  Hygiene,  nursing,  partm-ition,  medicine- 
men, remedies,  surgery. 

L'hygiene  et  la  medecine  chez  les  Indiens  Quiches  (Chaco,  S.  A.).     La 

med.  mod.,  Paris,  1898,  ix,  215-216. 
Hygiene,  dwellings,  parturition,  food,  diseases,  medicine-men,  remedies,  snake- 
bites, surgery. 

Chesnut,  V.   K.     Plants  used  by  the  Indians  of  Mendocino    county,  California. 
Cont.  TJ.  S.  Nat.  Herbar.,  Wash.,  1900-1902,  vn,  295-408. 
Round  Valley  and  Ukiah  tribes:  A  valuable  detailed  account  of  the  plants  used, 
particularly  of  those  serving  for  food  or  drink. 

Cleaves,  C.  C.     Parturition  among  the  Eskimos.     Indiana  Med.  Jour.,  Indianap- 
olis, 1899-1900,  XVIII,  296;  also  (the  same)  in  the  Pacific  Med.  Jour.,  San  Fran., 
Dec,  1899. 
Northwestern  Alaska:  Description  of  an  ordinary  case  of  labor. 

CoNYNGHAM,  E.  F.     An  Indian  bath.    Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,  1903,  xli, 
323. 
Describes  very  briefly  and  pictures  a  sweat-bath  hut  among  the  Salish. 

Cook,  0.  F.     Food  plants  of  ancient  America.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1903,  481-497, 
Wash.,  1904. 
Notes  on  some  of  the  more  important  native  foods,  with  suggestions  as  to  derivation. 


410  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

CoviLLE,  F.  V.     Panamint  Indians  of  California.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1892,  v, 
351-361. 
Contains  observations  on  food  plants  and  their  use. 

Wokas,  a  primitive  food  of  the  Klamath  Indians.     Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  for 

1902,  725-739,  Wash.,  1904. 
A  detailed  account  of  the  use  of  Nymphea  polysepala. 

Desert  plants  as  a  source  of  drinking  water.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1903, 499-505, 


Wash.,  1904. 

Notes  the  use  of  biznaga  cactus  juice  by  the  Papago  and  the  Seri. 
Cree.     An  account  of  medicine  and  surgery  as  it  exists  among  the  Cree  Indians. 

St.  Louis.     Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1855,  xiii,  312-318. 
Currier,  A.  F.     A  study  relative  to  the  functions  of  the  reproductive  apparatus. in 
American   Indian  women.     Trans.  Amer.  Gynecolog.  Soc,  Phila.,  1891,  xvi, 
264-294;  also  in  Med.  News,  Phila.,  1891,  lix,  390-393,  portion  of  same  article. 
A  compilation  of  notes  gathered  from  agency  physicians  in  response  to  a  circular 
letter;  these  relate  to  more  than  30  tribes,  but  under  most  of  the  headings  the  answers 
are  not  comprehensive. 

Subjects:  Diseases  of  reproductive  organs  in  children,  puberty,  menstruation, 
menopause,  marriage,  conception  and  gestation,  abortion,  labor,  puerperium,  and 
pelvic,  venereal,  and  malignant  diseases. 

Valuable,  although  lacking  exact  data  and  details. 
CusHiNG,  Frank  Hamilton.     Zuni  fetiches.     2d   Rep.  B.  A.  E.,   1880-81,  3-45, 
Wash.,  1883. 
A  detailed  explanatory  account  of  the  Zuni  fetishes,  many  of  which  are  supposed  to 
possess  preventive  or  curative  medicinal  properties. 

Zufii  breadstuff.     The  Millstone,  Indianapolis,  ix,  1884,  1-4,  19-23,  35-38, 

55-59,  75-78,  93-95,  107-110,  129-131,  151-153,  173-176,  197-199,  223-227;  x,  1-4, 
21-24,  41-44,  59-63,  97-101,  119-122,  140-144. 
Contains,  besides  tradition  and  folklore,  much  information  on  Zuni  foods. 
A  case  of  primitive  surgery.     Science,  June  25,  1897,  977-981. 


Zufii:  Description  of  the  curing,  by  two  medicine-men  of  the  tribe,  of  a  phlegmon- 
ous inflammation  of  the  foot. 
Scarred  skulls  from  Florida.     Amer.  Anthrop. ,  Wash. ,  1897 ,  x,  17-18. 


Description  not  accompanied  by  illustration;  leaves  one  in  doubt  as  to  what  was 
seen  by  the  author.     Interesting  remarks  on  intentional  head  deformation. 
Da  Lacerda,  J.  B.     La  force  musculaire  chez  les  Indiens.     Trans.  Pan-Amer.  Med. 
Cong.  1893,  pt.  2,  1297-1298,  Wash.,  1895. 

Botocudos,  Cherentes  (Brazil) :  A  note  on  dynamometric  tests;  a  remark  on  auditory 
memory  of  the  Indians. 

Darling  and  Winder.     Indian  diseases  and  remedies.     Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour., 
1846,  XXXIV,  9-13. 

Indians  oi  the  great  Manitoulin  island.  Lake  Huron.     Brief  notes  on  diseases  and 
remedies. 
De  Forest,  J.  W.     History  of  the  Indians  of  Connecticut.     Albany,  1871. 

Includes  limited  data  on  dwellings,  clothing,  food,  habits,  marriage,  morals,  dis- 
eases, treatment  of  diseases. 

Dixon,  R.  B.     The  northern  Maidu.     lUill.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  May,  1905, 
XVII,  119-346. 

Contains  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  occupations,  habits,  sports,  crimes, 
birth,  puberty,  marriage,  medicine-men  and  their  methods. 
Domenech.     See  Tyinas,  A. 


HRDUCKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    MEDICAL    OBSEEVATTONS  411 

DowLER,  B.     Researches  into  the  sanitary  condition  and  vital  statistics  of  barba- 
rians.    New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1857,  xiv,  335-.352. 
Eells,  M.     The  Twana  Indians  of  the  Skokomish    reservation  in  Washington  ter- 
ritory.    Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.,  Wash.,  April  9,  1877,  in,  no.  1,  57-114. 
Contains  observations  on  physical  traits  (including  weight  and  a  few  measurements), 
a  few  brief  notes  on  physiology,  pathology,  mentality,  foods,  drinks,  narcotics,  medi- 
cines, poisons,  dwellings,  clothing,  marriage,  parturition,  attention  to  the  new-born, 
morals,  habits.     Lacks  details. 

The  Twana,  Chemakum,   and  Klallam    Indians    of    Washington  territory. 

Smithson.  Rep.  for  1887,  605-681,  Wash.,  1889. 

Includes  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  drinks,  occupations,  habits,  medi- 
cines, marriage,  children. 

Ehrenreich,    p.     Beitrage    z.  Volkerkunde    Braziliens.     Veroffentlichungen  a.  d. 
konigl.  Mus.  f.  Volkerkunde,  Berlin,  1891,  ii. 

Numerous  notes  on  mode  and  habits  of  life  of  Brazilian  Indians,  with  observations 
of  medical  interest. 
Engelmann,  G.     Labor  among  primitive  peoples.     St.  Louis,  1882. 

Includes  data  on  parturition  among  the  Indians,  and  bibliographic  references. 

Posture  in  labor.     Trans.  Amer.  Gynecolog.  Soc,  1880,  v,  Boston,  1881. 

Pregnancy,  parturition,  and    childbed    among    primitive    peoples.     Amer. 

Jour.  Obstets.,-N.  Y.,  1881,  xiv. 

Massage  and  expression  or  external  manipulations  in  the  obstetric  practice 

of  primitive  peoples.     Ibid.,  1882,  xv. 

Characteristic  labor  scenes  among  yellow,  black,  and  red  races.     St.  Louis 


Cour.  Med.,  ]882,  viii. 
Evans,  J.  P.     Twelve  months'  practice  in  the  Cherokee  Nation  West.     South.  Jour. 

Med.  and  Phys.  Sci.,  Nashville,  1854,  ii,  12,  157,  317. 
Fewkes,  J.  Walter.     A  contribution  to  ethnobotany.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1896, 
IX,  14-21. 
List  of  Hopi  food  and  medicinal  plants,  with  notes  on  their  uses. 
Fletcher,  Robert.     On  prehistoric  trephining  and  cranial  amulets.     Cont.  North 
Amer.  EthnoL,  Wash.,  1882,  v,  1-32. 
Includes  observations  on  Indian  trephined  skulls  and  discussion  as  to  the  purposes 
of  the  operation . 

Flexion,  C.     Some  medicines  of  the  Swampee  Cree  Indians  of  the  north.     Canad. 
Pharmaceut.  Jour.,  Toronto,  1897-8,  xxxi,  126-129. 
Notes  on  the  remedies  used  in  the  tribe,  with  incidental  remarks  on  diseases. 
Friederici,  Georg.     Der  Gang  des  Indianers.     Globus,    Brunswick,  1898,   lxxiv, 
273-278. 
A  compilation,  with  numerous  citations,  on  peculiarities  of  the  Indian  foot  and 
gait.     Of  but  little  valuei;  no  scientific  observations. 

Gabb,  William  M.     On  the  Indian  tribes  and  languages  of  Costa  Rica.     Trans.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  Phila.,  1875,  xiv,  483-602. 
Includes  observations  on  physical  characters;  habits,  parturition,  attentions  to  the 
child  at  birth  and  later,  marriage,  medicine-men  and  their  practices,  foods  and  drinks, 
diseases,  remedies. 

Gaillard.     Life  among  the  Nez  Percez  Indians.     Richmond  and  Louisville  Med. 
Jour.,  Louisville,  1871,  xi,  589-604. 
Dwellings,  clothing,  occupation,  sweat  baths,  diseases,  parturition,  attentions  to 
child,  treatment  of  sickness,  surgery. 


412  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  \v.vi.j..M 

GiBBS,  G.     Notes   on   the  Tinneh  or   Chepewyan  Indians  of  British  and  Russian 
America.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1866,  303-327,  Wash.,  1867. 
Includes  ol^servations  on  physical  traits,  mental  and  moral  characteristics,  habits, 
medicine-men,  methods  of  curing,  sweat  baths,  dwellings,  dress,  food,  occupations. 

Tribes  of  western  Washington  and  northwestern  Oregon.     Cont.  North  Amer. 

Ethnol.,  Wash.,  1877,  i,  pt.  2,  157-361. 

Includes  observations  on  population,   dwellings,    dress,    food,   habits,   marriage, 
medicine,  diseases,  head  deformation. 

GoDDARD,  P.  E.     Life  and  cultm'e  of  the  Hupa.     Univ.  of  Cal.  Pubis.,  Berkeley, 
1903,  I,  no.  1,  1-88. 
Includes  observations  on  dwellings,    dress,   food,  occupations,  habits,  children, 
sports,  diseases,  medicine-men,  healing. 

Godfrey,  G.  C.  M.     The  Indian  woman  in  labor.     Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1894,  xlvi, 
690. 
Brief  statements  concerning  menstruation,  fecundity,  gestation,  labor,  placenta, 
puerperium,  malignant  diseases  (none  seen). 

Gore,  J.  H.     Tuckahoe,  or  Indian  bread.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1881,  687-701,  Wash., 
1883. 
Dissertation  on  tuckahoe,  with  bibliography.     Eastern  tribes. 
Grinnell,  F.     The  healing  art,  as  practiced  by  the  Indians  of  the  plains.     Cincin. 
Lancet  and  Obs.,  1874,  xvn,  145-147. 

Indian  qviestions  from  a  medical  standpoint.     Ibid.,  1878,  xxi,  157-169. 

Grinnell,    George    Bird.      Childbirth  among  the    Blackfeet.     Amer.  Anthrop., 

Wash.,  1896,  ix,  286-287. 
A  few  notes  on  preparations  for  labor  and  on  the  treatment  of  the  new-born  child. 

Cheyenne  woman  customs.     Ibid.,  1902,  n.  s.,  iv,  13-16. 

Notes  on  customs  connected  with  menstruation;  parturition,  attentions  to  the  new- 
bom. 

Some  Cheyenne  plant  medicines.     Ibid.,  1905,  n.  s.,  vii,  37-43. 

Notes  on  healers;  a  list  of  medicinal  plants  with  descriptions  of  their  uses. 

Grohman.     Sitten  hinsichtlich  Krankheit  und  Tod  bei  den  Azteken-Indianern. 
Schweiz.  Bl.  f.  Gsndhtspflg.,  Ztirich,  1898,  n.  F.,  xiii,  84-89. 
Modern  "Aztec,"  Veracruz:     Notions  and  habits  of  the  people  concerning  sick- 
ness and  treatment]  incidental  remarks  on  diseases. 

Grossmann,  F.  E.     The  Pima  Indians  of  Arizona.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1871,  407- 
419,  Wash.,  1873. 
Includes  rather  superficial  notes  on  sickness,  medicine-men  and  their  methods,  mar- 
riage, food,  drinks. 

Harris,  G.  H.     Root  foods  of  the  Seneca  Indians.     Proc.   Rochester  Acad.  Sci., 
1889-91, I,  106-117. 
A  discussion  of  the  foods  of  the  tribe,  with  some  references. 
Harshberger,  J.  W.     Pm-poses  of  ethnobotany.     Botan.  Gaz.,  Madison,  Wis.,  1896, 
XXI,  no.  3,  146-54. 
Discussion  on  ethnobotany;  no  contributions. 
Havard,  V.     The  mezquit.     Amer.  Naturalist,  May,  1884;  also  a  revised  reprint. 
Description  of  the  tree  and  its  uses. 

The  food  plants  of  the  North  American  Indians.     Bull.  Torey  Botan.  Club, 

1895,  xxn,  no.  3,  98-123. 

Notes  on  a  large  number  of  food  plants,  wild  and  cultivated. 

Drink  i)lant.s  of  the  North  American  Indians.     Amer.  Jour.  Pharm.,  Phila., 


1896,  Lxvni,  265-268. 


HRDLieKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  413 

Mexican  and  Southwestern  Indians:  Notes  on  plants  yielding  alcoholic  liquors, 
those  yielding  stimulating,  exhilarating,  or  intoxicating  principles  other  than  alcohol, 
and  those  furnishing  juices  or,  by  infusion,  pleasant  beverages,  more  or  less  used  to 
quench  thirst. 

Hefferman,  W.  T.     Medicine  among  the  Yumas.     Cal.  Med.  Jour.,  San  Fran.,  1896, 
XVII,  135-140. 

Notes  on  Yuma  medicine-men  and  treatment;  but  few  details.  No  data  on 
diseases. 

Hoffman,  Walter  James.     The  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  by  the  aboriginal 
races  of  the  Southwest.     Med.  and  Surg.  Keporter,  Phila.,  1879,  xl,  157-160. 

The  aboriginal  medicine-man.     West.  Lancet,  San  Fran.,  1882,  xi,  4.36,  443. 

Sioux,  with  notes  on  other  tribes:  medicine-men  and  medicine-women,  labor  and 

first  attentions  to  the  child,  notions  of  disease,  head  deformation. 

The  Mide^wiwin  or  "Grand  Medicine  society"  of   the  Ojibwa.     7th  Rep. 

B.  A.  E.,  1885-6,  143-300,  Wash.,  1891. 

Detailed  description  of  the  society,  and  of  the  healers  who  compose  it,  and  their 
methods.     Numerous  citations  from  other  writers. 

rictogi'aphy  and  shamanistic  rites  of  the  Ojibwa.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash., 

I,  209-229. 


Notes  on  the  Ojibwa  medicine  society  and  healers. 

Shamanistic  practices.     Univ.  Med.  Mag.,  Phila.,  1890-91,  iii,  73-79. 


Ojibwa,  with  notes  on  other  tribes:  Notions  of  disease,  medicine-men,  societies, 
treatment,  medicines,  sweat  baths,  abortion,  surgery,  self-mutilation,  snake  bites. 

The  Menomini  Indians.     14th  Rep.  B.  A;  E.,  1892-3,  pt.  1,  3-328,  Wash., 

1896. 

Includes  observations  on  population,  medicine-men  and  medicine  societies,  sports, 
food,  tobacco. 

Holder,  A.  B.     The  age  of  puberty  of  Indian  girls.     Amer.  Jour.  Obstets.,  N.  Y., 
1890,  xxiii,  1074. 
Observations  on  7  full -blood  and  3  half-breed  Crow  girls  of  known  age.     Menstruation 
began  at  from  lOf  to  14J  years. 

Gynecic  notes  taken  among  the  American  Indians.     Ibid.,  1892,  xxv,  752; 

XXVI,  41. 

Notes  on  puljerty  and  menstruation  (including  the  data  given  in  the  last  preceding 
publication). 

Measurements  (weight,  height,  chest  girth,  waist  girth,  hip  girth)  of  33  Crow  girls 
and  young  women  of  from  12  to  25  years  of  age;  too  heterogeneous. 

Notes  on  artificial  abortion,  especially  among  the  Crows. 

Labor — brief  notes. 

Remarks,  not  sufficiently  substantiated,  on  increase  of  Indian  poijulation. 

Venereal  diseases — many  reports  of  interest;  also  personal  observations. 

Papers  on  diseases  among  Indians.     Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1892,  xlii,  177,  329,  357. 

Indians  (Western)  in  gejoeral:  Effects  on  health  of  changes  in  climate  and  habits; 

dress,  dwelling,  diet;  reports  on  syphilis,  scrofula,  consumption;  reports  on  other 
diseases;  surgery;  vitiligo,  harelip,  gray  hair,  bald  heads;  intoxicants;  medicine 
and  medicine-men;  the  sweat  house. 

Hough,  Walter.     The  Hopi   in    relation    to    their    plant    environment.      Amer. 
Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1897,  x,  33-44. 
Gives  a  list  of  food  and  medicine  plants,  with  brief  notes  on  their  uses. 

Hrdligka,  Ales.    A  new  joint  formation.    Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1899,  n.  s.,  i,  550- 
551. 


414  BUREAU    OF    AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Description  of  remarkable  results  of  fracture  in  the  bones  of  the  arm  of  a  Ken- 
tucky Indian. 
Physical  and  physiological  observations  on  the  Navaho.     Ibid.,  1900,  n.  s., 


II,  339-345. 
Preliminary  report.     Puberty,  marriage,  pulse,  respiration,  temperature,  diseases, 
disposition,  crime,  head  deformation. 

The  Aztecs  of  yesterday  and  to-day.     Harper's  Mag.,  N.  Y.,  Dec,  1902, 

37^2. 
Notes  on  dwellings,  dress,  habits. 

The  "Chichimecs"  and  their  ancient  culture,  with  notes  on  the  Tepecanos 


and  the  ruins  of  La  Quemada,  Mexico.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1903,  n.  s.,  v, 
385-440.    Portion  relating  to  Tepecano  translated  by  Fehlinger  in  Globus,  Bruns- 
wick, 1904,  Lxxxv,  292-293. 
Tepecano  (Jalisco):   Dwellings,  clothing,  occupation,  food,  social  customs,  crime, 
intellectual  qualities,  medicine,  parturition,  attentions  to  children. 

Notes  on  the  Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1904,  n.  s., 

VI,  51-89. 

Mayo,  Yaqui,  but  principally  Opata:  Dwellings,  dress,  occupation,  food,  drinks, 
crime,  marriage,  fecundity,  parturition,  puerperium,  medicine,  medicine-women, 
remedies,  diseases. 

Notes  on  the  San  Carlos  Apache.     Ibid.,  1905,  n.  s.,  vii,  480^95. 

Dwellings,  head  deformation,  habits. 

Diseases  of  the  Indians,  more  especially  of  the  southwest  United  States  and 


northern  Mexico.     Wash.  Med.  Annals,  iv,  no.  6, 1905,  372-394.     With  discussion 

on  diseases,  treatment,  and  remedies  by  Dr.  D.  S.  Lamb,  Dr.  G.  M.  Kober,  Gen. 

Forwood,  and  Dr.  E.  L.  Morgan. 
Hkdlicka,  Ales,  and  Carl  Lumholtz.     Trephining  in  Mexico.     Amer.  Anthrop., 

Wash.,  1897,  x,  389-396. 
Description  and  illustration  of.  two  Tarahumare  trephined   skulls,  collected  by 
Lumlioltz,  with  details  of  the  find  by  Lumholtz. 
Hunter,  J.  D.     Observations  on  the  diseases  incident  to  certain  of  the  North  American 

Indian  tribes.     N.  Y.  Med.  and  Phys.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,  1822,  i,  174-179. 
Remarks  on  the  diseases  of  the  females  of  several  Indian  tribes  west  of  the 

Mississippi.     Ibid.,  304-315. 

Remarks  on  several  diseases  prevalent  among  the  western  Indians,  with  some 


account  of  their  remedies  and  modes  of  treatment.     Amer.  Med.  Recorder,  Phila., 
1822,  V,  408-417. 

I.  Plains  Indians.  A  letter  containing  notes  on  their  diseases  and  treatment,  with 
names  of  remedies. 

II.  A  letter  containing  observations  on  menstruation,  gestation,  parturition, 
deformed  infants,  attentions  to  the  new-born,  nursing,  diseases,  worms. 

III.  A  letter  giving  ol)servations  on  several  diseases  and  remedies. 
Valuable  communications,  republished  in  substance  in  the  following: 

Memoirs  of  a  captivity  among  the   Indians  of  North  America.     3d  ed., 

Lond.,  1824. 

Treats  of  plains  tribes  (particularly  Kickapoo,  Kansas,  and  Osage). 

The  most  valuable  account  on  matters  of  medical  interest  among  these  peoples. 

Habitations,  habits,  food,  clothing,  occupations,  physical  and  moral  condition, 
medicine-men,  marriage,  birth,  nursing,  crimes  and  punishment,  diseases,  treatment 
of  the  sick,  medicines,  surgery. 


hrdliCka]  physiological    AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  415 

Ira,  G.  W.     Medical  experience  among  Indians.     West.  Med.  Rev.,  Lincoln,  Nebr., 
1896,  I,  89-93. 
Omaha,  Winnebago,  Ponca,  Sioux:   Notes  on  diseases,  jjuberty,  marriage,  labor, 
puerperium,  medicine-men. 

Jacobsen,  Adrian.     Derzweite  Typusder  Geheimbiinde  bei  den  Nordwest-Ameri- 
canern;   der   Medicinmann   und   der   Kosijut  (Schamane).     Verhandl.  d.  Berl. 
Gesellsch.  f.  Anthrop.,  Berlin,  1894,  104-115. 
Northwest  coast:  Medicine-men,  their  utensils,  treatment,  "miracles." 
Jenks,  Albert  Ernest.     The  wild  rice  gatherers  of  the  upper  Lakes.     19th  Rep.  B. 
A.  E.,  1897-8,  pt.  2,  1013-1137,  Wash.,  1900. 
A  detailed  account  concerning  this  article  of  Indian  food. 
Jenner,  E.  F.  L.     Medicines  of  the  Mic-Mac  tribe.     Pharmaceut.  Era,  N.  Y.,  1901, 
XXV,  144-145. 
A  list  of  remedies,  with  remarks  on  diseases. 

Jesuit  Relations  and  allied  documents.     Thwaites  ed.,  vols,  i-lxxiii,  Cleveland, 
1896-1901. 
Many  early  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  habits,  marriage,  medicine-men, 
treatment  of  diseases  and  wounds,  and  other  subjects. 

Jones,  J.     Explorations  and  researches  concerning  the  destruction  of  the  aboriginal 

inhabitants  of  America  by  various  diseases,  as  syphilis,  matlazahuatl,  pestilence, 

malarial  fever,  and  smallpox.     New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1877-8,  v, 

926-941. 

Precolumbian  syphilis;  presents  diseased  bones  from  mounds  and  gives  excerpts 

concerning  the  disease  from  numerous  historians. 

Jones,  P.  M.     Indian  obstetrics  in  Central  America.     Brooklyn  Med.  Jour.,  1893, 
VII,  97-100. 
Honduras:  Labor,  accidents,  puerperium,  children,  diseases.     But  few  details. 

Josselyn,  John.     New-Englands  rarities.     Lond. ,  1672.     Reprint,  Boston,  1865. 

Notes  on  medicinal  plants  and  other  remedies  among  the  Massachusetts  Indians, 
with  indirect  references  to  diseases.     Many  points  of  interest. 

Julius,  N.  H.     Zur  Heilkunde  der  nordamerikanischen  Wilden.     Mag.  d.  ausl.  Lit. 
d.  ges.  Heilk.,  etc.,  Hamburg,  1823,  vi,  1-44. 
Treatment  of  diseases;  remedies.     Largely  after  Hunter. 

Kennard,  T.     Medicine  among  the  Indians.     St.  Louis  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1858, 
XVI,  889-404. 

Plains  Indians  (apparently):  Medicine-men,  treatment  of  diseases,  surgery,  reme- 
dies, sweat  baths,  diseases,  puberty,  parturition. 

King,  J.  C.     Obstetrics  among  aborigines.     Codex  Med.,  Phila.,  1896-7,  iii,  128-133; 
also  South.  Cal.  Practit.,  Los  Angeles,  1897,  xii,  41^5. 

Mission   Indians  (southern  California):   Notes   on   menstruation,  early  maternity, 
labor,  accideijits  of  labor,  puerperium,  native  medicine-men. 

The  article  in  the  Codex  Medicus  is  a  reprint  of  that  in  the  Southern  California 
Practitioner. 

Kneeland,  J.     Remarks  on  the  social  and  sanitary  condition  of  the  Onondaga  Indians. 
Amer.  Med.  Times,  N.  Y.,  1864,  ix,  4-6. 
Diseases,  remedies  parturition,  abortion.     Only  a  few  details. 

On  some  causes  tending  to   promote  the  extinction  of   the   aborigines  of 

America.     Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,  1864,  xv,  253-260. 
Onondaga.     Practically  the  same  as  the  preceding. 


416  BUREAU    OF   AMEEICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Kohl,  J.  G.     Kitchi-Gami.     Lond.,  18(30. 

Ojibwa,  mainly:  Numerous  references  to  dwellings,  dress,  food,  drinks,  liabits, 
sports,  morals,  marriage,  children,  the  aged,  mental  traits,  endurance,  medicine-men, 
their  means  and  methods,  sweat  baths,  tobacco,  poisons. 

Krause,  F.     Die  Pueblo  Indianer.     Abhandl.  k.  Leop.-Cor.  d.  Akad.  d.  Naturf., 
Halle,  1907,  lxxxvii,  no.  1,  1-218. 
Pueblos:   Climate,  dwellings,  clothing,  food,  medicine-men  and  societies,  child- 
birth.    Compilation. 

Kroeber,  a.  L.     The  Arapaho.     Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  xviii,  1902, 
1-150. 
Includes  notes  on  marriage,  habits  during  menstruation  and  nursing,  men  living  as 
women,  insanity. 

KuYKENDALL,  G.  B.     Medicine  among  the  aborigines.     Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter, 
Phila.,  1875,  xxxiii,  181-186. 
Indians  about  Fort  Simcoe, Washington:   Observations  on  medicine-men,  notions  of 
disease,  treatment,  actual  cautery,  feeding  the  sick,  surgery,  diseases,  parturition, 
attention  to  the  new-born,  old  age,  killing  medicine-men. 

Lacombe,  p.     La  medecine  chez  les  sauvages  de  I'Amerique   du  nord.     Union 
med.  du  Canada,  Montreal,  1874,  iii,  327-331. 
Indians  of   the  Northwest:    Observations    on    diseases,  medicine-men,  remedies, 
poisons. 
Lapitau,  J.  F.     Moeurs  des  sauvages  ameriquains.     2  vols.,  Paris,  1724. 

Numerous  notes  of  medical  interest. 
LaFlesche,  Francis.     Who  was  the  medicine-man?     32d  Ann.    Rep.   Fairmount 
Park  Art  Assoc,  Phila.,  1904.     Reprinted,  Hampton,  Va.,  1905,  1-13. 
An  interesting  account  of  the  Omaha  medicine-men  by  a  member  of  the  tribe. 
Lake,  A.  D.     The  civilized  Indian,  his  physical  characteristics  and  some  of  his  dis- 
eases.    Trans.  Med.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  Albany,  1902,  285-291. 
Iroquois:  Remarks  on  the  effects  of  changed  life  on  the  Indian  and  his  diseases. 
Lamb,  D.  S.     Precolumbian  syphilis.     Proc.  Assoc.  Amer.  Anat.,  Wash.,  1897,  ix. 

Observations  on  mound  bones  showing  signs  of  syphilis. 
Leon,  N.     Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  la  medicina  en  Michaocan.     Morelia,  1886, 
1-47. 
Some  data  from  earlier  writers  relating  to  matters  of  medical  interest  among  the 
Tarasco:  Medicine-men,  remedies,  how  and  for  what  used,  bibliographical  references. 

Biblioteca  Botanico-Mexicana,  Mexico,  1895,  1-372. 

Bibliograi^hical,  biographical,  and  critical  catalogue  of  authors  and  writings  referring 
to  Mexican  plants  and  their  applications,  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  time. 
A  valuable  bibliography.     Arrangement  by  authors;  no  subject  index. 

Los  Tarascos.     An.  d.  Mus.  nac.  de  Mex.,  Mexico,  Oct.,  1904,  2  ep.,  i. 


References  to  Tarasco  medicines,  diseases,  and  medicine-men,  based  on  the  writings 
of  earlier  authors,  especially  page  457  et  seq.  Enumeration  of  native  vegetal  reme- 
dies, page  462  et  seq. 

Lewis  and  Clark.     History  of  the  expedition  to  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  river, 
thence  across  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  down  the  Columbia  river  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.     Several  editions. 
Numerous  notes  of  direct  medical  interest  besides  observations  on  dwellings,  dress, 
food,  and  habits. 

LiNAS,  A.     De  la  medecine  et  des  medecins  chez  les  Iroquois  et  les  Peaux-Rouges. 
Gaz.  hebd.  de  med.,  Paris,  1862,  ix,  641,  689. 
Abstracts  from  Domenech's  Voyage  pittoresque  dans  les  grands  deserts  du  nouveau 
monde.     Paris,  1862. 


hrdliCka]  physiological  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  417 

Medicine,   medicine-men,  remedies,  anatomical   knowledge,  notions  of  diseases, 
diseases,  treatment,  hygiene,  parturition,  attentions  to  the  new-born. 
Lloyd,  F.     Special  report  on  Indians  at  San  Carlos  agency,  Arizona.     (No  place) ,  1883. 

Includes  remarks  on  prevalent  diseases  ("consumption  almost  unknown")  and  on 
the  medicine-men  and  their  mode  of  treatment.     Reports  the  shooting  of  a  witch. 
LuMHOLTZ,  Carl.     Unknown  Mexico.     Two  volumes,  N.  Y.,  1902. 

Principally  the  Tarahumare  and  the  Huichol.  Includes  observations  on  dwellings, 
dress,  food,  drinks,  habits,  sports,  marriage,  childbirth,  childhood,  medicine-men 
and  their  practices. 

MacCauley,  C.  The  Seminole  Indians  of  Florida.  5th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1883-4, 
469-531,  Wash.,  1887. 

Includes  notes  on  mental  traits,  marriage,  parturition,  infancy,  childhood,  dwell- 
ings, clothing,  food,  habits. 

M'Clellan,  E.  Obstetric  procedures  among  certain  of  the  aborigines  of  North  Amer- 
ica. Trans.  Kentucky  St:  Med.  Soc,  Louisville,  1873,  88-100;  also  Richmond 
and  Louisville  Med.  Jour.,  Louisville,  1873,  xvi,  580-592. 

Pueblos,  Apache,  Navaho,  Ute:  Scanty  notes  on  menstruation  and  labor.  Of  but 
little  value. 

McClenachan,  H.  M.  The  practice  of  medicine  among  the  Indians.  Med.  and  Surg. 
Reporter,  Phila.,  1881,  xliv,  338-341. 

Grosventres  and  Assiniboin:  Views  of  disease,    medicine-men,   treatment,  sweat 
baths. 
McGee,  W  J.    Tiie  Sen  Indians.    17th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1895-6,  1-344,  Wash.,  1898. 

Dwellings,  clothing,  food,  occupations,  marriage. 
Mason,  0.  T.     The  Chaclacayo  trephined  skull.     Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vm,  410-412, 
1885,  Wash.,  1886. 

Description  of  a  trephined  skull  of  a  Peruvian  Indian. 

The  Ray  collection  from  the  Hupa  reservation.     Smithson.  Rep.  for  1886, 

205-239,  Wash.,  1889. 

Includes  notes  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  tobacco,  and  medicine.  Gives  a  list  of 
food-plants  and  remedies. 

Mathews,  T.  W.     Notes  on  diseases  among  the  Indians  frequenting  York  factory, 
Hudsons  bay.     Canada  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Montreal,  1884-5,  xiii,  449-466. 
Observations  on  diseases,  particularly  as  to  their  frequency. 
Matthews,  Washington.    Ethnography  and  philology  of  the  Hidatsa  Indians. 
Washington,  1877. 
Includes  brief  observations  on  dwellings,  food,  habits,  marriage.     Touches  only 
indirectly  on  matters  of  medical  interest. 

The  mountain  chant,  a  Navajo  ceremony.     5th  Rep.  B .  A.  E. ,  1883-4,  379-467, 

Wash.,  1887. 

Detailed  description  of  one  of  the  ceremonies  practised  by  Navaho  medicine-men 
for  the  cure  of  disease. 

Navajo  names  for  plants.     Amer.  Naturalist,  Phila.,  1886,  xx,  767-777. 

"A  list  of  plants  with  brief  indications  of  their  uses;  but  little  on  medicines. 

Consumption  among  the  Indians.     Trans.  Amer.  Climat.  Assoc,  Phila.,  1886, 


234-241.     Further  contribution  to  the  study  of  consumption  among  the  Indians. 

Ibid.,  1888,  136-155. 
Increasing  prevalence  of  the  disease,  causes,  statistics,  discussion. 
The  night  chant,  a  Navaho  ceremony,    Mem.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y., 


1902,  VI,  1-332. 

3452— Bull.  34—08^ — 27 


418  BUREAU    OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Detailed  description  of  one  of  tlie  great  Navaho  ceremonies  practised  by  the  medi- 
cine-men primarily  for  the  cure  of  disease. 

Matthews,  and  J.  L.  Woktman.     Human  bones  of  the  Hemenway  collection  in  the 
U.  S.  Army  Medical  Museum.     Mem.  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  Wash.,  1893,  vi. 
Includes  (pp.  170-173)  observations  on  pathology  and  (pp.  173-179)  discussion  of 
occipital  flattening. 

Mays,  T.J.     An  experimental  inquiry  into  the  chest  movements  of  the  Indian  female. 
Therapeut.  Gaz.,  Detroit,  1887,  xi,  297-299. 
Tests  on  82  Indian  girls.     A  decided  abdominal  type  of  breathing  the  rule  in  full- 
bloods  unused  to  restraining  clothing. 

Medical  knowledge   of  the  Indian.     The  Indian  as  a  physician.     Schoolcraft's 
Arch.,  Phila.,  1855,  v,  445-446. 
A  note  on  the  distinct  varieties  of  healers. 
Meek,  E.  G.     Physical  condition  of  the  aborigines,  with  an  account  of  their  practice 
of  medicine.     Illinois  and  Ind.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Chicago  and  Indianapolis, 
1878,  n.  s.,  II,  310-318. 
Choctaw:  Diseases,  medicme-men,  treatment,  surgery,   snake  bites,    parturition, 
attentions  to  the  child,  muscular  strength  and  endurance,  suicide. 
Moody,  C.  S.     Obstetric  customs  of  Northwest  Indians.     Alkaloid.     Clin.,  Chicago, 
1897,  IV,  560-62. 
Describes  conduct  of  labor  and  first  attention  to  the  child  among  the  Nez  Perces. 
MooNEY,  James.     The  sacred  formulas  of  the  Cherokees.     7th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1885-6, 
301-397,  Wash.,  1891. 
Formulas,  largely  medicinal,  of  the  shamans  of  the  tribe,  notions  of  disease,  reme- 
dies, curative  practices,  sweat  bath.     A  detailed  study. 

Cherokee  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.     Jour.  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  Cambridge, 

1890,  in,  44-50. 
Indian  knowledge  of  food  and  medicinal  plants,  notions  of  disease  and  of  remedies, 
manner  of  choosing  and  employing  remedies,  dietary  and  other  treatment  of  the  sick, 
tabus,  preventive  means,  names  of  diseases,  medicine-men.    A  brief  but  valuable 
contribution. 

Morgan,  L.  H.     Houses  and  house  life  of  the  American  aborigines.     Cont.  North 
Amer.  Ethnol.,  Wash.,  1881,  iv,  1-281. 
Detailed  study  of  native  dwellings,  particularly  those  of  the  Pueblos. 
MoRiOE,  A.  G.     Notes  ...  on  the  western  Den^s.     Trans.  Canad.  Inst.,  Toronto, 
1894,  IV,  pt.  1,  1-222. 
Pages  127-132  contain  an  accouiit  of  esculent  and  medicinal  plants  and  manner  of 
using  them.  . 

Dene  Surgery.     Ibid.,  1900-1,  vn,  15-27. 

Notion  of  disease,  bleeding,  cautery,  vesication,  bonesetting,  sutures,  hernia  (none), 
gynecological  manipulations,  parturition  and  plants  used  in,  sweat  bath,  operations 
on  the  eyes. 

Morris,  J.  Ch.    Relation  of  the  pentagonal  dodecahedron  found  near  Marietta,  Ohio, 
to  shamanism;  and   Frank  Hamilton  Gushing.     Discussion  and  remarks  on 
shamanism.     Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  Phila.,  1897,  xxxvi,  no.  155, 
One  paper.     Philosophy  of  shamanism.     Cushing's  remarks  relate  to  the  Zuni. 
MuNiz,  M.  A.,  and  W  J  McGeb.     Primitive  trephining  in  Peru.     16th  Rep.  B.  A.  E., 
1894-5,  3-72,  Wash.,  1897. 
Detailed  description  of  numerous  trephined  crania  of  the  ancient  Peruvians,  with 
discussion  on  methods  and  purposes  of  the  operation. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  419 

Murdoch,  John.     Ethnological  results  of  the  Point  Barrow  expedition.     9th  Rep. 
_B.  A.  E.,  1887-8,  3-441,  Wash.,  1892. 

Includes  observations  on  climate,  dwellings,  dress,  food,  habits,  mental  character- 
istics, diseases,  drinks,  narcotics,  marriage,  social  life,  fetishes. 

Neave,  J.  L.     An  agency  doctor's  experiences  among  frontier  Indians.     Cincin. 
Med.  Jour.,  1894,  ix,  875;  1895,  x,  611;  1896,  xi,  17. 

1894:  Arikara,  Grosventres,  Mandan.     Notes  on  native  treatment,  including  sweat 
bath,  and  on  the  Indian  endurance  of  suffering  (sun-dance  mutilations). 

1895:  Notes  on  personal  characteristics  of  the  Indians. 

1896:  A  few  observations  on  the  habits  of  the  Indians. 

Nelson,  E.  W.     The  Eskimo  about  Bering  strait.     18th  Rep.  B.  A.  E,,   1896-7, 

3-518,  Wash.,  1899. 
Observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  occupation,  food,  habits,  physical  characteristics, 
tobacco,  puberty,  marriage,  parturition,  healers,  treatment  of  disease,  sweat  baths. 
Newberry,  J.  S.     Food  and  fiber  plants  of  the  North  American  Indians.     Pop.  Sci. 

Month.,  N.  Y.,  xxxn,  81-46. 
Nicholas,  F.  C.     The  aborigines  of  the  province  of  Santa  Marta,  Colombia.     Amer. 

Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1901,  n.  s.,  ni,  606-649. 
Includes  notes  on  foods,  coca-chewing,  suicide,  poisons,  medicines,  medicine-men, 
marriage,  habits. 

Orton,  G.  T.     Scrofula  amongst  the  Indians.     North.     Lancet,  Winnipeg,  1897-8, 
V,  214. 
Canada  Indians:  A  few  words  only  concerning  consumption,  scrofula,  and  syphilis. 
Owens,  J.  G.     Natal  ceremonies  of  the  Hopi  Indians.     Join-.  Amer.  Ethnol.  and 
Archseol.,  Boston,  1892,  n,  163-175. 
Mainly  ethnological..    Observations  on  mothers  inaccurate. 
Palmer,  E.     Food  products  of  North  American  Indians.     Report  of  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  Wash.,  1870,  404-428. 
Enumeration  of  plants  used  by  various  tribes  for  food;  also  of  peculiar  animal  foods. 

Plants  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  United  States.     Amer.  Naturalist,  Phila., 

1878,  xn,  593-606,  646-655. 

Utah,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  California  Indians,  and  references  to  others.     Gives 
numerous  food  plants,  identified. 

Customs  of  the  Coyotero  Apaches.     Zoe,  San  Fran.,  Aug.,   1890,  i,  no.  6, 

161-172;  also  in  Amer.  Jour.  Phar.,  l,  586. 

Notes  on  marriage,  morals,  twins,  parturition,  treatment  of  pathological  conditions, 
foods,  drinks,  tobacco. 

Pariset,  E.     Medecine  des  peuples  sauvages.     Jour.  univ.  d.  sci.  med.,  Paris,  1816, 
I,  249;  II,  1,  259;  1817,  v,  12,  vi,  5;  1818,  ix,  5. 
No  original  observations.     Accounts  concerning  various  Indians,  based  on  reports 
of  travelers  and  other  writers. 

Parker,  S.     Journal  of  an  exploring  tour  beyond  the  Rocky  Moimtains.     4th  ed., 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1844. 
Plains  and  Columbian  tribes.     Includes  notes  on  dwellings,  dress,  food,  habits, 
morals,  marriage,  medicine-men  and  their  methods,  diseases,  mortality. 
Parker,  W.  T.     Concerning  American  Indian  womanhood.     Ann.  Gynecol,  and 

Pediatr.,  Phila.,  1891-92,  v,  330-341. 
Chippewa,  Ojibwa,  Dakota,  Algonquin,  etc.     A  compilation  of  physicians'  and 
other  writers'  notes  concerning  puberty,  labor,  and  female  diseases. 
Parrish,  J.     Account  of  a  fever  which  prevailed  among  the  Indians  on  the  island 

of  Nantucket,  in  1763-4.     Eclectic  Repert.,  Phila.,  1811,  i,  364r-366. 


420  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

"Very  malignant  typhus,  or  ship  fever,"  introduced  by  a  ship  from  the  south. 
A  note  on  deafness  and  blindness  among  the  Indians. 

Pepper,  G.  H.     An    unusual    Navajo  medicine   ceremony.     Southern  Workman, 
1904;  reprint,  Hampton,  Va.,  1905,  pp.  1-10. 

A  popular  account  of  two  ceremonial  procedures  employed  by  a  Navaho  medicine- 
man for  the  cure  of  a  sore  throat. 

PiORRY,  p.  A.     Medecine  des  peuples  sauvages.     Diet.  d.  sci.  med.,  Paris,  1819, 
XXXI,  463-176. 
Nothing  original  or  of  special  value. 
Pitcher,  Z.     Medicine  (Indian).     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1854,  iv,  502-519. 

Plains  and  eastern  tribes:  Diseases,  knowledge  of  anatomy,  pathology,  remedies, 
surgery,  snake  bites,  obstetrics,  sweat  baths. 

Porter,  J.  H.     Notes  on  the  artificial  deformation  of  children  among  savage  and 
civilized  peoples,  with  a  bibliography.     Rep.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1886-7,  213-235, 
Wash.,  1889. 
Includes  notes  on  occipital  flattening  (incidental).     Numerous  quotations  from 
earlier  writers  on  Indians. 

Powers,  S.     Aboriginal  botany.     Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Soc,  1873-4,  v,  373-379;  also  in 
his  Tribes  of  California,  Cont.  North  Amer.  EthnoL,  Wash.,  1877,  iii,  419-431, 
Mainly  Neshinam  Indians,  Bear  river,  Cal.,  and  Yokuts,  Tule  River  reservation, 
Cal.     Gives  a  large  number  of  vegetal  substances  and  their  uses  (food,  medicine, 
etc.).     Knowledge  of  anatomy  (p.  379). 

In  the  Tribes  of  California  are  also  observations  on  dwellings,  food,  clothing,  habits, 
crime,  medicine,  medicine-men,  sweat  baths,  morals,  parturition,  the  aged,  height 
and  weight  of  a  large  number  of  the  California  natives. 

Prentiss,  D.  W.,  F.  P.  Morgan,  and  James  Mooney.     Mescal  buttons.     Detroit, 
1896;  reprint  from  Therapeut.  Gaz.,  Detroit,  1896,  3  s.,  xii. 
Physiological  action  and  therapeutic  uses;  ceremonial  uses  under  different  names 
(peyote,  hicori,  etc.)  among  the  Indians. 

Ranke,   K.  E.     Einige  Beobachtungen  u.   d.   Sehscharfe  bei  siidamerikanischen 
Indianem.     Cor.-Bl.  d.  deutsch.   Gesellsch.  f.    Anthrop.  (etc.),  Munich,  1897, 
xxviii,  113-119. 
Tests  on  Bakairi  Indians  of  central  Brazil.     No  special  natural  superiority  found. 

Ueber  d.  Hautfarbe  d.  siidamerikanischen  Indianer.    Zeitschr.  f.  EthnoL, 

Berlm,  1898,  xxx,  61-73. 
A  somewhat  detailed  examination  into  the  color  of  some  South  American  Indians. 
A  plate  shows  the  colors  observed. 

Reagan,  A.  B.     Concerning  left-handed  aborigines.     Science,  June  7,  1907,  909. 
Found  among  a  population  of  231  Hoh  and  other  Quileute  Indians  5  (4  men,  1 
woman)  left-handed. 

Rose,  J.  N.  Notes  on  useful  plants  of  Mexico.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herbar.,  Wash., 
1899,  V,  no.  4,  209-259. 
Notes  on  several  native  foods  (maize,  chile,  beans),  on  native  fruits,  and  on  bev- 
erage plants;  also  on  medicinal  plants  sold  in  Mexican  towns.  Gives  common 
native  names  and  identifications.  Touches  but  indirectly  and  in  a  general  way  on 
Indians. 

RuDO  Ensayo.     Anonymous.     San  Augustin  de  la  Florida,  1863;  also  translation  into 
English  by  E.  Guit^ras,  Records  of  the  American  Catholic  Historical  Society  of 
Phila.,  1894,  v,  no.  2. 
Many  observations  of  medical  interest;  remedies,  foods,  drinks,  particularly  among 
the  Opata,  about  1762. 


HRDLicKA]  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND   MEDICAL   OBSERVATIONS  421 

Rush,  B.     An  oration  ....  containing  an  enquiry  into  the  natural  history  of  medi- 
cine among  the  Indians  in  North  America,  and  a  comparative  view  of  their  diseases 
and  remedies  with  those  of  civilized  nations.     Phila.,  1774.     Also  in  his  Medical 
Inquiries  and  Observations,  Phila.,  1789,  9-56;  2d  Amer.  ed.,  Phila.,  1794,  9-77. 
Indians  between  30°  and  60°  of  latitude:  Birth  and  treatment  of  children,  diet, 
customs  peculiar  to  sexes,  deformities  (none,  p.  19),  diseases,  remedies.     A  few  facts 
of  a  general  nature,  with  some  speculation. 

Russell,  Frank.     An  Apache  medicine  dance.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1898,  xi, 
367-372. 

Jicarilla  Apache:  A  description  of  an  elaborate  ceremonial  cure  by  a  medicine- 
woman. 

The  Pima  Indians.     26th  Rep.  B.  A,  E.,  1904-5,  3-389,  Wash.,  1908. 

Includes  notes  on  food  supply  (with  data  on  medicinal  plants),  architecture,  cloth- 
ing, athletic  sports,  relations   before  marriage,  marriage,  children,  medicine-men, 
legerdemain,  cause,  prevalence,  and  treatment  of  diseases,  medicine  songs. 
Schoolcraft,  H.  R.     Introductory  remarks  on  magic,  witchcraft,  and  dsemonology 
of  the  American  Indians.     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1853,  in,  483-494. 
Includes  notes  on  magic,  etc.,  of  healers.     See  also  Schoolcraft's  notes  on  the  Iro- 
quois, N.  Y.,  1848,  and  The  American  Indians,  rev.  ed.,  Buffalo,  1851. 
Sharp,  G.     The  civilization  and  medicine  of  the  less  advanced  American  Indian 

races.     Med.  Mag.,  Lond.,  1899,  n.  s.,  viii,  79,  346. 
Shufeldt,  R.  W.     Head  flattening  as  seen  among  the  Navaho  Indians.     Pop.  Sci. 
Month.,  N.  Y.,  1891,  xxxix,  535-539. 
The  deformation  is  not  due  to  strapping  of  the  head  or  to  intentional  application 
of  pressure  to  the  child's  occiput. 

SiHPSON,  J.  K.     Midwifery  among  the  Alaskan  Indians.     Occidental  Med.  Times, 
Sacramento,  1892,  vi,  61. 
Brief  description  of  labor  and  of  treatment  of  new-born  among  the  natives  of 
southeastern  Alaska. 

Smallpox,  The;   a  scourge  to  the  aborigines.     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1851,  i, 
257-258. 
An  account  of  an  epidemic  of  the  disease  among  the  natives  of  the  Missouri  valley 
in  1837. 

Sorcery  and  medical  magic  (Remarks  on  the  practice  of)  by  the  Indian  priesthood, 
Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1855,  v,  415-441. 
Chippewa,  Choctaw:  Account  of  practices  of  the  medicine-men. 
Squier,  E.  G.     Incidents  of  travel  and  exploration  in  the  land  of  the  Incas.     N.  Y., 
1877. 
Includes  note  on  a  trephined  skull  from  an  Inca  cemetery. 
Steinmetz,  S.  R.     Suicide  among  primitive  peoples.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1894, 
vn,  53-60. 
Includes  data  on  suicide  among  the  Eskimo  and  Indians.     Bibliographical  ref- 
erences. 
Stephen,  A.  M.     The  Navaho.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1893,  vi,  345-362. 

Contains  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  mode  of  life,  marriage,  tabus,  notions 
and  treatment  of  disease,  sweat  house. 

Stevenson,  James.     Ceremonial  of  Hasjelti  Dailjis  and  mythical  sand  painting  of 
the  Navajo  Indians.     8th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1886-7,  229-285,  Wash.,  1891. 
Description  of  one  of  the  great  Navaho  healing  ceremonies. 
Stevenson,  Matilda  Coxe.     The  Sia.     11th  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1889-90,  3-157,  Wash., 
1894. 
Includes  observations  on  healing  ceremonies  and  childbirth. 


422  BUKEAU    OF   AMERICAN    ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Stevenson,  Matilda  Coxe.     The  Zufii  Indians.     23d  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1901-2,  1-634, 
Wash.,  1904. 
Embodies  valuable  observations  on  habits,  puberty,  parturition,  medicine-men  and 
mediciae-women,  medicine  societies,  treatment  of  disease  and  wounds,  dwellings, 
dress,  food,  drinks,  occupations,  habits,  morality,  witches. 

Stickney,  G.  p.     Indian   use   of  wild   rice.     Amer.   Anthrop.,   Wash.,   1896,   ix, 
115-121. 
Notes  on  this  article  of  Indian  food,  with  bibliographical  references. 
Stockwell,  G.  a.     Indian  medicine.     Pop.  Sci.  Month.,  N.  Y.,  1886,  xxix,  649-660. 
Philosophy  of  Indian  medicine  and  medicine-men,  conception  of  disease,  treatment, 
examples  of  curing. 

Strath,  R.     Materia  medica,  pharmacy,  and  therapeutics  of  the  Cree  Indians  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  territory.     St.  Paul  Med.  Jour.,  St.  Paul,  1903,  v,  735-746. 
Valuable  contribution  to  the  subjects  expressed  in  title,  also  remarks  on  labor  and 
diseases. 

Stratton,  T.     Contribution  to  an  account  of  the  diseases  of  the  North  American 
Indians.     Edinb.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1849,  lxxi,  269-283. 
Canada  Indians  about  Lake  Hiuon  (Beau  Soleil,  Chippewa,  and  Simcoe),  on  Great 
Manitoulin  id.,  and  Iroquois. 

Diseases  (medical  reports,  detail),  remedies,  physiology  (nothing  definite),  men- 
struation, deformities. 

Swan,  C.     Position  and  state  of  manners  and  arts  in  the  Creek  or  Muscogee  Nation 
in  1791.     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1855,  v,  251-283. 
Includes  notes  on  marriage,  diseases,  remedies. 
Swan,  J.  G.     The  Indians  of  Cape  Flattery  [Wash.].      Smithson.  Cont.,  1870,  xvi, 
1-108. 
Includes  observations  on  physical  characteristics,   population,   dwellings,   dress, 
food,  children,  medicine-men  and  their  practices,  diseases,  remedies. 
Swanton,  J.  R.     The  Haida  of  Queen  Charlotte  islands.     Mem.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  N.  Y.,  1905,  viii. 
Contains  observations  on  dwellings,  food,  habits,  puberty,  marriage,  births  (mainly 
attendant  customs),  medicine,  shamanism,  witchcraft. 

Teit,  James.     The  Thompson  Indians  of  British  Columbia.     Mem.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  N.  Y.,  April,  1900,  ii,  1-392. 
Includes  observations  on  dwellings,  dress,  occupations,  food,  sports,  habits,  popula- 
tion, mental  traits,  birth,  childhood,  puberty,  pregnancy,  marriage,  death,  medicine- 
men, medicine,  surgery. 

Thorworth,  J.  F.     Indian  practice  on  the  northern  coast  of  California.     St.  Joseph 
Med.  Herald,  1886,  iv,  130-131. 
"Digger"  Indians,  Cal.:  A  few   observations  on  a  medicine-man,  diseases,  labor, 
sweat  house. 

Toner,  J.  M.     Address     .     .     .     with  views  of  the  origin  and  practice  of  medicine 
among  uncivilized  races,  more  especially  the  North  American  Indians.     Wash- 
ington, 1877.     Abstract  of  same  in  Toner,  J.  M.     Some  points  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  among  the  North  American  Indians.     Va.  Med.  Month.,  Richmond, 
1877,  IV,  3.34-350. 
A  compilation.     Medicine-men:  Their  practices,  knowledge  of  anatomy,  physiology, 
treatment  of  wounds  and  diseases;  childbirth;  syphilis  (with  references  to  early  writ- 
ings); other  diseases;  bibliography. 

Treon,  F.     Epidemic  influenza  among  the  Sioux  Indians.     Cincin.     Lancet-Clinic, 
J.890,  n.  s.,  XXIV,  160-161. 
A  brief  dissertation  on  the  subject  expressed  in  the  title. 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND    MEDICAL    OBSERVATIONS  '423 

Treon,  F.     Obstetrics  among  the  Sioux  Indian  women.     Ibid.,  12-14. 

Brief  notes  on  the  conduct  and  incidents  of  labor.     A  few  words  concerning  puer- 
peral convulsions. 

Turner,  Lucien  M.     Ethnology  of  the  Ungava  district,  Hudson  Bay  territory.     11th 
Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1889-90,  159-350,  Wash.,  1894. 
Eskimo,  Montagnais:  Includes  observations  on  physical  traits,  diseases,  marriage, 
children,  dwellings,  clothing,  food,  tobacco,  habits,  sweat  baths. 

Turner,  S.  S.     Indian  medicine-men:  the  hypnotic  countenance.    Times  and  Reg., 
N.  Y.  and  Phila.,  1890,  xxi,  423-425. 
Sioux:  A  few  observations  on  labor  and  retained  placenta,  and  on  medicine-men. 

Urbina,  M.     Raices  comestibles  entre  los  antiguos  mexicanos.     An.  d.  Mus.  nac.  de 
Mex.,  Mexico,  1906,  117  et  seq. 
An  account  of  numerous  edible  roots  used  by  the  ancient  Mexicans,  and  also  of 
several  medicinal  plants. 

VoTH,  H.  R.     Oraibi  natal  customs  and  ceremonies.     Field  Columb.  Mus.  Pubis., 
anthrop.  ser.,  Chicago,  Feb.,  1905,  vi,  no.  2,  47-56. 
Observations  on  parturition,  medicines  used  on  that  occasion,  puerperium,  atten- 
tions to  the  child. 

Waitz,  Theodor.     Anthropologie  der  Naturvolker,  Leipzig,  1862,  iii,  78  et  seq. 
References  to  older  literature  on  foods  and  drinks  of  the  American  natives. 

Waldron,  Martha  M.     The  Indian  school  in  relation  to  health.     Sanitarian,  N.  Y., 
1896,  XXXVII,  303-310. 
Hampton:  Tuberculosis,  trachoma.     Preventive  means  employed  at  the  school. 

Webb,  De  W.     The  Indian  under  medical  observation.     Proc.  Florida  Med.  Assoc, 
Jacksonville,  1887,  27-34. 
Indian  prisoners  of  several  tribes,  mainly  Apache,  at  Fort  Marion,  Fla.     Record  of 
diseases,  with  remarks. 

Williamson,  T.  S.     Dacotas  of  the  Mississippi.     Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  Phila.,  1851,  i, 
247-256. 
Medicine,  knowledge  of  anatomy,  notions  of  disease,  medicine-men  and  their  prac- 
tices, means  of  curing  and  remedies,  female  complaints. 

The  diseases  of  the  Dakota  Indians.     Northwest.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  St. 

Paul,  1873-4,  iv,  410-419. 
Observations  on  diseases  among  the  Sioux  in  Minnesota. 

Wilson,  D.     Narcotic  usages  and  superstitions  of  the  Old  and  New  World.     Canad. 
Jour.,  11,  1857,  233-264,  324-344. 

Wilson,  N.W.     Indian  medicine.    BuffaloMed.  Jour.,  1901-2,  n.s.,XLi,  740-49;  same 
inMerck'sArch.,N.Y.,  1902,  IV,  361-365;  also  in  Trans.  Med.  Soc,  N.Y.,  Albany, 
1902,  475-^83,  and  in  Texas  Med.  Gaz.,  Fort  Worth,  1902,  ii,  n.  5,  12-22. 
Notes  on  Sioux  medicine-men  and  treatment  during  the  Pan-American  exposition. 
Superficial. 

Wilson,  Thomas.     Arrow  wounds.     Amer.  Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1901,  n.  s.,  in,  513-531. 
Illustrated  notes  on  arrow  wounds  in  Indians  and  others,  with  references  to  other 
publications  on  that  subject. 

Winder,  W.     On  Indian  diseases  and  remedies;  with  a  return  of  sick  treated  at  the 
Indian  establishment.  Great  Manitoulin  island,  Lake  Huron,  in  1841-2.     Brit.- 
Amer.  Jour.,  Montreal,  1845-6,  i,  255-257. 
List  of  diseases  and  remedies,  with  remarks.     Includes  report  of  Dr.  Darling. 
WiTHERSPOON,  W.  W.     Collection  of  honeydew  by  the  Nevada  Indians.     Amer. 
Anthrop.,  Wash.,  1889,  ii,  380. 


424  BUREAU   OF   AMERICAN   ETHNOLOGY  [bull.  34 

Woodruff,  C.  E.     Diseases  of  northern  California  Indians.     Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1891, 
XXXIX,  104-106. 
Hupa  Valley,  Cal.,  Indians:     Remarks  on  consumption,  venereal  diseases,  rlievi- 
matism  and  neuralgia,  pneumonia,  a  case  of  "leucoderma,"  conjunctivitis,  a  case  of 
ovarian  cyst,  wounds,  and  Rhus  poisoning. 

Woodward.     The  Nez  Percez  on  the  Indian  reservation  being  destroyed  by  malaria. 
Gaillard's  Med.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,  1884,  xxxvii,  225. 
A  few  statements  on  diseases  in  the  tribe. 
Yarrow,  H.  C.     Medical  facts  relating  to  the  Zufii  Indians  of  New  Mexico.     Rocky 
Mountain  Med.  Rev.,  Colorado  Springs,  1880-81,  i,  191-194. 
From  an  account  given  by  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson.     Brief  observations  on  children, 
diseases,  parturition,  abortion,  menstruation,  remedies. 

Yates,  L.  G.     Indian  medicine-men.     Overland  Month.,  San  Fran.,  1896,  xxviii, 
171-182. 
Nothing  original. 

To  the  above  list  may  be  added  many  works  by  historians,  mis- 
sionaries, and  other  writers,  including  the  following: 

Adair,  James.     The  history  of  the  American  Indians.     Lond.,  1775. 

Allen,  Z.  The  conditions  of  life,  habits,  and  customs,  of  the  native  Indians  of  Amer- 
ica, [etc.].     Providence,  1880. 

Bartels,  Max.     Die  Medicin  der  Naturvolker.     Leipzig,  1893. 

Brickell,  John.     The  natural  history  of  North-Carolina.     Dublin,  1737. 

Beverley,  Robert.     The  history  and  present  state  of  Virginia.     Lend.,  1705. 

Barton,  B.  S.  Collections  for  an  essay  toward  a  materia  medica  of  the  United  States. 
Phila.,  1810. 

Bartram,  William.  Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  & 
West  Florida,  [etc.].     Phila.,  1791. 

Baxter,  J.  P.     The  Abnakis  and  their  ethnic  relations. 

Bossu,  N.  Travels  through  that  part  of  North  America  formerly  called  Louisiana. 
Lond.,  1771. 

Brown,  John  Mason.     Indian  Medicine.     Atlantic  Month.,  xviii,  July,  1866. 

Brownell,  Charles  de  Wolf.  The  Indian  races  of  North  .and  South  America. 
N.  Y.,  1857. 

Carver,  J.  Travels  through  the  interior  parts  of  North  America,  in  the  years  1766, 
1767,  and  1768.     Lond.,  1778. 

Catlin,  Geo.  Letters  and  notes  on  the  manners,  customs,  and  condition  of  the 
North  American  Indians.     N.  Y.,  1841,  and  subsequent  editions. 

Charlevoix,  P.  db.     Journal  of  a  voyage  to  North  America.     Lond.,  1761. 

Colton,  C.  Tour  of  the  American  lakes  and  among  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest- 
Territory  in  1830.     Lond.,  1833. 

Coreal,  Francois .     Voyages  aux  Indes  occidental es.     Paris,  1722. 

Cox,  Ross.     Adventures  on  the  Columbia  river,  [etc.].     Lond.,  1831. 

Drake,  Benj.  The  life  and  adventures  of  Black  Hawk:  with  sketches  of  Keokuk, 
the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  and  the  late  Black  Hawk  war.     Cincin.,  1838. 

Hariot,  Thomas.  A  briefe  and  true  report  of  the  new-found  land  of  Virginia. 
Lond.,  1588. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  Mason.  The  journal  of  a  tour  into  the  territory  northwest  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains  [etc.].     Boston,  1805. 

Harvey,  Henry.  History  of  the  Shawnee  Indians  from  the  year  1681  to  1854,  inclu- 
sive.    Cincin.,  1855. 

Hecke welder,  John.  An  account  of  the  history,  manners,  and  customs,  of  the 
Indian  nations,  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylvania  and  the  neighbouring  states, 
Phila.,  1819;  reprint  Phila.,  1876. 


hrdliCka]  physiological   AND   MEDICAL   OBSEBVATIONS  425 

Henry,  Alexander.     Travels  and  adventures  in  Canada  and  the  Indian  territories, 

between  the  years  1760  and  1776.     N.  Y.,  1809. 
Humboldt,  Alexander  de.     Political  essay  on  the  kingdom  of  New  Spain.     Lond., 

1811. 
JoEST,  W.     Ethnographisches  und  Verwandtes  aus  Guyana.     Supplem.  z.  Bd.  v.  d. 

Internat.  Arch.  f.  Ethnographic,  Leiden,  1893. 
Jones,  Charles  C,  jr.     Several  works  treating  of  antiquities  of  southern  Indians. 

Savannah,  1859,  1861. 
Jones,  Rev.  Peter.     History  of  the  Ojebway  Indians,  [etc.].     Lond.,  1861. 
TEN  Kate,  H.  F.  C.  ,  jr.    Reizen  en  Onderzoekingen  in  Noord-Amerika.    Leiden,  1885. 
Krashennikov,  Stepan  Petrovich.     [Translated  by  James  Grieve,  M.  D.]     The 

history  of  Kamtschatka,  and  the  Kurilski  islands,  with  the  countries  adjacent, 

[etc.].     Glocester,  1764. 
Lawson,  John.     The  history  of  Carolina.     Lond.,  1714. 
Long,  J.     Voyages  and  travels  of  an  Indian  interpreter  and  trader,  [etc.].     Lond., 

1791. 
LosKiEL,  George  Henry.     History  of  the  mission  of  the  United  Brethren  among 

the  Indians  in  North  America.     Lond. ,  1794. 
Ojibway.     An  account  of  the  North  American  Indians  written  for  Maun-gwudaus,  a 

chief  of  the  O  jib  ways. 
Palmer,  Emile.     Notes  on  Indian  manners  and  customs.     Amer.  Naturalist,  xii,  1878. 
Petitot,  E.     Traditions  Indiennes  du  Canada  nord-ouest.     Alengon,  1887. 
Ploss,  H.  H.     Das  Weib  in  der  Natiu'-und  Volkerkunde.     Leipzig,  1889. 

— ^ .     Das  Kind  in  Branch  und  Sitte  der  Volker.     Two  vols.,  Stuttgart,  1876. 

Sagard,  F.  Gabriel.     Histoire  du  Canada,  [etc.].     Paris,  1636. 

Sanborn,  John  Wentworth.     Legends,   customs,    and  social  life  of  the   Seneca 

Indians  of  western  New  York.     N.  Y.,  1878. 
V.  D.  Steinen,  Karl.     Durch  Central-Brasilien,  [etc.].     Leipzig,  1886. 
Stoll,  Otto.     Zur  ethnographie  der  republic  Guatemala.     Zurich,  1884. 
SwETLAND,  L.     Captivity  among  the  Senecas. 
Wheeler,  R.  A.     The  Pequod  Indians. 
Wilkes,  Charles,  U.  S.  N.     Narrative  of  the  United   States  exploring  expedition 

(linguistics  dealt  with  by  Horatio  Hale).     Phila.,  1844. 
WiTKowsKi,  G.  J.     Histoire  des  accouchements  chez  tons  les  peuples.     Paris,  1887. 
WoLDT,  A.     Capt.  Jacobsen's  Reise  an  der  nordwestkiiste  Amerikas. 

See  also  Bancroft's  works,  particularly  The  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States 
(San  Fran.,  1882),  the  Spanish  historians  (Herrera,  Gomara,  Clavigero,  etc.),  and 
the  Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Bull.  30  B.  A.  E.  For  publications  on  the 
Peruvians,  see  Dorsey,  G.  A.,  A  Bibliogi-aphy  of  the  Anthropology  of  Peru,  Field 
Columb.  Mus.,  Pubis,  ii,  no.  2,  Chicago,  1898.  For  medical  references  consult 
especially  the  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General,  U.  S.  Army,  the  Index 
Medicus,  and  A.  Hirsch's  Handbook  of  Geographical  and  Historical  Pathology,  3  vols., 
London  (The  New  Sydenham  Soc),  1883-1886. 

Numerous  statistical  and  medical  data,  also  those  on  suicide, 
crime,  and  general  condition  of  morals  and  well-being  in  the  tribes, 
will  be  found  in  the  various  reports  of  the  United  States  Census, 
particularly  the  volume  on  Indians,  1890  (Wash,,  1894),  in  the 
reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  and  in  those  of  the 
Bureau  of  Education  (the  series  on  introduction  of  the  reindeer  into 
Alaska  and  others) ;  also  in  the  Canadian  Government  reports  on 
Indians,  and  in  the  reports  on  the  Northwestern  tribes  to  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 


INDEX 


Abnormalities,  congenital 58,60 

See  also  Monstrosities,  Teeth. 
Abortion,  artificial — 

general  account 163 

tribal  details 54,163-165 

Abrahams,  Dr.  Horatio  E  . ,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  San  Juan  agency,  N.  Mex. .  .tab.  9 
Abscesses— 

Maricopa 248 

Pima 182 

See  also  Boils. 
Acne— 

Navaho 180 

summary 189 

AcoMA  Pueblos— 

character 33 

investigations  among 1 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

AcoMiTA,  investigations  at 1 

Aconite 173, 252 

Adair,  James,  in  bibliography 424 

Adolescence,  general  account  of 128-129 

Adolescents— 

beard 132 

goiter 200-201 

growth  of  head 131 

muscular  force 109, 110, 130 

pulmonary  tuberculosis 188 

temperature 130 

weight ■- 131 

Adornment 14-15 

Adults— 

baldness 161-163 

crime 166-171 

eructation 155 

face  measurements — 

Apache 342,344 

Pima 345, 347 

flatus 155 

head  (growth) 116-120 

head  measurements — 

Apache 342-344 

Pima 345, 347 

height,  sub- and  supra- ischia 113-114 

indigestion 156 

infanticide 165-166 

menstruation 157 

mental  and  nervous  powers 155 

muscular  force 143-152, 158, 159, 372-396 

Apache 343,344,372-373 

Pima 144, 146, 150, 151,346,347,387-388 

obesity 156-157 


Adults— Continued. 

pulmonary  tuberculosis 188 

pulse  and  respiration — 

Apache 343, 344 

Pima 138, 140, 141-142, 346,347 

senses 154 

sexual  powers  (male) 157 

skin  and  its  appendages 153-154 

sleep 154-155 

sneezing 155 

snoring 155 

statures 132-137 

sterihty 165 

temperature 138-143, 152, 348-371 

weight — 

Apache 342,343 

Pima 345, 347 

yawning 155 

Affinities,  physical,  of  tribes  visited 13 

Agave  atrovirens,  source  of  pulque 26 

Agaves,  liquors  made  from..- 26,28 

See  also  Mescal. 
Aged— 

color  of  skin 153 

condition  (Southern  Ute) 31 

proportion  of 41 

pulse 141, 152 

respiration 141 

skin 153-154 

teeth 158 

temperature 141, 142, 152 

See  also  Senility. 

Age  statistics  of  Indians 39-41 

Agriculture— 

account  of 16-18 

effects  of  sandstorms  on 3 

Aguardiente,  character  and  use  of 28, 29 

Albinism— 

cause 54 

detailed  account 192-197 

in  various  parts  of  U.  S 198-199 

physicians'  reports  on 213,  tab.  9 

Albuquerque  school,  diphtheria  in 190 

Alcalde,  J.  G.,  in  bibliography 407 

Alcocer,  Gabriel  V.,  in  bibliography 407 

Alcoholic  drinks,  description  of 26-29 

Alderman,  Doctor,  on  Opata — 

abortion 165 

childbirth 62 

insanity 184 

medicine 250 

Allen,  G.  A. ,  on  food  of  Mohave 24 

Allen,  W.  A.,  in  bibliography 407 

427 


428 


INDEX 


Page 

Allen,  Z.,  in  bibliography 424 

Alley,  Dr.  John  N.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions in  Idaho tab.  9 

Amenorrhea,  prevalence  of 189 

American  Museum  or  Natural  History— 

collections  in 19, 252, 259 

expeditions  of 1 

Amsinckiaspectabilis,  food  plant  (Pima).      264 
Amsincki a  tesselata,  food  plant  ( Pima) . .      264 

Anasarca,  general  (Pima) 183 

Andrews,  E.,  in  bibliography 407 

Andros,  p.,  in  bibliography 407 

Anemia,  summary  as  to 187, 191 

Anemiopsis  californica,   medicinal  plant 

(Pima) : 245 

Angina  pectoris  (Pima) 182 

Antonio,  Pima  chief,  cited  on  Pima— 

imbeciles  and  insane 182 

marriages ^0 

medicine-men 227 

suicide I'l 

Apache— 

adolescents- 
muscular  force 109,110 

typical  of  other  Southwestern  tribes      132 

adultery ^1 

adults — 

baldness 162 

orn^tQtinn    .,.-.        loo 


grayness 160, 161 

infanticide 165-166 

menstruation 15'' 

muscular  force 149 

sneezing 155 

statures 133 

temperature 138 

afiBnities 13 

albinism tab.  9 

cephalic  index ■ 342,343 

childbirth 63 

children  (observations  on)— 

age  in  relation  to  statore 101 

growth 112 

head  measurements 267-275 

physical  condition 299-322 

pulse-respi  ration  ratio 130 

statures 267-275 

weight 267-275 

cretinism tab.  9 

crime 168, 169 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

diseases 176-179 

epilepsy 202,tab.  9 

folk  medicine 239 

foods 20,22-23,258 

general  characteristics 85 

gestation 53 

goiter 201 ,  tab.  9 

gra3mess . 


397 

habits  of  life 31-32 

head  deformation 79-83 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

in  Pima  folklore 243 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

marriage 48 

medicine-men 224-225 


Apache— Continued. 

menstrual  feast 48 

monstrosities tab.  9 

muscular  force 343-344, 372-373 

nursing  of  infants 76-77 

occupations 17, 18 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 8-9, 42, 133 

polygamy 47 

population 5,  tab.  9 

precautions  against  disease 230 

proportion  of  sexes 38,39 

pulse 343-344 

respiration 343-344 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

sterile  women 51-52 

subdivisions 8-9 

temperature 343-344 

treatment  of  infants 73, 81-82 

tuberculosis 210, 211,  tab.  9 

See  also  Coyotero  Apache,  Port  Apache, 
Ariz.,  Gilenos,  Havasupai,  Jicarilla 
Apache,  Kiowa  Apache,  Lipan,  Mes- 
calero  Apache,  San  Carlos  Apache, 
Tonto  Apache,  Walapai,  White  Moun- 
tain Apache. 

Aphasia  (Rice  school) 178 

Apoplexy,  prevalence  of 188 

Appendicitis,  absence  of 188 

Arapaho— 

albinism 213,  tab.  9 

cretinism 213,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 215,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202, 203, 214,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201, 213,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204, 215,  tab.  9 

insanity 213,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 216,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 217,  tab.  9 

Arikara — 

goiter 213,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Arizona,  sand  storms  in 3 

Artemisia,    rnedicinal   plant    (Mescaleros, 

Lipan) ^ 235,238 

Arteries,  affections  of 188, 191 

Arthritic  disorders,  prevalence  of 173 

Arthritis,  senile— 
by  tribes — 

Hopi 180 

Tarahumare 186 

Zufii 181 

summary 191 

Ash,  medicinal  and  food  plant 251, 266 

AsHMEAD,  Dr.  Wm.  H.,  on  Pima  bee 264 

ASSINIBOIN— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Asthma ■--  188,191 

Athapascan  tribes  in  Southwest 8 

Atkinson,  Dr.  J.  L.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont tab.  9 

Atriplex  lentiformis,  food  plant  (Pima) .      263 


INDEX 


429 


Page 

AuTHOPOEA,  genus  of  Pima  bee 264 

Ayer,  E.  E.,  material  presented  by 239 

Aztec— 

affinities 12, 13 

baldness 162 

drunkenness 174 

foods 266 

grayness 160,161,406 

muscular  force 145, 148, 149, 150, 394-396 

size  of  families 43 

statures  ( average) 133, 136, 137 

suicide 172 

See  also  Tlahuiltec. 
AzuL,   Antonio,  Chief  of   Pima.    See  An- 
tonio. 

Badger,  Pima  notion  concerning 244 

Baegert,  Jacob,  in  bibliography 407 

Bailey,  E.  H.  S..  in  bibliography 408 

Baldness  among  Indians 161-163 

Balsamorrhiza,  medicinal  plant 234,238 

Bancroft,  H.  H.— 
cited  on— 

Apache  bands 8 

population  of  pueblos 6 

smallpox  among  Opata 185 

in  bibliography 425 

Bandelier,  a.  F.,  in  bibliography 408 

Bannock— 

epilepsy 203, 204, 214,  tab.  9 

insanity 202, 213,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 218-219,  tab.  9 

Barrows,  D.  P.,  in  bibliography 408 

Bartels,  Max,  in  bibhography 424 

Barton,  B.  S.,  in  bibliography 424 

Bartram,  William,  in  bibliography 424 

Basketry,  account  of 17, 18 

Bathing  among  Indians 30 

Batista,  P.,  in  bibliography 408 

Baxter,  J.  P.,  in  bibliography 424 

Beard  in  the  Indian,  general  description  of.    128- 

129, 132, 154 

Bell,  R.,  in  bibliography 408 

Bell,  Dr.  S.  D.,  on  epilepsy  among  White 

Mountain  Apache 177 

Benedict,  A.  L.,  in  bibliography 408 

Benson,  Dr.  Otis  O.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Klamath  and  Devils  Lake  agen- 
cies   tab.  9 

Beshoar,  M.,  in  bibliography 408 

Beverages.    See  Alcoholic  drinks. 

Beverley,  Robert,  in  bibliography 424 

Bissell,  G.  p.,  in  bibliography 408 

BiZNAGA,  food  plant 257,262 

Blachly,  Dr.  Arthur  T.,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Hayward  Training  School, 

Wash tab.  9 

Blackfeet — 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

epilepsy .'. 202,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,201, tab.  9 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 


Page 
Blackfeet  agency,  Mont.  (Piegan)— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Blindness— 
by  tribes — 

Hopi 180 

Huichol 187 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

Papago 182 

Pima 183 

Pueblos 189 

Tarahumare 185 

Zuni 181 

summary 174-175 

Boas,  Franz,  in  bibliography 408 

BoEEHAViA,   medicinal  plant  (San   Carlos 

Apache) 233 

Boils  (Maricopa) 248 

See  also  Abscesses. 

Borden,  W.  C,  in  bibliography 408 

Bossu,  N.,  in  bibliography 424 

BOTELER,  W.  C. ,  in  bibliography 408 

BoucHEA    ehrenbeegii,    medicinal    plant 

(San  Carlos  Apache) 232 

BouRKE,  Capt.  John  G.— 

cited  on  albinism  among  Navaho 192 

in  bibhography 408 

Boussenard,  L.,  in  bibliography 409 

BoWDiTCH,  H.  P.,  on  heights  of  American 

children 88, 89, 101, 114-115, 122, 127 

Bowleggedness  among  Pueblos 174 

Breasts— 

affections  of— 

Apache 178 

Pima 183 

summary 188, 191 

Indian  girls 126 

Apache 131, 310-322 

Pima 131, 330-341 

Indian  women 76 

Breid,  Dr.  Jacob,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Hopi  agency,  N.  Mex tab.  9 

Brewer,  I.  W.,  in  bibliography 409 

Brickell,  John,  in  bibliography 424 

Brinton,  D  .  G  . ,  in  bibliography 409 

Broca's  scale,  colors  of 153 

Bronchial  disorders— 

Apache 178 

Pima 182 

summary 173, 188 

Broshears,  Dr.  Jackson,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Fort  Sill,  Okla tab.  9 

Brown,  John  Mason,  in  bibliography 424 

Brownell,  Charles  de  Wolf,  in  bibliog- 
raphy       424 

Buchanan,  Dr.  Charles  M.— 

in  bibliography 409 

on  pathological   conditions  at  Tulalip 
agency,  Wash tab.  9 


430 


INDEX 


BUGLEE,  Dr.  T.  B.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Santa  Fe  school,  N.  Mex tab.  9 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  expedi- 
tion luider  auspices  of 1 

Burns,  treatment  of  (Opata) 250 

BusKiRK,  Dr.  J.  Van,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Rapid  City  school,  S.  Dak tab.  9 

Caddo— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Calendaria,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  village...        11 
Calentueas— 
by  tribes- 
Cora 187 

Huichol 186, 187 

Tepecano 186,251 

Tepehuane 186 

TlahuUtec 187 

Yaqui 184 

summary 173 

See  also  Malaria. 
Callahan,  Dr.  Walter  K.— 

on  diseases  of  Pima 182 

on  pathological  conditions  among  Shos- 

honi tab.  9 

Camomile,  use  of  (Opata) 250 

Camomile  tea,  use  of 75 

Campamala,  insect  found  among  Tarahu- 

mare 170 

Camp  McDowell,  Indians  at 6,10 

See  also  Old  Camp  McDowell. 
Canaigre— 

food  plant  (Pima) 264,265 

medicinal  plant — 

Maricopa 247 

Papago 242 

Pima 245 

San  Carlos  Apache 232 

Cancer— 

summary 190, 191 

Tarahumare 186 

Canotia  holocantha— 

adulterant  of  tesvino 27 

food  plant  (San  Carlos  Apache) 258 

medicinal  plant  (San  Carlos  Apache) 233 

Cantonment,  Okla.  (Cheyenne,  Arapaho)— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202, 204, 214,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Capotes— 

location 7 

population 5 

Carlisle  Indian  school,  tuberculosis  in...    217 

Carr,  L.,  in  bibliography 409 

Carson  school,  Nev.  (Paiute)— 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Carson,   Dr.  Simeon  L.,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Lower  Brule  agency,  S.  Dak.  tab.  9 

Carver,  J.,  in  bil)liography 424 

Cassia  couesii,  addition  to  tesvino 27 

Castilleia,   medicinal  plant  (San  Carlos 
Apache) 234 


Page 

Castor-oil  bean,  used  as  remedy  (Mari- 
copa)        248 

Castration  (Tarahumare) 251 

Cataract,  summary  as  to 189 

Catarrhs,  cause  of 174 

Catlin,  Geo.,  In  bibliography 424 

Cauterization— 

Papago 241 

Pima 246 

Tarahumare 251 

Yuma 249 

Cayuse— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Century  plant.    See  Maguey. 

Cephalicindex.  See  Head  (measurements). 

Cephalic  module.  See  Head  (measure- 
ments) 

Cereus  giganteus.    See  Saguaro. 

Cereus  greggii— 

food  plant  (San  Carlos  Apache) 257 

used  as  remedy  (San  Carlos  Apache) . .  233,234 

Chadwick,  Dr.  J  R.,  cited  by  Bowditch  on 
menstruation  of  American-born  white 
women ' 127 

Chamberlain,  A.  F.,  in  bibliography 409 

Chamberlain,  Lucia  S.,  in  bibliography...      409 

Chamberlain  school,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)  — 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

Chambers,  Dr.  Marshal  E.,  on  pathologi- 
cal conditions  at  Rainy  Mountain  school, 
Okla tab.  9 

Chapman,  Dr.  O.  M.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak tab. 9 

Character  or  Indians 138 

See  also  Habits  of  life. 

Charia,  medicinal  plant  (Tarahumare) 251 

Charlevoix,  P.  de,  in  bibliography 424 

Chastrey,  H.,  in  bibliography 409 

Chenopodium,  food  plant 264, 266 

Cherokee— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202,  tab.  9 

goiter 199, 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population : tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Chesnut  ,  V .  K  . ,  in  bibliography 409 

Chest  affections— 

Maricopa 244-245 

Mescaleros 235 

Pima 244-245 

Tepecano 186 

Tepehuane 186 

See  also  Lung  disorders. 

Chewing  gum  (Pima) 265 

Cheyenne— 

albinism 198, 213,  tab.  9 

cretinism 213,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206, 207, 215,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202, 204, 214,  tab.  9 

goiter 199, 201, 213,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,215,  tab.  9 

insanity 213,  tab.  9 


INDEX 


431 


Cheyenne— Continued.  Page 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 216,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,217, tab.  9 

Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Okla. 

See  Arapaho,  Cheyenne. 
Cheyenne  River  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Black- 
feet,  Sioux)— 

albinism 198 

deaf  and  dumb 206 

epilepsy 202 

goiter 199 

idiocy 204 

Lasanity 201 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Chickenpox— 

Hopi 180 

Navaho 239 

Childbirth— 
by  tribes- 
Apache  56-58 

Hopi 61, 226 

Huichol 63 

Maricopa 60 

Mohave 61 ,  184, 249 

Nahua 63 

Navaho 58 

Opata 61-€2 

Papago 60 

Pima 59-60, 64, 69-72 

Rio  Grande  Pueblos 61 

San  Carlos  Apache 64, 66-69, 234 

Sia 61 

Tarahumare 61, 228 

Tarasco 63 

Tepecano 62-63, 186, 251 

Tlahuiltec 63 

Zuni 61 

duration  of  labor 63-64 

general  conditions 55-56 

lacerations 189, 191 

lack  of  precautions 229 

religious  customs  in 59,61 

See  also  Abortion,  Pregnancy. 
Children,  Indian — 

adolescence 128-129, 132 

albinism tab.  9 

approximation  of  ages 101 

breasts- 
Apache  girls 310-322 

Pima  girls 330-341 

cretinism tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb tab.  9 

desire  for  (White  Mountain  Apache) 52 

digestion 156 

disesises.    See  under  names  of  tribes,  lo- 
calities, and  diseases. 

epilepsy tab.  9 

face,  growth  of 120-122,  i31 

face  measurements- 
Apache 108-1 12, 130, 283-292, 342, 344 

Pima 292-299, 345, 347 

food  (Pima,  San  Carlos  Apache) tab.  1 

functions  (Pima,  San  Carlos  Apache) tab.  1 

general  characteristics 84-87 

goiter 200-201,  tab.  9 


Children,  Indian- Continued. 

growth 112 

head  deformation 79-84 

head,  growth  of. 116-120,131 

head  measurements- 
Apache 267-275, 342-344 

Pima 276-282, 345, 347 

height  of  body,  of  trunk ...  112-114,130-131 

idiocy tab.  9 

insanity tab.  9 

left-handedness 130 

locomotion  ( San  Carlos  Apache) 129 

menstruation , ? 132 

Apache 125-128, 131, 310-322 

Mohave 127-128 

Pima 125-128, 131, 330-341 

monstrosities tab.  9 

muscular  force — 

Apache 108-112, 130, 283-292 

Pima 108-112, 130, 292-299, 346, 347 

nursing  (Pima,  San  Carlos  Apache) tab.  1 

panics 87 

physical  condition — 

Apache tab.  1, 299-322 

Pima tab.  1,322-341 

puberty 125-129, 131-132 

pulse 89-90 

Apache 91, 93-96, 

101-103, 105-106, 108, 130, tab.  1, 283-292 

Pima 92-96, 101-103, 

105-106, 108, 130,  tab.  1, 292-299, 346-347 

sMn  and  appendages 153-154 

special  physiological  studies  on 87-88 

spinal  curvatures tab.  9 

respiration- 
Apache 130,  tab.  1,283-292 

Pima. tab.  1, 292-299, 346, 347 

Southern  Ute 31 

statures — 

Apache 88-89,  tab.  1, 267-275, 342-344 

Pima 88-89, 276-282, 345-347 

teeth — 

Apache. . .  96-99, 122-125, 131,  tab.  1, 299-322 

Pima 96-99, 

122-125, 131, 184,  tab.  1, 322-341 

talking 129 

temperature — 

Apache 106-108, 130, 283-292, 343, 344 

Pima 107-108, 130, 292-299, 346, 347 

treatment  at  birth 234, 245 

Mohave , 75 

Navaho 74 

Opata 75, 249 

Papago 75 

Pima 74-75, 245 

San  Carlos  Apache 234 

Tarahumare 75 

Zuni 74 

treatment  in  later  infancy 79-84, 233 

tuberculosis tab.  9 

urine,  incontinence  of 178 

weight 114-116,131 

Apache 267-275, 342, 343 

Pima 276-282, 345, 347 

See  also  Children  under  Whites. 
Chilocco  Agricultural  School,  Okla., 
pathological  conditions  in tab.  9 


432 


INDEX 


Chippewa— 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab,  9 

epilepsy 202,203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199, 200, 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 211, 217,  tab.  9 

Chiricahua,  Chiricahua  Apache— 

location 8 

tesviao  used  by 27 

Cholla  cactus,  uses  of  (San  Carlos  Apache)      232 

Chokea— 

Opata ,    184 

Pima 183 

San  Carlos  school 178 

Chrtsothamnus,  medicinal  plant 232, 239 

Chusite,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Cinchona,  native  (Tepecano) 251 

Circumcision,  absence  of 79 

Clark.    See  Lewis  and  Clark. 

Clavigero,  in  bibliography 425 

Cleaves,  C.  C,  in  bibliography 409 

Clematis,  use  of— 

Hopi 240 

San  Carlos  Apache 232 

Cliff-dwellers   (prehistoric),  head  de- 
formation of  82 

Climacterium  in  Indian  women 157 

Climate— 

influence  on — 

health  in  general 173 

occurrence  of  deaf  and  dumb 207 

skin 153 

stature 134 

tuberculosis 212 

of  region  in  general 3-4 

Clothing — 

effect  of,  on  Indians 174,179 

general  description 13-15 

Clysters,  use  of  (San  Carlos  Apache) 233 

Coconino,  location  of 9 

See  also  Havasupai,  Supai. 

COCOPA— 

muscular  force 149 

physical  environment 133 

physical  type 133 

stature 133 

CcEUR  d'Alenes— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,207,tab. 9 

goiter 199,201, tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Coffee,  use  of  (Navaho) 179 

Colds— 

Mescaleros 235 

Navaho 180 

San  Carlos  Apache 232 

Southern  Ute 176 

Colorado  River  agency,  Ariz.— 

Mohave  at 6, 38 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 219,  tab.  9 


Colorado  River  reservation,  Indians  on.       10 
Colorado  River  Yuma.    See  Yuma. 

Colton,  C,  in  bibliography 424 

Colville  agency.  Wash.— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Comanche— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population , tab.  9 

scarification 237 

CoMPTON,  Dr.  C.  M.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Osage  agency,  Okla tab.  9 

Concepcion  de  LOS  BaSos,  Mexico,  Maza- 

hua  village 12 

Conception  among  Indian  women 51-53 

CoNDALiA  OBOVATA,  food  plant 262, 265 

Conjunctivitis— 
by  tribes— 

Hopi 181 

Pima 182 

Tepecano 186 

Zuni 181 

summary 189 

Constipation 189, 247 

Consumption,  pulmonary.     See  Tubercu- 
losis (pulmonary). 
Contagious  diseases— 

summary J 190 

Tarahumare 185 

See  also  Epidemics,  and  names  of  chief 
contagious  diseases. 

Convulsions  (Southern  Ute) 176 

Conyngham,  E.  p.,  in  bibliography 409 

Cook,  O.  P.,  in  bibliography 409 

Cora— 

baldness 162, 163 

character 35 

children 87 

crime 170 

diseases 187 

folk  medicine 242, 252 

foods 21, 25-26, 266 

grayness 160, 161, 404 

head  deformation 83 

location 1, 11-12 

marriage 50 

muscular  force 145, 147, 150, 151, 389-390 

occupations 17 

population 7 

size  of  families 43 

smoking 30 

statures  (average) 133, 130, 137 

sterility  among  women 52, 165 

tuberculosis 242 

villages 12 

CoRi!:AL»  Francois,  in  bibliography 424 

Corn,  liquor  made  from 26,28 

Cornea,  aHections  of 189 

CouDERT,  Dr.  Prank  E.,  on  pathological 
conditions  in  Santa  F6  school,  N.  Mex., 
tab.  9. 


INDEX 


433 


Coughs— 

Apache ...'..  232, 233, 239 

Hopi 181 

Huichol 186 

Mescaleros 23b 

Navaho 239 

Pima 245 

Southern  Ute 176 

CoviLLE,  F.  v.,  in  bibliography 410 

CoviLLEA  TRiDENTATA,  medicinal  plant— 

Maricopa 244-245, 248 

Papago 242 

Pima 74, 244-245, 247 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

COWANIA,  use  of  (Hopi) 240 

Cox,  Dr.  Horace  W.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Puyallup  agency.  Wash.,  tab.  9. 

Cox,  Ross,  in  bibliography 424 

Coyote— 

Pima  notions  concerning 243 

tabu  against 54 

CoYOTERO  Apache,  Coyoteros— 

location 8 

population 5 

tesvino  made  by 27 

Cradles,  Cradle-boards 79-82 

Cranial  deformation.    See  Head  (defor- 
mation). 

Cranial  diameters.    See  Head  (measure- 
ments). 

Crawling  on  part  of  Indian  children  84, 99-100, 129 

Creeks— 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

See  also  Muscogee  Creeks. 

Cretinism— 

physicians'  reports  on 213,  tab.  9 

summary 190, 201 

Cricket,  as  a  medicine  ( Papago) 242 

Crime  among  Indians,  account  of 166-171 

See  also  Suicide. 

Crottp,  absence  of 188 

See  also  Diphtheria. 

Croxtse,  C.  W.,  agent,  on  diseases  of  White 
Mountain  Apache 217 

Crow  agency,  Mont.  (Crows) — 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

idiocy. 204,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Crow  Creek  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Crows— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206, 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

3452— Bull.  34—08 28 


Crows— Continued.  Page 

goiter 199,201, tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 218,  tab.  9 

Cuautepec,  Mexico,  Tla,huiltec  \iilage 13 

Cucurbita     palmata,     medicinal     plant 
(Pima)  246 

Cullen,  Dr.  Chas.  D.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Mount  Pleasant,  Mich tab.  9 

Currier,  A.  F.,  in  bibliography 410 

Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton— 
cited  on- 
primitive  surgery 241 

Zufli 9,23,54 

in  bibUography 410 

CYLLNfDRiopuNTiAS,  f ood  plants  (Pima) ...  261, 262 

Daffner,  F.— 

cited  on  physical  data  for  children 88, 89 

on  dentition 96-99, 122 

Da  Lacerda,  J.  B.,  in  bibliography 410 

Dances 34-35,154 

Darling  and  Winder,  in  bibliography ...      410 

Darton,  N.  H.,  work  of  cited 2 

Dasylirion,  sotol  made  from 26 

Datura,  use  of 28, 173 

Davis,  Dr.  Edward  J.— 

on  abortion  among  Zufli 164 

on  diseases  of  Zuni 181, 216,  tab.  9 

Deaf  and  dumb— 
by  tribes — 

Hopi 180 

Huichol 187 

JicarUlas 178 

Papago 182 

Tarahumare 185 

Zufli 181 

physicians'  reports  on 198, 215,  tab.  9 

summary 190, 206-207 

Deafness— 

Hopt 180 

Opata 184 

Pima 182 

See  also  Deaf  and  dumb. 

De  Forest,  J.  W.,  m  bibliography 410 

Deformities— 

Hopi 180, 181 

Papago 182 

Southern  Ute 176 

summary 174 

See  also  Abnormalities,  Head  (deforma- 
tion) ,  Monstrosities. 

Dementia— 

Navaho 180 

San  Carlos  reservation 177 

See  also  Insanity,  Mania. 

Dementyeff,   Doctor,  cited  on  develop- 
ment of  muscular  force 109 

Demler,  Dr.  T.  B.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Sekani  school,  Ind.  T tab.  9 

Dental  caries— 

Pima 182,183 

summary 190, 191 

Tarahumare 186 


434 


INDEX 


Dentition.    See  Teeth. 

Devils  Lake  agency,  N.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Diabetes  (Pima)  182 

Diarrhea— 

Huichol 186 

Maricopa 247 

Mescaleros 235 

Pima 182, 244 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

See  also  Dysentery. 

Dichelostemma,  food  plant   (San  Carlos 
Apache) 258 

DiegueNos,  California 133 

Digestive  disorders — 
by  tribes — 

Navaho 179 

Opata 184 

Otomi 187 

Southern  Ute 176 

Tarahumare 185 

Tepehuane 186 

summary 188 

See  also  Gastro-intestinal  disorders.  In- 
testinal disorders. 

Diphtheria 181, 190 

DiPON,  Dr.  C.  R.,  on  pathological  conditions 
at  Haskell  Institute tab.  9 

Diseases  and  disorders  among  Indians — 

causes 172-175 

effect  of  cLlmato  on 212 

general  account 175 

Indian  conception  of 220-221 

prevention  of .- . . .  229-231 

summary 187-191 

tribal  details 176-187 

See  also  Medicine-men, Medicine-women; 
names  of  diseases,  and  under  names  of 
tribes. 

Diskatan,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Division  of  labor— 

Pueblos 33 

San  Carlos  Apache 32 

See  also  Occupations. 

Divorce— 

San  Carlos  Apache 168 

White  Mountain  Apache 49 

Dixon,  R.B.,  in  bibliography 410 

Dog,  Pima  notion  concerning 243 

Dolores,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Dolores  costales— 

Huichol 186 

Tarahumare 185, 250 

See  also  Pleura,  affections  of,  Pneu- 
monia. 

Domenecii,  Abb£,  in  bibliography 416 

Domestic  animal.s  kept  by  Indians 17 

Domestic  life.    See  Habits  of  life. 

Dondia  suffrutescens — 

use  of,  by  Pima 202,204 

wounds  inflicted  by 183 

DORSEY,  Dr.  Geo,  A.— 

in  bibliography 425 

on  outfit  of  Navaho  shaman    239-240 


Dowler,  B  .,  in  bibhography 411 

Drake,  Benj.,  in  bibliography 424 

Dreams  among  Indians 87, 155 

Driesbach,    Dr.   C.  W.,   on  pathological 
conditions   at    Cheyenne   River   agency, 

S.Dak tab.  9 

Drinking  on  part  of  Indians 30-31, 173-174 

Seg  also  Alcohohc  drinks.  Drunkenness. 
Driver,  Dr  .  G  .  S  .,  on  pathological  conditions 

in  Fort  Lewis  school,  Colo tab.  9 

Dropsy,  prevalence  of, 189 

Drunkenness— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 31, 32 

Jicarillas 178 

Mazahua 36 

Navaho 33 

Otomi 35, 187 

Tarasco 36 

Tepecano 186 

Tlahuiltec 187 

Yuma 34 

relation  to  crime 166-171 

DtJsiNG,  on  European  births  by  sexes 39 

Dwellings— 

care  of 32, 34 

construction  and  repair 18 

general  description 15-17 

Dynamometers 108, 109, 143 

Dysentery— 
by  tribes— 

Huichol 186 

Pima 182, 183 

Tepecano 186 

simimary 188, 191 

See  also  Diarrhea. 

Dysmenorrhea  ,  prevalence  of 189 

Dystocia 55 

Dysuria,  remedy  for  (Papago) 242 

Earache,  remedies  for — 
by  tribes- 
Apache 234,237 

Maricopa 248 

Papago 242 

summary 189-190 

Earthquakes  in  region  visited 3 

Eastern  Cherokee  school,  N.  C.  (Chero- 
kee)— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Echinocereus  wislizeni,  food  plant  (San 

Carlos  Apache) 257 

Eclampsia,  kidney  disorders  in 189 

Eczema— 
by  tribes— 

Hopi 180 

Yuma 184 

summary 189 

Eells,  M.,  in  bibliography 411 

Ehrenreich,  p.,  in  bibliography 411 

Elephantiasis— 
by  tribes— 

Pima 182 

San  Carlos  Apache 178 

summary 190 


INDEX 


435 


Emetics— 

Hopi 240-241 

San  Carlos  Apache 232 

Emory, ,  authority  on  region  investi- 
gated   2 

Encelia    farinosa,    chewing    gum    from 

(Pima) 265 

Engelmann,  G.,  in  bibliography 411 

Enteric  fever.    See  Typhoid  fever. 

Enteritis  (Zuni) 181 

Environment  of  tribes  visited— 

general  description 2-5 

Influence  on  Indians ...  36, 126-127, 134-135 

Ephedra  viridis,  medicinal  plant- 
Apache  233, 236, 239 

Navaho 239 

Epidemics  among  Indians 229 

Epilepsy- 
by  tribes— 

Hopl 180 

Navaho 180 

Otomi 187 

Papago 182 

White  Mountain  Apache 177 

Zufil 181 

physicians'  reports  on 214,  tab.  9 

summary 189 

Epithelioma— 

summary 190 

Zuni 181 

Eeiogonum  alatum,  medicinal  plant  (San 

Carlos  Apache) 233 

Eructation 155 

EscuLAPiON,  remedy  of  Tarahumare 250 

Euphorbia,  medicinal   plant   (San  Carlos 

Apache) 232 

Evans,  J.  P.,  in  bibliography 411 

Eyes,  affections  of— 
by  tribes— 

Maricopa 247 

Mescaleros 237 

Papago . , 242 

Pima 182,245 

Southern  Ute 176 

Zuiii 181 

summary 189, 191 

Seealso  Blindness,  Conjunctivitis,  Gran- 
ular lids.  Ophthalmia,  Strabismus. 
Face— 

growth — 

adults 120-122 

children 120-122, 131 

measurements- 
Apache  283-292, 342, 344 

Pima 292-299, 345, 347 

Families,  Indian,  size  of 41 

Fanning,   Dr.    Geo.    R.,   on   pathological 
conditions   at   Western   Navaho   school, 

N.  Mex tab.  9 

Fauna  of  region  visited 5 

Favus,  prevalence  of 180, 189 

Feeble-minded— 
by  tribes — 

Mescaleros 178 

Opata 184 

Zuni 181 

summary 189 


Felon  (Pima) i82 

Female  diseases— 

Navaho i80 

Pima 183 

Zuni 181 

See  also  Menstruation  (disorders),  Sex- 
ual organs,  affections  of.  Uterine  dis- 
orders. 

Ferrebee,  Dr.  W.  E.— 

cited    on  families   of  Colorado    River 

Yuma 43 

on  Yuma  drink  pissioina 28 

on  Yuma  huts  for  sick  and  aged 249 

Fetishes— 

Hopi 241 

Navaho 238 

Tepecano 229 

Fever,  treatment  of— 

Mohave 248 

Papago 242 

Pima 245 

See  also  Calenturas  and  specific  names 
of  fevers. 

Fewkes,  Dr.  J.  Walter— 

acknowledgment  to 225 

authority  on  Hopi g 

cited  on — 

ethnobotany 240 

Hopi  snake  dance 241 

in  bibliography 411 

on  medical  treatment  among  Hopi . . .  226, 241 

Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  ma- 
terial in 232, 239 

Fishing,  account  of 17, 18, 35 

Flathead  agency,  Mont.— 

deaf  and  dumb 2O6, 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Flatheads— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Flatus 155 

Fletcher,  Robert,  in  bibliography 411 

Flexion,  C,  in  bibliography 411 

Flooding,  treatment  of  (Opata) 250 

Flora  of  region  visited 5 

Folk  medicine— 

general  account 231 

tribal  details 231-253 

See  also  under  tribal  names. 

Fontanel,  anterior,  treatment  of— 

Opata 75, 249 

Papago 243 

Pima 243 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

Foods— 

adults 156 

general  description 19-20 

infants  (Apache,  Pima) tab.  1 

influence  on  pulse  and  temperature. . .  142-143 

native  to  region 257-266 

relation  to  obesity 156 

tribal  details 20-26, 179, 180, 257-266 

Forests  of  region  visited 2 


436 


INDEX 


FoET  Apache,  Aeiz.  (Apache)— 

deaf  and  dumb 206 

epilepsy 202 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

habits  of  life 31-32 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population 5,  tab.  9 

polygamy 49 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Fort   Belknap  agency,   Mont.  (Assini- 
boin,  Grosventres) — 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab   9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

goiter 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Fort  Berthold  agency,  N.  Dak.  (Ank- 
ara, Grosventres,  Mandan)— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199, 201, 213,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Fort  Bidwell  school,  Cal.  (Paiute)  — 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis  ( Paiute) 210,  tab.  9 

Fort  Hall  agency,  Idaho  (Shoshoni  or 
Bannock) — 

epilepsy 203, 214,  tab.  9 

insanity 202, 213,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 218-219,  tab.  9 

Fort  Lewis  school,  Colo.  (Southern  Ute, 
Ute,  Wiminuche) — 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

Indians  in 5,7 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Fort  Mohave,  Ariz.  (Mohave)— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

Indians  at 6, 38 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

pneumonia  epidemic 184 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

vitiligo-like  affection 192 

Fort  Peck  agency,  Mont.  (Sioux)— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Fort  Shaw  Industrial  School,  Mont.— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Fort  Sill,  Okla.  (Apache,  Kiowa)— 

Chiricahua  at 8 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 


Paga 
Fort  Sill,  Okla.  (Apache,  Kiowa)— Con. 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Fort  Yuma  reservation,  Cal.  (Yuma)  — 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

FouQUiERA    splendens,    medicinal    plant 

(San  Carlos  Apache) 233,234 

Fractures  of  bones— 
by  tribes- 
Cora 252 

Hopi 241 

Lipan 238 

Maricopa 248 

Mescaleros 238 

Papago 241 

Pima 246,247 

San  Carlos  Apache.    234 

Southern  Ute 176 

Tarahumare 250 

Zuni 241 

prevalence  of 191 

summary 191 

France,  epilepsy  in 204 

Fresno,  remedy  of  Tarahumare 251 

Friederici,  Georg,  in  bibliography 411 

Frios— 

Cora 252 

Tarahumare 185 

See  also  Malaria. 
FuLLiDORA   CAPOLiNATA,   medicinal   plant 

(Otomi) 252 

Functions  of  Indian  children tab.  1 

Fungi,  poisonous 173 

Gabb,  William  M. ,  in  bibliography 411 

G AiLLARD, ,  in  bibliography 411 

Gambling— 
among  the— 

Navaho 33 

Southern  Ute '   31 

Walapai 33 

Yuma 34 

general  account  of 30, 154 

Games 30 

Gartichas,  used  as  a  remedy- 
Cora  252 

Tarahumare 250 

Gastro-intestinal  disorderd— 
by  tribes- 
Cora 252 

Hopi 180 

Huichol 186, 187 

Maricopa 244-245, 247 

Mescaleros 176 

Mohave 184 

Pima 244-246 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

Tarahumare 250 

Tarasco 187 

Walapai 179 

Yuma 184 

Zuni 181 

summary 173, 191 


INDEX 


437 


Page 

Gatschet, ,  cited  on  sex  difference  in 

stature  (white) 135 

Genoa  school,  Nebe.— 

epilepsy 203,  tab. 9 

goiter 199, 201,  tab. 9 

pathological  conditions tab. 9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab. 9 

Geology  of  region  visited 3 

Gestation  among  Indian  women — 

general  account 53 

in  connection  with  nursing 77, 79 

tabus 53, 54, 194 

tribal  details 53-55 

See  also  Pregnancy. 

Gibbs,  G.,  in  bibliography 412 

Gila  monster,  bite  of 172, 173 

GileSos,  location  of 8 

GoDDAED,  p.  E.,  in  bibliography 412 

Godfrey,  G.  C.  M.,  in  bibliography 412 

Goiter— 

among    Indians    in    various    parts    of 

US 199-201 

by  tribes — 

Apache 178, 199 

Hopi 180 

, 184-185 

182 

Yaqui 185 

physicians'  reports  on 213, tab. 9 

summary 190 

thyroid  gland  in 188 

GoLONDEiNA,  medicinal  plant  (Opata) 250 

GoM ARA,  in  bibliography 425 

Gonorrhea— 
by  tribes— 

Mescaleros 236 

San  Carlos  Apache 179, 233 

Southern  Ute 176 

White  Mountain  Apache 232 

summary 189 

Goodrich,  Dr.  Henry  E.,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Standing  Rock  agency,  N. 

Dak tab.  9 

Goodrich,  Dr.  R.  H.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions in  Chamberlain  school,  S.  Dak tab.  9 

Gore,  J.  H.,  in  bibliography 412 

Gould, ,  on  pulse  rate  in  Indians 141 

Graham,  Agent  D.  D.,  cited  on  size  of  Zuni 

families 43 

Grand  Junction  school,  Colo.— 

pathological  conditions tab .  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Grand  mal.    See  Epilepsy. 
Grande  Ronde  school,  Oreg.— 

idiocy , 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Granular  lids,  chronic  (Pima) 183 

Grapes,  liquor  made  from 27,28 

Grayness,  tribal  details  of 159-161,397-406 

Greasewood.    See  Covillea  tridentata. 
Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.  (Menominee)— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb . , 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter... 200, tab.  9 


Green  Bay  agency,  Wis.  (Menominee)— 
Continued. 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Greenville  SCHOOL,  Cal.,  pathological  con- 
ditions in tab.  9 

Grieve,  James,  M.  D.,  in  bibliography 425 

Grinnell,  F.,  in  bibliography 412 

Grinnell,  George  Bird,  in  bibliography. .      412 
Grippe.    See  La  grippe. 

Grohman, ,  in  bibliography 412 

Gbossmann,  p.  E.,  in  bibliography 412 

Grosventres— 

goiter 213,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Growth  of  Indian  children 112 

Guerrero 190 

GuiTERAS,  E.,  in  bibliography 420 

Habits  of  life  of  the  Indians- 
general  description 29-31, 51 

tribal  details 31-36 

See  also  Character  of  Indians,  Occupa- 
tions. 
Hair— 

care  of 14,15,30 

general  description 153, 154 

in  albinos 193, 197 

restoration  of  (Hopi) 240 

See  also  Baldness,  Beard,  Grayness. 

Hale   Horatio,  in  bibliography 425 

Hammond,    W.    A.,    cited    on    pederasty 

among  Pueblos 51 

Hanami,  food  plant— 

Maricopa 265 

Pima .-. 264 

Hani,  Hopi  chief,  on  physical  condition  of 

Hopi 180 

Hano,  Hopi  village 9 

Hanson,  Dr.  Knud  K.  H.,  on  pathological 
conditions    at    Grand    Junction    school, 

Oreg tab.  9 

Hardin,  Dr.  L.  M.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn tab.  9 

Hardy, ,    on   goiter   among    Mexican 

Indians 185 

Harelip,  prevalence  of 58, 190 

Haeen.    See  Saguaro  (liquor). 

Hariot,  Thomas,  in  bibliography 424 

Harris,  G.  H.,  in  bibhography 412 

Harris,  Thaddeus  Mason,  in  bibliography.      424 
Harrison,  Dr.  W.  H.  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak tab.  9 

Harshberger,  J.  W.,  in  bibliography 412 

Hart,  Dr.  E.  S.,  on  pathological  conditions 

at  Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebr.  tab.  9 
Hartfan,  Dr.  John  S.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Seger  school,  Okla tab.  9 

Hartman,  C.  W.— 

cited  on  Indians  of  New  Mexico 250 

on  albinism  among  Tarahumare 192 

on  food  of  Tarahumare 25, 266 

Harvey,  Henry,  in  bibhography 424 

Haskell    institute,    Lawrence,    Kans., 
pathological  conditions  in 211,  tab.  9 


438 


INDEX 


Havaed,  V. ,  in  bibliography 412 

Havasupai— 

affinities 13 

diseases 179 

foods -• 23 

head  development 79, 83 

language 8 

location 1,8,9 

marriage 47 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

occupations 17 

physical  type 9, 13, 133, 134 

population 6 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

statures 132, 133, 135, 137 

See  also  Coconino,  Supai. 
Hatden, ,  authority  on  region  investi- 
gated           2 

Hayward  Training  School,  Wash.,  patho- 
logical conditions  in 208,  tab.  9 

Headaches— 
by  tribes— 

Lipan 235 

Maricopa 247 

Mescaleros 235 

Navaho 179 

Otomi 252 

San  Carlos  Apache 232,233 

Tepecano 186 

Tepehuane 186 

summary 189 

Head— 

deformation 79-84, 176, 184 

growth- 
adolescents  131 

children , .  116-120, 121-122, 131 

measurements — 

Apache 267-275, 342-344 

Pima 276-282, 345, 347 

See  also  Face. 

Hearing,  sense  of 154,190 

Heart,  diseases  of 180,188,191 

Heckewelder,  John,  in  bibliography 424 

Hedeoma    reverchoni,    medicinal    plant 

(Mescaleros) 235 

Hefferman,  W.  T.— 

cited  on  medicine  among  Yuma 228,249 

in  bibliography.    413 

on  killing  of  medicine-men  by  Yuma 224 

Heidelman,  Dr.  John  H.,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Flathead  agency,  Mont tab.  9 

Height.    See  Stature. 

Hemorrhoids,  prevalence  of 188 

Henderson,  Dr.  Thomas  M.,  on  patho- 
logical  conditions   at    Umatilla   agency, 

Oreg tab.  9 

Henry,  Alexander,  in  bibliography 425 

Herba  buena,  medicinal  plant 63, 251 

Herba  del  oso,  food  plant  (Tarahumare) . .      266 
Herba  de  San  Antonio,  medicinal  plant 

(Tepecano) 251 

Heredity— 

influence  on— 

albinism 194 

occurrence  of  deaf  and  dumb  among 

Indians 207 

stature 134 


Hermaphroditism  (Mohave) 184 

Hernia— 

by  tribes— 

Maricopa . , 248 

Pima 183 

summary 191 

Herpes  zoster— 

Mescaleros 179 

Pima 244 

Herrera, ,  in  bibliography 425 

Hiccough  among  Indians 155 

HicuLi.    See  Peyote. 

Higdon,  Dr.  E.  F.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Cantonment,  Okla tab.  9 

Hip  disease  (Pima) 182 

HiRSCH,  A.— 

cited  on  epilepsy  in  Europe 204 

on  goiter 200 

in  bibliography 425 

Hoffman,  Walter  James,  in  bibliography .  413 

HOFFMANSEGIA         STRICTA,         food        plant 

(Pima) 262-263 

HoGAN,  Navaho  dwelling 15, 16 

Holder,  A.  B.,  in  bibliography 413 

Holodiscus  ,  remedy  of  Mescaleros 236 

Holt,  Dr.    Russell   D.,   on  pathological 
conditions  in    Eastern  Cherokee  school, 

N.  C ■ tab.  9 

Honey— 

liquor  made  from 27 

Pima  food 264-265 

HoPi— 

abortion 164 

albinism 191, 192-197, 198,  tab.  9 

attention  to  infants 79 

baldness 162 

character 9 

childbirth 61 

cretinism tab. 9 

deaf  and  dumb 205,206, tab. 9 

deformities 174 

diseases 180-181 

dwellings 16 

epilepsy 203,  tab. 9 

folk  medicine. 240-241 

foods 23 

gestation 53-54 

goiter 199,201,  tab. 9 

habits  of  lite 33-34 

head  deformation 83 

idiocy 205,  tab . 9 

insanity tab. 9 

investigations  among 1 

location 9 

marriage 49, 194 

medicine-men 225-227 

menstruation 127, 157 

monstrosities tab. 9 

muscular  strength 145, 147, 376-377 

nursing  of  infants 77 

occupations 17 

physical  affinity 134 

physical  environment 134 

population 6,  tab. 9 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

pulse  and  respiration 139-141,355-356 

size  of  families 42-43 


INDEX 


439 


Page 

Hopi— Continued. 

smallpox 229 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab .  9 

statures 133, 134, 136, 137, 140 

sterile  women 52 

tabus 226 

temperature 139-141, 355-356 

treatment  of  newborn  children 74 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

use  of  urine 240 

villages 17 

Hopi  Pxteblos.    See  Hopi. 

Hopi  school  Indians  in 6 

Horned  toad,  Pima  notions  concerning...      243 

HosTYN  Klai,  Navaho  medicine-man 238 

Hot  springs  in  region  visited 3 

Hough,  Dr.  Walter— 

acknowledgment  to 225 

authority  on  Hopi 9 

cited  on — 

Hopi  custom 240 

Hopi  Snake  dance 241 

in  bibliography 413 

Hrdlicka,  Dr.  Ales— 
cited  on — 

anthropological    investigations    on 

chUdren 109, 112 

Apache  bands 8 

' '  Chichunecs  " 11, 186 

Indians  of  Sonora,  Mexico.  6,11,34,43,185 

treatment  of  infants 79 

trephining  by  Tarahumare 251 

expedition  of 1-2 

in  bibliography 413-414 

on  preparation  of  tesvino 27 

Huastec,  insect  pests  of 172 

Huichol— 

alcohohe  drinks 28 

baldness 162 

character 35 

childbirth 63 

children 87 ' 

crime. 170, 171 

diseases 186-187 

folk  medicine 251-252 

foods 25, 26, 266 

head  deformation 83 

location 1,11 

marriage 50 

medicine-men 229 

occupations 17 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 12, 13, 134 

polygamy 51 

population 7 

pulse  and  respiration 139, 140, 369-370 

size  of  families 43 

statures  (average) 133, 134, 136, 137 

sterility 165 

suicide 171 

temperature 139, 140, 369-370 

treatment  of  wives 51 

walking  (infants) 86 

Huktir.    See  Santa  Maria  de  Ocotan. 

HuLBURD,  Dr.  H  L.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Morris,  Minn tab.  9 


Humboldt,  Alexander  de,  in  bibliography.  425 

Hunter,  J.  D.,  in  bibhography 414 

Hunting — 

Cora 17 

Huichol 17, 35 

Mexican  mountain  tribes 18 

Southern  Ute 18 

Tarahumare 17 

Walapai 33 

Zuni 23 

HUPA— 

epilepsy 203, 214,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 219,  tab.  9 

HuPA  Valley  agency,  Cal.,  pathological 

conditions  at 203, 210,  tab.  9 

Hyde,  B.  Talbot  B.,  relation  of  to  expedi- 
tions          1 

Hyde,  Frederic  E..  relation  of  to  expedi- 
tions          1 

Hysteria— 

Pima 182, 183, 246 

San  Carlos  Apache 177-178, 234 

summary 189 

Iauhke,  Cora  village 12 

Idiocy— 

by  tribes — 

Hopi 180 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

Papago 182,205 

Zuni 181 

physicians'  reports  on 215,  tab.  9 

summary 189, 191, 204^206 

Illegitimacy— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 49 

Mexican  tribes 50-51 

Mohave 50 

Zuni 49 

summary 47 

Imbecility— 

Hopi 180 

Mescaleros 178 

Pima 182 

See  also  Idiocy. 
Impetigo— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 179 

Pima 182, 183-184 

Yuma 184 

Zuni 181 

summary 189 

Improvidence  among  Indians 31 

Indian  tribes  visited 1-2 

Indigestion— 

adults  and  children 156 

Papago 241-242 

San  Carlos  Apache 232 

Infanticide,  account  of 165-166 

Infectious  diseases,  summary  of 190 

Influenza— 
by  tribes— 

Pima 182 

Zuni 181 

summary 190 


440 


INDEX 


Injuries,  treatment  of  (Mescaleros) 238 

See  also  under  names  of  tribes. 
Insanity  among  Indians— 
by  tribes— 

Hopi 180 

JicarUlas 178 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

Papago 182 

Pima 182 

San  Carlos  Apache 177 

Southern  Ute 176 

Tarahimiare 185 

Tepecano 186 

various  parts  of  U.  S 201-202 

White  Mountain  Apache 177 

Zuni 181 

in  female  sex 177 

physicians'  reports  on. .... .  198, 213-214,  tab.  9 

summary .., 189,191 

Insects,  relation  of  to  health  of  Indian 172 

Intermittent  fever  (Navaho) 180 

Intestinal  disorders— 

Cora... 187 

SouthemUte 176 

Tepecano 186 

Zuni 181 

Se^  also  Gastro-intestinal  disorders. 

Ira,  G.  W.,  in  bibliography 415 

Ironwood,  food  plant  ( Pima) 263 

Iroquois,  pathological  conditions  among,  tab.  9 
See  also  Oneida. 

ISLETA,  ISLETA  PUEBLOS— 

albinism 192 

food. 23 

investigations  among 1 

pulse. 141 

physical  environment 134 

respiration 142 

stature 133, 134, 136, 137 

wine  made  by 27 

ITALT,  epilepsy  in 204 

Itching  (Apache) 179,236 

Jacobson,  Adrian,  in  bibliography 415 

Jacobson,  Capt.,  —  — ,  in  bibliography 425 

Janusia   gracilis,  medicinal   plant    (San 

Carlos  Apache) , 232-233 

Jemez  Pueblos,  statures  of 133, 136, 137 

Jenks,  Albert  Ernest,  in  bibliography  ..      415 

Jennee,  E.  F.  L.,  in  bibliography 415 

Jesus  Maria,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Jews,  births  among,  by  sexes — 39 

JicARiLLA  Apache,  Jicaeillas— 

abortion 164 

climate 134 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

diseases 178 

drunkenness 32, 178 

folk  medicine 231-232 

foods 22-23 

goiter 199 

head  deformation 79, 83 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

insanity ..;.... 201 

intermixture  with  other  tribes 8-9 

location 1 


JiCARiLLA  Apache,  Jicarillas— Continued. 

marriage 48 

medicine  lodges 225 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  environment  and  type 134 

polygamy 49 

population 5 

precautions  against  venereal  diseases . . .      231 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

prostitution 49 

statures 132, 135, 137 

suicide 171 

treatment  of  infants 74, 79 

tuberculosis 177, 211, tab. 9 

JocoNOSTLA,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  villiage. .        11 

JOEST,  W.,  in  bibliography 425 

Johnson,  Agent  H.  H.,  on  abortion  among 

JicariUas 164 

Jones,  Charles  C,  jr.,  in  bibliography...      425 
Jones,  Dr.  Edwin  L.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Laguna  agency,  N.  Mex tab.  9 

Jones,  Dr.  Ered  F.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Osage  Agency  school,  Okia tab.  9 

Jones,  J.,  in  bibliography.'. 415 

Jones,  Rev.  Peter,  in  bibliography 425 

Jones,  P.  M.  ,  in  bibUography 415 

JossELYN,  John,  in  bibliography 415 

Julius,  N.  H.,  in  bibliography 415 

JuNiPERUs  SEC. ,  aid  in  childbirth 56 

TEN  Kate,  Dr.  H.  E.  C,  in  bibliography. . .      425 
Kaw— 

population tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Keck,  Dr.  George  0.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Eort  Shaw  Industrial  School, 

Mont tab.  9 

Keeling,  Dr.  C.  M.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at. Springfield  school,  S.  Dak tab.  9 

Kelley,  Capt..  L.,  cited   on  Apache  food 

plant 258 

Kennard,  T.,  in  bibliography 415 

Kershaw,  Dr.   Andrew,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Grande  Ronde -school,  Oreg.  tab.  9 
Ketcherside,  Dr.  J.  A.,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Eort  Yuma  School  reserva- 
tion, Cal tab.  9 

KlCKAPOO— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Kidney  disorders,,  summary  as  to 189 

King,  J.  C,  in  bibliography 415 

Kiowa— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,tab.9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

'  population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

Kiowa  Apache,  location  of 8 

Kissing,  absence  of 30 

KisTLER,  Dr.  W.  L.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Nevada  agency,  Nev tab.  9 

KivA,  meaning  of  term .----r.-   .    15 


INDEX 


441 


Klamath,  population  of tab.  9 

Klamath  agency,  Oeeg. —   ■ 

epilepsy .-. 203,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions- tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Kneeland,  J.  in  bibliography 415 

Kohl,  J.  G.,  in  bibliography 416 

KoPALKiN,  remedy  of  Tarahumare 250 

Koshweglim,  Tepehuane  village 11 

KoTELMANN, ,  cited  on  muscular  force.      109 

Keashennikov,    Stefan    Petrovich,    in 

bibliography. ... 425 

Kkause,  F.,  in  bibliography 416 

Keoebee,  a.  L.,  in  bibliography.  ^ 416 

Ktjtenai— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

KtTTKENDALL,  G.  B.,  in  bibliography 416 

KwAiMALUSE,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Kwaeata,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Laboe.    See  Childbirth. 

Lacombe,  p.,  in  bibliography. 416 

Lactation— 

Pima -. 69-72 

San  Carlos  Apache 66-69 

Lafitau,  J .  F.  in  bibliography 416 

La  Flesche,  Francis,  in  bibliography 416 

La  Geippe  (Pima)  182, 183 

Laguna  Pueblos— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

character. 33 

head  deformation 82 

insanity. 202, tab.  9 

investigations  among 1. 

muscular  force 145, 147, 152 

pathological  conditions ; tab.  9 

pulse... •    139 

respiration. ; .". .      139 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

■     statures  (average) 133, 134, 136, 137 

temperature 139; 

Lake,  A  D.,  in  bibliography 416 

Lamb,  D.  S,.  in  bibliography 416 

Lamb.  De.  E.  R.,  on  pathological  conditions 

at  Navaho  school,  Ariz tab.  9 

Landois  and  Stirling — 

cited  on  physical  data  for  children 88, 

89,91,92,107 

on  pulse  rate  in  vrhites 141 

on  temperatures  of  children  and  adults.      107 
La  Pointe  agency.  Wis.  (Chippewa)— 

goiter ..:.... 200 

spinal  curvatures ^ ......  ^ 209 

Laryngitis  (Pima).. : .-.:.'.      182 

Latham,  Dr.  Edward  H.—  "^ 

on  diseases  of  Nespelim .-.-.-. .'. .      219 

on  pathological  conditions  at  ColvUle 

agency,  Wash. .;....:....:..;. tab.  9 

L  AwsoN,  John,  in  bibliography 425 

Leavitt,  Dr.  G.  I.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions in  Carson  school,  Nev ...  tab.  9 

Leech  Lake  agency,  Minn.  (Chippewa)—       - 

deaf  and  dumb. .:.......  206, tab.  9 

epilepsy . ......  202,tab.  9 

goiter •....-..-.-..•.■.........  199,tab.  9 

pathological  conditions. ... . .'. ; . . ....-.-.  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab. 9 


Lemhi  agency,  Idaho  (Shoshoni)— 

epUepsy 203,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Leon,  N.,  in  bibliography 416 

Leprosy,  absence  of 190 

Lewis  and  Clark,  in  bibliography 416 

Lichen  among  Pima 182 

Liftchild,   De.   Judson,   on  pathological 

conditions  at  Round  Valley,  Cal tab.  9 

Lightning,  Indian  notions  concerning  ...  241,244 
Ligusticum  poeteri,  medicinal  plant  (Mes- 

caleros) 235 

LiNAS,  A.,  in  bibliography 416 

Lindley,    Dr.    John    S.,    on    diseases    of 
Hupa 214,219,tab.  9 

LiPAN— 

Artemisia  dracunculoides  used  by 238 

beds 32 

childbirth 58 

folk  medicine 235 

location 8 

physical  affinities 13 

population 5 

treatment  of  newborn  child 74 

Liquors.    See  Alcoholic  drinks. 

Liver,  diseases  of 188,191 

Lloyd,  F.,  in  bibliography 417 

Lloyd,  Dr.  Heney  B.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Uinta  agency,  Utah tab.  9 

Location  of  tribes  visited 1 

Locomotion  (Indian  children) 129 

Logan,    De.    Chas.    J.,    on    diseases    of 

Navaho 216,  tab.  9 

Long,  J.,  in  bibliography 425 

Loskiel,  Geoege  Heney,  in  bibliography. .      425 

Los  Reyes,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

Lotus  wrighth,  addition  to  tesvino 27 

Lower  Beul^  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)  — 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Lower  Brule  Sioux — 

epilepsy 204 

spinal  curvatures 209,  tab.  9 

LOWEE  Kalispel— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Lower  Yankton  Sioux— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

LuMHOLTZ,  Carl— 
cited  oh— 

Tarahumare 25, 260, 251, 266 

Tepecano 251 

walking  of  Indian  infants. 86 

in  bibliography. . .........  ....%•. 414, 417 

Lung  disorders,  prevalence  of — .-.: 173 

See-  also  Pneumonia ,-  Tuberculosis^  pul- 
monary. 


442 


INDEX 


Lupus  (Zufli) 181 

LuTTRELL,  Dr.  \V.  McM.,  agent,  cited  on 

abortion  and  crime  (Mescaleros) 164, 168 

Lycium  andersoni,  medicinal  plant 232, 

241,246 

Lycium  fremontii,  food  plant 262, 265 

MAcCAtTLEY,  C,  in  bibliography 417 

M'Clellan,  E.,  in  bibliography 417 

McClenachan,  H.  M.,  in  bibliography 417 

McGee,  W  J— 

cited  on  food  of  Sen 20 

in  bibliography 417, 418 

McGuGAER,  Dr.  Douglas,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Colville  agency.  Wash tab.  9 

McKay,  Dr.  Wm.  T.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Ctdlocco   Agricultural   School, 

Olda tab.  9 

McKee,  Doctor,  labor  case  reported  by . . .       58 
McKee,  Dr.  Mary  H.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Fort  Berthold  agency,  N.  Dali.     213, 

tab.  9 
McNeil,  Dr.  R.  I.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Mescalero  agency,  N.  Mex tab.  9 

Maddren,  Dr.  Edith  L.,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Fort  Mohave,  Ariz tab.  9 

Maguey,  liquors  made  from 29 

Makah,  pathological  conditions  among tab.  9 

Malaria— 

anemia  in  latter  stages 187 

by  tribes- 
Apache  178 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

Tarahumare 250 

Tepecano 186 

Yuma 184 

eflect  on  spleen 188 

summary 190, 191 

See  also  Calenturas,  Fever,  Frios. 

Malignant  diseases,  summary  of 190 

Malnutrition— 

Apache 179 

Pima 184 

Malva  borealis,  food  plant  (Pima) •.      264 

Mamillaria  grahami,  food  plant  (San  Car- 
los Apache) 257 

Mamm^.    See  Breasts. 

Mancha,  use  of 75 

Mandan— 

goiter 213,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Manettia  reclinata  L.,  medicinal  plant 

(Otomi) 253 

Mania,  acute  (Pima) 182 

Manouvrier— 

cited  on  Peaux-Rouges 149 

dynamometric  measurements  by 109 

Manufactures,  account  of 17 

Manzanilla  tea  ,  use  of 75 

M^vrasmus  (Pima) 182 

Marauwimkias,  order  of  healers  (Hopi) —      226 
Marden,  Dr.  a.  E.,  cited  on  diseases  among 

Pima 182, 214,  tab.  9 

Maricopa— 

albinism 194 


Maricopa— Continued. 

baldness 162 

childbirth 60 

folk  medicine 244-248 

foods 262, 265 

grayness 160, 161, 401 

hair  dressing 14 

head  deformation 83 

location 1 

medicine-men 228, 248 

muscular  power 144,146,150,151,383-384 

obesity 156 

occupations 18 

physical  type 10, 13, 133 

population 6 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

pulse 138, 363-364 

respiration 138, 363-364 

saguaro  wine  made  by 28 

size  of  families 43 

statures 132, 133, 135, 137 

temperature 138,363-364 

treatment  of  newborn  child 75 

walking  (infants) 86 

Marriage— 

general  account 47 

tribal  details 47-51, 194 

Martin,  Dr.  Geo.  S.,  on  diseases  of  Piegan.     213, 
214, 215, 219,  tab.  9 

Martin,  Dr.  Thomas  P.,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Santa  F^  agency,  N.  Mex. .  tab.  9 

Martynia ,  medicinal  plant  (Pima) 246 

Mason,  O  .  T  ^  in  bibliography. 417 

Massage — 

Maricopa 248 

Pima 240 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

Yuma - 249 

Zuiii 241 

Mathews  ,  T  .  W  .,  in  bibliography 417 

Matthews,  Washington— 
cited  on— 

Navaho  curative  methods 238 

Navaho  medicine-men 225 

citing  Cushing  on  Zuni  tabu 54 

in  bibliography 417-418 

Maxwell,  Dr.  Charles  F  ,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Neah  Bay  agency.  Wash.. .  tab.  9 

Mayo— 

albinism 192 

character 34 

diseases 184 

foods 24 

liead  deformation 83 

location 1,11 

mixed-bloods 7 

occupations 18, 19 

physical  affinities 11, 12, 13 

population 6, 7 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

Mays,  T  J  .  in  bibliography 418 

Mazahua— 

character 35-36 

head  deformation 83 

location 1,12 

occupations 19 


INDEX 


443 


Mazahu  A— Continued. 

physical  affinities 12, 13 

population 7 

pulque  used  by 28 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

suicide 172 

villages 12 

Measles— 
by  tribes — 

Havasupai 179 

Navaho 239 

Pima 182 

San  Carlos  Apache 234 

Walapai 179 

summary 190, 191 

Meccos,  physical  affinities  of 12, 13 

Medical  practices,  general  character  of . . .         2 
Medicinal  plants.    See  Folk  medicine. 

Medicine  lodges,  use  of 225 

Medicine-men— 
by  tribes — 

Maricopa 248 

Mohave 248 

Navaho 169, 238, 239-240 

Pima 170, 243, 244, 247 

Yuma 249 

general  account 221-224 

in  childbirth  cases 58, 62-63 

treatment  to  insure  sex  of  child 52 

tribal  details 224-229 

See  also  Folk  medicine,  Medicine- 
women. 
Medicines.    See  Folk  medicine. 

Medicine-women,  account  of 222, 224 

Meek,  E.  G.,  in  bibliography 418 

Melissodes,  genus  of  Pima  bee 264 

Meningitis,  tubercular 177, 235 

Menominee— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

cretinism tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

general  morbidity. 212 

goiter. 200, 201,  tab.  9 

idiocy. 205,  tab.  9 

insanity tab.  9 

monstrosities tab.  9 

muscular  force 149 

population tab.  9 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Menopause  in  Indian  women 157 

Menstruation— 

appearance  (girls) — 

Apache 48, 126-128, 132, 310-322 

Hopi 127 

Mohave 127-128 

Pima 126-127, 128, 330-341 

Whites 127, 132 

Yuma 127 

disorders- 

Papago 242 

Pima 183 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 


Menstruation— Continued.  Page 

general  account  (women) 127, 157 

reappearance  after  childbirth — 

Apache 64-69 

Pima 64-65, 69-72 

See  also  Amenorrhea,  Dysmenorrhea. 

Mental  powers  in  Indians 85, 155, 159 

Mental  disorders,  summary  as  to 189 

Mercury  (metallic),    medicinal    remedy 

(Opata) 250 

Merton,  Special  Agent  G.  D.,  cited  on  size 

of  Southern  Ute  families 42 

Mescal— 

food  plant — 

Pima 261 

San  Carlos  Apache 257-258 

Tarahumare 266 

Walapai 260-261 

liquor — 

as  a  remedy  (Opata) 250 

description  of 26, 28 

See  also  Agaves,  Vino. 
Mescalero  Apache,  Mescaleros — 

abortion 164 

alcohoUc  drinks 28 

childbirth 58 

cUmate 134 

crime 168-169 

dental  anomaUes 124, 125 

diseases 176-177, 178, 179 

epilepsy 202,  tab.  9 

folk  medicine 234-235 

foods 22 

goiter 178 

habits  of  life 32 

head  deformation 83 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

infanticide 166 

location l 

medicme-men 225 

nursing  of  infants 77 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  environment  and  type 134 

polygamy 49 

population 5 

precautions  against  venereal  diseases. . .      231 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

prostitution 49 

sMn 153 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

sweat  bath 236 

tesvino 27 

treatment  of  newborn  child 73 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

witchcraft 234 

Mesquite— 

beans,  food  of— 

Pima 261 

San  Carlos  Apache 258 

Walapai 260 

liquor  made  from 27 

remedy 74, 242 

bark 27, 242 

leaves 237, 248 

sap 14,245,247,248 


444 


INDEX 


Metrorrhagia,  prevalence  of 189 

Mexican  Indians— 

abortion 165 

albinism 192 

diseases — 

general  account 175 

tribal  details 184-191 

foods 20,21 

general  health 187 

influence  of  whites 249 

insanity  in  female  sex 177 

obesity 157 

occupations 17-19 

peyote  used  by 173 

size  of  families 41-42, 43-44 

skin  and  appendages 153-154 

statures 152 

tribes  visited 5, 6-7 

tuberculosis - .      188 

See  also  names  of  Mexican  tribes. 

Millspaugh,  C.  1'".,  on  Trompetia  blanca  . .      253 

MiLPiLLAS  Chico,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  pop- 
ulation of 11 

MiLPiLLAS    Grande,    Mexico,    Tepehuane 
population  of - 11 

MimbreSos,  location  of 8 

MiNDELEFF,  COSMOS,  cited  on  Hopi 9 

Miscarriages  (San  Carlos  Apache) 44-45 

Mission  Indians— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab .  9 

epilepsy. 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  affinity 10 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Mixed-bloods— 

consumption 1S5 

proportion  of 7 

MOACHE— 

location 7 

population 5 

Modoc,  pathological  conditions  among tab.  9 

Mohave— 

albinism tab.  9 

baldness 162 

character 34 

childbirth 61, 249 

cretinism tab .  9 

deaf  and  dumb tab.  9 

desire  for  children 53 

diseases 184 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

folk  medicine 248-249 

foods 21, 24 

gestation 64 

goiter tab.  9 

grayness 160, 161, 400 

hair  dressing 14 

head  deformation 79-80, 83 

idiocy tab.  9 

illegitimacy 50 

infanticide 165-166 

insanity tab.  9 

location , , 1, 10 

marriage 50 


Mohave— Continued. 

toedicine-men 228, 248 

medicine-women 228 

menstruation 127-128 

monstrosities tab.  9 

muscular  force 144, 146, 150, 151, 380-381 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

nursing  of  infants 79 

occupations 18 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 10, 13, 133 

population 6,  tab.  9 

precautions  against  disease 230 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

pulse  and  respiration 138, 365-366 

size  of  families 43 

spinal  curvatures tab.  9 

statures '. .  132, 133, 135, 137 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

tattooing 15 

temperature 138, 365-366 

treatment  of  newborn  child 75 

tuberculosis 210, 219,  tab.  9 

vitiligo-like  spots 192 

See  also  Mohave  Apache,  Yavapai. 
Mohave  Apache— 

affinities 8 

location 8, 10 

See  also  Mohave,  Yavapai. 
Mohican— 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

Monstrosities 58^  215-216,  tab.  9 

MONTZHEIMER,  A.,  material  collected  by 239 

Moody,  C.  S.,  in  bibliography 418 

MooNEY,  James,  in  bibliography . . . : 418, 420 

Morality— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 31 

Navaho 33 

Otomi 35 

San  Carlos  Apache 86 

Tepehuane 35 

Wiminuche 48 

Yuma 34 

children 85 

tribes  in  general 31 

See  also  Crime,  Prostitution. 
Morgan,  Dr.  E.  L.,  on  consumption  among 

Mescaleros 235 

Morgan,  F.  P.,  in  bibliography 420 

Morgan,  L.  H.,  in  bibliograpiy 418 

MoRiCE,  A.  G.,  in  bibliography 418 

Morris,  J.  Ch.,  in  bibliography 418 

Morris,  Minn.,  pathological  conditions  at .  tab. 9 

Mortuary  customs  (Pima) 53 

Mound  builders,  head  deformation  among       82 
Mount  Pleasant  school,  Mich.    (Chip- 


epilepsy  203,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Moxa.    See  Cauterization. 

MuJERADos,  production  of 51 


INDEX 


445 


Multiple  births 46,58 

MuJJiz,  M.  A.,  in  bibliography 418 

Murdoch,  John,  in  bibliography 419 

MuRPHT,  Dr.  a.  E.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Lemhi  agency  (Shoshoni),  Idaho,  tab. 9 
Murphy,  Dr.  M.  S.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions among  Jicarillas 164, 

tab.  9 

Muscogee  Creeks,  muscular  force  of 149 

See  also  Creeks. 
Muscular  force— 
Indians- 
adolescents  109, 110, 130 

adults 143-152, 158, 159, 372-396 

Pima .  144, 146, 150, 151, 346, 347, 387-388 
San  Carlos  Apache . . .  343, 344, 372-373 

albinos 194 

children 115, 130 

Pima 108-112, 

151, 152, 292-299, 346, 347 

San  Carlos  Apache 108-112, 

151, 152, 283-292, 343, 344 

whites 143,152 

children 109, 110, 112, 130 

Music— 

Hulchol 35 

San  Carlos  Apache 86 

Mustache  in  Indians,  general  description 

of 129 

Nahua— 

chUdbirth 63 

head  deformation 83 

location 1 

mixed-bloods 7 

occupations 18, 19 

physical  affinities 13 

population 7 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

Nails  in  Indians 154 

Narcotic  plants,  use  of 173 

Navaho— 

abortion ^ 164 

affinities 8, 10, 13, 134 

albinism 192, 198,  tab.  9 

childbirth 58 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

crime 169 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

diseases 179 

dwellings 16 

epilepsy tab.  9 

facial  painting  (hygienic) 14 

fetishes 238 

folk  medicine 238-240 

foods 20, 23, 179, 180 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

habits  of  life 33 

hair 154 

head  deformation. 79-80, 82, 83 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

infanticide 165-166 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

location 1, 8, 9 

marriage 48, 49 

modesty. 33 

medicine-men 225, 238-240 


Navaho— Continued. 

monstrosities tab.  9 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

obesity 156 

occupations 17, 18 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 9 

population 6,  tab. 9 

precautions  against  disease 230 

proportion  of  sexes 37, 38 

pulse 139, 140, 141, 350-351 

respiration 139-142, 350-351 

size  of  families 42 

smallpox 229 

spinal  curvatures 208, 216,  tab.  9 

statures 132, 134, 135, 137, 140 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

surgery 240 

sweat  baths 16, 238 

temperature 139-141, 350-351 

treatment  of  new-born  child 74 

tuberculosis 211, 212,  tab.  9 

Navaho  agency,  N.  Mex.— 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Navaho  school,  Ariz.— 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Navaho  Springs  subagency,  Wiminuche 

at 7 

Nayar,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Neah  Bay  agency.  Wash.  (QuHeute)— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Neave,  J.  L.,  in  bibliography 419 

Necrosis,  summary  as  to 190 

Nelson,  Dr.  Albert  J.,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Green  Bay  agency.  Wis tab.  9 

Nelson,  E.  W.,  in  bibliography 419 

Nephritis,  prevalence  of 189 

Nervous  disorders,  summary  as  to 189, 191 

Nervous  powers  in  Indians 85, 155, 159 

Nespelim— 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 219, tab.  9 

Neuralgia — 

Otomi 252 

Papago 242 

Nevada  agency,  Nev.  (Paiute)— 

epilepsy 203,tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 


446 


INDEX 


Nevome,  location  of 10 

Neatts,  absence  of 188 

Ne-wberry,  J.  S.,  in  bibliography 419 

Ne-wman,  Dr.  H.  W.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Oto  agency tab.  9 

New  Mexico,  sandstorms  in 3 

New  York  Jxtvenile  Asylum,  investiga- 
tions on  children  in 109,110 

Nez  Perces— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 219, tab.  9 

Nicholas,  F.  C,  in  bibliography 419 

Nichols, ,onEuropeanbirthsbysexes.       39 

Nosebleed,    treatment    for    (San    Carlos 

Apache) 234 

Nursing  or  infants 76-79,  tab.  1 

See  also  Lactation. 

Nutria,  Zufli  village ,      9 

Ntwening,  Dr.  John,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Salem  school,  Oreg tab.  9 

Oak  leaves,  as  remedy  (Tepecano) 251 

Obesity,  pathological 156-157, 191 

Occipital  deformation.    See  Head  defor- 
mation. 

Occupations,  account  of 17-19, 174 

See  also  Foods. 
OcoTiLLO,    medicinal    plant    (San    Carlos 

Apache) 233 

See  also  Fouquiera  splendens. 
Oglala  Sioux— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 204,  tab.  9 

idiocy • 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Ojo  Caliente,  Zuni  village 9 

Okey,  Dr.  a.  E.,  on  pathological  conditions 

at  Genoa  school,  Nebr tab.  9 

Old  Camp  McDowell,  Indians  at 8, 10 

See  also  Camp  McDowell. 

Olneya  tesota,  food  plant  ( Pima) 263 

Omaha— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,207,tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

muscular  force 149 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Omaha  agency,  Nebr.  (Omaha) — 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency^,  Nebr. 
(Winnebago)— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 


Omaha  and  Winnebago  agency,  Nebk. 
(Winnebago)— Continued. 

goiter 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Oneida— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

goiter ■. 199, 201,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 216,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 211,  tab.  9 

Oneida  agency,  AVis.  (Oneida)— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 201,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

Opata— 

abortion 165 

alcoholic  drinks 28 

belief  as  to  fetus  in  utero 55 

character 34 

childbirth 61-62 

diseases 184-185 

folk  medicine 249-250 

foods 24, 266 

head  deformation 83 

location 1, 10-11 

mixed-bloods 7 

nursing  of  infants 79 

physical  affinities 12, 13 

population 6 

prevention  of  disease 229-230 

size  of  families 43 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

treatment  of  newborn  child 75 

Ophthalmia— 
by  tribes— 

Hopi 180 

Navaho 180 

summary 173, 174, 189 

Opuntia  bigelovii,  medicinal  plant  (San 
Carlos  Apache) 234 

Opuntia  emorcyi,   medicinal  plant  (San 
Carlos  Apache) 232 

Opuntia  leptocaulis— 

as  remedy  (Pima) 244 

food  plant  (Pima) 261 

itching  produced  by 179 

Opuntias,  food  plants— 

Maricopa 265 

San  Carlos  Apache 257 

Oraibi,  Hopi  village 9 

Orchitis,  treatment  of  (Tarahumare) 250 

Oeobranche     multiflora,     food     plant 
(Pima) 264 

Okton,  G.  T.,  in  bibliography 419 

Osage— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 


INDEX 


447 


Page 

O  SAGE— Continued . 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

muscular  force 149 

pathological  conditions 210,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Osseous  remains  (Tarahumare) 186 

Osteomalacia.    See  Rachitis. 

Oto— 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Otomi— 

baldness 162 

character 12,35,36 

crime 170-171 

diseases 187 

drunkenness 174, 187 

folk  medicine 252-253 

foods 26, 266 

grayness 160,161,405 

head  deformation 83 

location 1, 12 

mixed-bloods 7 

muscular  force 146, 148, 392-394 

occupations 17, 18, 19 

physical  affinities 12,13 

population 5, 7 

pulque  used  by^ 28 

pulse  and  respiration 139,370 

size  of  families 43 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

suicide 172 

temperature 139,370 

Owen, ,  on  bowleggedness  among  Hopi 

women 174 

Owens,  J.  G.— 

cited  as  authority  on  Hopi 9 

in  bibliography 419 

Owl,  Pima  notion  concerning 244 

Pacific  coast,  diseases  of 173 

Paint,  use  of 14 

Paitjte — 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

location 1 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  affinities 13 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,211, tab.  9 

Palate,  defects  of 190 

Palin,  Mes.  J.  A.,  on  mortality  among 
Zuni : . .      181 

Palmer,  Edward — 

cited  as  to  Yucca  baccata 262 

in  bibliography 419 

Palmer,  Emile,  in  bibliography 425 


Palo    amaego,  medicinal    plant     (Tepe- 

cano) 251 

Palo  mttlato,  medicinal  plant 250, 251 

Palo  santo,  medicinal  use  of 75 

Palsy 178 

Papago— 

albinism 198, 199,  tab.  9 

baldness 162 

diseases 182 

folk  medicine 241-242 

foods 23-24, 262, 263, 265 

gestation 54 

grayness 160, 161, 403 

habits  of  life 33 

head  development 79, 83 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

location 1, 10 

map  of  towns 10 

marriage 49-50 

medicine-woman 228 

muscular  force 145, 14/,  149, 150, 151, 385-386 

nursing  of  infants 78 

occupations 18 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

peyote  used  by 173 

physical  environment 133 

physical  type 10, 12, 13, 133 

population 6,  tab.  9 

1      proportion  of  sexes 38 

pulse  and  respiration 139, 140, 359-360 

sawado  made  by 28 

statures 132, 133, 135, 137, 140 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

temperature 139, 140, 359-360 

treatment  of  infants 75, 79 

tuberculosis 242,  tab.  9 

vitiligo 192 

Paralysis — 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

siunmary 189 

Paresis  (San  Carlos  Apache) 177 

Pariset,  E.,  in  bibliography 419 

Parker,  S.,  in  bibliography 419 

Parker,  W.  T.,  in  bibliography 419 

Parotitis,  summary  as  to 190 

Parrish,  J.,  in  bibliography 419 

Pathogeny  of  the  Indians 172-175 

Pawnee— 

albinism 213,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 215,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 214,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,201, tab.  9 

idiocy 215,  tab.  9 

insanity 214,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

pulse 141 

respirat  m 142 

tuberculosis 210, 219,  tab.  9 

Pecane  school,  Ind.  T.,  tuberculosis  in...      211 
Pederasty 47, 51 


448 


INDEX 


PEMac  AFFECTIONS  (Apache) 178-179 

Pemphigo  contagiosa,  summary  as  to 191 

Pemphigus,  prevalence  of 189,245 

PeSafiel,  De.  Antonio,  on  Mexican  Indian 

population 6 

Penstemon,  medicinal  plant  (Mescaleros) . .      236 

Pepper,  G.  H.,  in  bibliography 420 

Peppermint,  as  remedy  (Opata) 250 

Perezia  wkightii— 

addition  to  tesvino 27 

medicinal  plant 73, 233, 234 

Perineal  lacerations  (Zuni) 181 

Peritonitis,  absence  of 188 

Perkins,  Doctor,  on  consumption  among 

Walapai -  - .      179 

Perkins,  Dr.  J.  S.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Rice  Station  school,  and  at  Trux- 

ton  Canyon  agency tab.  9 

Pescado,  Zuni  village 9 

Petitot,  E.,  in  bibliography 425 

Peyote — 
by  tribes— 

Huichol 173,251 

Mexican  Indians  in  general 173 

Opata 250 

Papago 242, 244 

Pima 244 

Tarahumare 250, 251 

Tepecano 251 

Phacelia,  effect  of  on  skin 183 

Phillips,  Dr.  G.  H.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions among  Pawnee 213,214, 

215, 219,  tab.  9 
Phoenix  Indian  school,  Ariz.— 

albinism  (Papago) 198 

Indians  in 5 

insanity  (Pima) 214 

pathologica  1  conditions tab.  9 

Phthisis.    See  Tuberculosis,  pulmonary. 
Phyllanthus,  medicinal  plant  (Mescaleros)      236 
Physical  relations  of  tribes  visited.    See 

Affinities,  physical. 
Physicians'  reports  on  diseases  among 
Indians — 

details 198-219 

general  description 197-198 

Physiological  characters— Indians  and 

whites 36 

Physiology  of  tribes  visited,  uniformity 
in 2 

PlEGAN— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

cretinism 213,  tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202, 214,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 219,  tab.  9 

Pierre  (S.  Dak.)  Indian  school,  diseases 
in 208, 210,  tab.  9 

PlM.\— 

abortion 104 


Pima— Continued. 

albinism ..:;..;. tab.  9 

baldness 162 

character 34 

childbirth 59-00, 03, 64, 69-72 

children  — 

breasts  (girls) 126, 131, 330-341 

crawling 129 

face  measurements 120-122, 292-299 

foods tab.  1 

fimctions.. 129,  tab.  1 

general  conditions 87-88 

growth 112 

head  measurements 116-120, 27(5-282 

height 88-89, 113-114 

locomotion 99-100 

menstruation 126-127, 128, 330-341 

monstrosities tab.  9 

muscular  force 108-112, 

151,152,292-299,346,347 

nursing tab.  1 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  conditions tab.  1, 322-341 

pulse 92-96, 101-103, 

105-106, 108, 130,  tab.  1, 292-299, 346, 347 

respiration 93-96, 

103-106, 108, 130,  tab.  1, 292-299, 346, 347 

sitting 129 

standing 129 

statures tab.  1,276-282 

talking 100, 129 

teeth 96-99, 122-125, tab.  1, 322-341 

temperature 107-108, 292-299, 346, 347 

typical  of  Southwestern  tribes 132 

walking 129 

weight 114-116, 276-282 

cretinism tab.  9 

crime 170 

deaf  and  dumb tab.  9 

desire  for  children ^ . . .        53 

diseases 182-184 

dweUings 15 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

face  (growth) 120-122 

face  measurements 345, 347 

facial  painting 14 

folk  medicine 243-247 

foods 24, 261-265, 266 

gestation 64 

goiter tab.  9 

grayness 160, 161, 402 

hair 154 

hair  dressing 14 

head  development 79, 83, 116-120, 345, 347 

height  sub-  and  supra-  isohia 113-114 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202, 214,  tab.  9 

lactation 69-72 

location 1, 10 

marriage 50 

medicine-men 224, 227-228, 243 

medicine  songs 243, 244 

menstruation 64-65, 69-72 

miscarriages 45-46 

muscular  force 109, 110, 

144, 146, 150, 151, 346, 347, 387-388 


INDEX 


449 


Pima— Continued. 

mustaches 129 

notions  concerning  Apache 243 

nursing  of  infants 78 

obesity -• i56 

occupations 17, 18 

peyote  used  by 173 

physical  aflfinities 10, 11, 13 

physical  environment 133 

physical  tyjie 10, 42, 133 

population 6,  tab.  9 

precautions  against  disease 229, 230 

proportion  of  sexes 38, 39 

pulse 138,110,141,142 

pulse  and  respiration 361-363 

re.spiration 138, 140, 141 

saguaro  wine  made  by 28 

size  of  families ., 42, 43, 44-46 

snake  bites 246 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

statures 132, 133, 135, 137, 140, 345-347 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

tattooing 15 

temperature 138, 140, 141, 361-363 

treatment  of  infants 74-75, 79 

tuberculosis 182,210,  tab.  9 

twins 46 

typical  of  Southwestern  tribes 132 

weight 345, 347 

witchcraft 170 

Pima  agency,  Ariz.— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Pima  Batos,  location  of ; 10 

Pima  school,  Indians  in 6' 

PinaleSos,  location  of 8 

Pine  baek,  alcoholic  drink  made  from 28 

PmE  FLO  WEES,  food  of  Tarahumare 266 

Pine  Ridge  agency  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab. 9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Pinole,  food  of  Pima 261 

PiSoN  gum,  used  by  Zuni 241 

PiSoN  NUTS,  food  of  Walapai 261 

Pinto  malady 190 

PiOEEY,  P.  A.,  in  bibliography 420 

PissioiNA,  Yuma  beverage 28 

PiTAHAYA,  P  IT  AY  A— 

food  plant 25, 266 

liquor  made  from 27^  28 

PiTCBEE,  Z. ,  in  bibliography 420 

Pit   Rivee    Indians,  pathological    condi- 
tions among tab.  9 

Plants  injurious  to  health 173 

See  also  Folk  medicine.  Foods. 


Pleuea,  affections  of— 
by  tribes — 

Huichol '. 187 

Tarahiunare 185 

summary 173, 188 

Ploss,  H.  II. ,  in  bibliography 425 

Pneumonia— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 178 

Huichol 187 

Mescaleros 176 

Mohave 184 

Pima 182 

Tarahumare 185 

Tepecano 186 

Tlahuiltec 187 

Walapai 179 

Zuni 181 

summary 188, 190 

Pochote  water,  use  of,  by  Tepecano 251 

PocHWiMKiA.s,    order    of    Hopi    medicine- 
men    225-226 

Pollen,  medicinal  use  of 225, 232 

Pollock,  Dr.  Wm.  L.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Shawnee  school,  OMa tab.  9 

Polyandry,  absence  of 47 

Polygamy— 
by  tribes — 

Apache 49 

Southern  U  te 48 

Tarahumare 50 

decrease  in 47 

Poole,  De.  Feank  II.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions among  Bannock  and  Shoshonl 213, 

214, 215, 219,  tab.  9 
Population,  Indian— 

by  ages 39-41 

tribal  details 5-7,  tab.  9 

See  also  Proportion  of  sexes,  and  under 
Whites. 
POPULUS    FREMONTii    wisLiZENi,   chewing 

gum  (Pima) 265 

Porter,  J.  H.,  in  bibliography 420 

PosHBUTU,  order  of  Hopi  medicine-men. .  225-226 

POTAWATOMI— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Pottery,  manufacture  of 17, 18 

Poultices,  use  of— 

Maricopa 248 

Pima 245, 246 

San  Carlos  Apache 233 

Powell,  Maj.  J.  W.,  cited  as  authority  on 
region  investigated 2 

Powers,  S..  in  bibliography 420 

PowLAS,  Dr.  J.,  on  pathological  conditions 
among  Oneida 215,216,  tab.  9 

Pregnancy— 
by  tribes — 

San  Carlos  Apache 179 

Tepecano 186 

kidney  disorders  in 189 


3452— Bull.  34—08- 


-29 


450 


INDEX 


Pregnancy — Continued.  Page 

summary 191 

See  also  Childbirth,  Gestation. 

Prentiss,  D.  W.,  in  bibliography 418 

Pressure  force.    See  Muscular  force. 

Prolapsus,  prevalence  of 189 

Proportion  of  sexes— 

general  data 37 

tribal  details 37-4] 

Pbosopis    odorata,    p.  pubescens.     See 
Screw  bean. 

Prostate  gland,  enlargement  of — 

Pima 182 

Southern  Ute 170 

siunmary 188 

Prostitution— 

Apache 49 

extent  of -        47 

Mexican  tribes 50 

Pterygium,  treatment  for  (Mescaleros) 237 

Puberty  in  Indian  children 48, 125-128, 131 

See  also  Adolescence,  Breasts,  Menstrua- 
tion. 

Pueblo  Indians— 

baldness 162 

blindness 189 

childbirth 56 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

deformities 174 

dwellings 16 

foods 20, 21 

grayness 160, 161, 398 

habits  of  life 33-34 

head  deformation 79-80, 82, 83 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

Investigations  among 1 

marriage 47 

medicine-men 222 

muscular  force 149, 374-375 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

obesity 156 

occupations 17, 18 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

pederasty 51 

physical  affinities 8, 10, 13, 34, 35, 134 

physical  environment 134 

population 6,  tab.  9 

pulse  and  respiration : .  352-354 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

statures 134 

sterile  women 52 

temperature 352-354 

treatment  of  infants 82, 83 

tuberculosis 210, 211,  tab.  9 

See  aZso  particular  designations,  as  Hopi, 
Rio  Grande  Pueblos,  Zuni,  etc. 

Pueblo  Nuevo,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  pop- 
ulation of 11 

Pueblo  Vie  jo,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  popula- 
tion of 11 

PUEEPEKIUM— 

summary 191 

Tepecano 186 

See  also  Childbirth. 
Pulmonary  disorders,  prevalence  of 176, 180 

See  also  Tuberculosis,  pulmonary. 
Pulque,  description  of 26, 28, 29 


PuLSfi—  Page 

Indians — 

adults 138-143, 152, 348-371 

Pima 138, 140, 141 ,  142, 346, 347 

San  Carlos  Apache 343, 344 

albinos 193-194 

children 89-90 

Pima 92-96, 101-103, 105- 

106, 108, 130,  tab.  1, 292-299, 346, 347 

San  Carlos  Apache 91,93-96, 101- 

103, 105-106, 108, 130,  tab.  1, 283-292 

whites 91-93, 101-103, 108, 141-142 

Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,  expeditions  under 

direction  of 1 

PuYALLUP  agency,  WASH., pathological  con- 
ditions at  (Quinaielt) 210,  tab.  9 

Quetelet,  Ad. — 

measurements  of  white  children lOl 

on  respiration  rate  of  children 94, 95 

stature-age  approximations  in  whites. .      104 
QuiGG,  Dr.  O.  C,  on  pathological  conditions 

in  Tomah  school.  Wis.  (Oneida) tab.  9 

Quileute— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Quinaielt— 

pathological  conditions 210,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Rabies  (Otomi) 252-253 

Rachitis— 
by  tribes — 

Hopi '. 181 

Navaho 180 

Opata 184 

Pima 184 

Southern  Ute 176 

Tarahumare 186 

summary 82, 190, 191 

Racing — 

Navaho 33 

Tarahumare 34 

Rainfall  of  region  visited 3-4 

Rainy  Mountain  SCHOOL,  Okla.,  patholog- 
ical conditions  in 206,  tab.  9 

Ranches,  Indian,  situation  of 16 

Ranke,  K.  E.,  in  bibhography 420 

Rapid  City  school,  S.  Dak.,  pathological 

conditions  in tab.  9 

Rat,  Pima  notion  concerning 243 

Rattlesnake— 

as  remedy. . . .' 242,252 

Pima  notion  concerning 243 

treatment  of  bite 246,248 

See  also  Snake  bites. 

Reagan,  A.  B.,  in  bibliography 420 

Rebozo,  use  of : 14 

Red  lead,  as  remedy  (Opata) 250 

Reebledge,  Dr.  a.  J.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions in  Greenfield  school,  Cal tab.  9 

Respiration— 
Indians — 

adults 138-143, 152, 348-371 

Pima 138, 140, 141 ,  346, 347 

San  Carlos  Apache 343, 344 


INDEX 


451 


Page 
Respiration— Continued . 
Indians— Continued , 

albinos 193-194 

children 89-90 

Pima 93-9G,  103-106, 

108, 130,  tab.  1, 292-299,346,347 

San  Carlos  Apache 93-96, 103-106, 

108, 130,  tab.  1, 283-292, 343, 344 

whites 93-95, 101, 103-104, 108, 142 

Respikatoey  TRACT,  diseases  of.  181,186,188,191 
Reyes,  Francisco  P.,  cited  on  geography  of 

Morelos 13 

Rheumatic  disorders — 
by  tribes — 

Cora 252 

Hopi 180 

Huichol 186 

Maricopa 248 

Mohave 184 

Mescaleros 236 

Navah.0 180 

San  Carlos  Apache 233,234 

Tepehuane 186 

summary ' 190, 191 

See  also  Arthritis,  senile. 

Rhus,  effect  of 173 

RiccARDi,  P.,  cited  on  muscular  force 109 

Rice  Station  school,  Ariz.  (Apache)— 

nervous  affections .' 178 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

Rickets.    See  Rachitis. 
Riding,  method  of— 

Apache 32 

Navaho 33 

Rio  Grande  Pueblos — 

character 34 

childbirth 61 

foods 23- 

goiter 200, 201 

head  deformation 83 

mixed-bloods 7 

population 6 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

treatnient  of  infants 79 

Rivera,    Senor    Licenciado    Ysaac,    on 

crime  among  Otomi 170-171 

Robbins,  Dr.  a.  W.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Southern  Ute  agency,  Colo tab.  9 

Roberts,  Charles,  cited  as  to  menstrua- 
tion        127 

Robinson,  Dr.  D.  N.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Pierre  (S.  Daic.)  Indian  school,  tab.  9 
Rosa  de  castilla,  medicinal  remedy. .  63, 250, 251 
Rose,  J.  N.— 

cited  as  to  native  Mexican  fruits 24 

in  bibliography 420 

Rosebud  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 


Page 
Ross,  Dr.  Ralph  H.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  San  Carlos  agency,  Ariz. .  176, 178,  tab.  9 
Round    Valley    agency,  Cal.     (Mission 
Indians)  — 

deaf  and  dumb 206,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Rltm,  sugar-cane.    See  Aguardiente. 
RtTMEX  hymenosepalus.    See  Canaigre. 

Rush,  B.,  in  bibliography 421 

Russell,  Frank,  in  bibliography 409, 421 

Russell,  Dr.  R.  L.,  on  pathological  eondi- 

•    tions  at  Kiowa  agency,  Okla tab.  9 

Sagard,  F.  Gabriel,  in  bibliography 425 

Saguaro— 

food  plant — 

Maricopa 265 

Pima 261 

San  Carlos  Apache 257 

liquor  made  from  (Papago) 28 

spUnts  made  from  (Pima) 247 

Salem  school,  Oreg.,  pathological  condi- 
tions in tab.  9 

San  Andreas,  Mexico,  Huichol  village....        11 
San  Antonio,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village. ..        12 
San  Bartolo,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village ...       12 
Sanborn,  John  Wentworth,  in  bibliog- 
raphy        425 

San  Carlos  Apache— 

abortion 163-164 

childbirth 57-58, 64, 66-69 

children — 

breasts  (girls) 126, 131 

crawling 129 

food tab.  1 

general  conditions 87-88 

head  (growth) 116-120 

height  sub-  and  supra  ischia 113-114 

locomotion 99-100 

menstruation 48, 126, 127 

muscular  force 108-112, 

151,152,283-292,343,344 

nursing tab.  1 

physical  condition tab.  1 

pulse  and  respiration 91, 

93-96,101-106,108,  tab.  1,  283-292 

sitting 129 

speech 100, 129 

standing 129 

statures 88-89,  tab.  1 

teeth 96-99, 122-125,  tab.  1,  299-322 

temperature 106-108, 283-292 

walliing 129 

weight 114-116, 267-275, 342, 343 

chorea 178 

condition  of  aged 158 

crime 168, 169 

desire  for  children 52 

diet 22 

diseases 177-178 

divorce 168 

epilepsy 202,  tab.  9 

face  (growth) 120-122 


452 


INDEX 


San  Carlos  Apache — Continued. 

folk  medicine 232 

foods 20, 22, 257-259 

general  characteristics 85-86 

gestation 53 

goiter 178 

gonorrhea 179 

habits  of  life 31-32 

head  (deformation) 83 

head  (growth) 116-120 

height  sub-  and  supra  ischia 113-114 

hysteria 177-178 

insanitj^ 201,  tab.  9 

lactation 66-69 

location 1 

medicine-men 225 

menstruation 64-69, 157 

muscular  force 343, 344, 372-373 

music 86 

nosebleed 234 

nursing  of  infants 77 

palsy 178 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  environment 134 

pltahaya  wine 28 

polygamy 49 

population 5 

precautions  against  disease 230 

proportion  of  sexes 38, 39 

prostitution 49 

size  of  families 42, 44 

spinal  curvatures 178 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

sterility 52, 165 

suicide 171 

teeth 122-125 

tesvino  made  by 27 

treatment  of  new-bom  child 73 

tuberculosis 176 

twin  births 58 

Sand  paintings,  use  of 223 

Sandstorms 3 

San  Felipe  Pueblos,    head    deformation 

among ■ 82 

San  Francisco,  Mexico,  Cora  village ■     12 

San  Francisco,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village. .  12 
San  Francisco,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  village.  11 
San   Francisco   de   las  Lajas,  Mexico, 

Tepehuane  village 11 

S.VN  Juan  agency,  N.  Mex.— 

pathological  conditions tab .  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

San  Juan  de  los  Jares,  Mexico,  Mazahua 

village 12 

San  Juan  Pueblos,  statures  of 133,1.36,137 

San  Lorenzo,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village. . .        12 
San  Pedro  de  los  BaNos,  Mexico,  Maza- 
hua village 12 

San  Sebastian,  Huichol  village 11 

Santa  Catarina,  Mexico,  Huichol  village.        11 

Santa  Cruz,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

Santa  Fft  agency,  N.  Mex.  (Pueblos)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 20.5,  tab.  9 


Page 

Santa  Fie  agency,  N.  Mex.  (Pueblos)— Con- 
tinued, 
pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Santa  Fe  school,  N.  Mex.  (Pueblos)— 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab .  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Santa  Maria  de  Ocotan,  Mexico,  Tepe- 
huane settlement 11 

Santa  Teresa,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Santiago    Cuisilapa,    Mexico,    Mazahua 
village 12 

SantibaSez,  SeSor  D.  Pablo  Genaro,  on 
crime  among  Huichol 170 

Santo  Domingo,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village.        12 

Santo  Domingo  Pueblos — 

investigations  among 1 

mixed-bloods 7 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

San  Xavier,  Papago  village 10 

San  Xavier  Papago — 

albinism 199 

obesity 156 

medicine-men 227 

size  of  families 43 

Sara VI,  food  plant  (Tarahumare) 266 

Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla.— 

idiocy '. : 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202, 214,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 211,  tab.  9 

Sauk  and  Foxes— 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Sawado.    See  Saguaro  (liquor). 

Scalds,  treatment  of  (Opata) 250 

Scarification  as  medical  treatment — 

Mescaleros 237 

Puna 246 

San  Carlos  Apache 233, 234 

Scarlatina,  Scarlet  fever,  summary  as 
to 190, 191 

Schoolcraft,  H.  R.,  in  bibliography 421 

SciRPUs  lacustris,  pollen  of 52, 225, 232 

Scope  and  method  of  present  work 1-2,  .36-37 

Scorpion,  sting  of— 

effect 172 

treatment 234, 242 

Scott,  Julian,  cited  as  to  Zuni  witches 169 

Screw-bean,  food  of  Pima 261 

Scrofula— 
by  tribes — 

Hopi 180 

Pima 182 

Tarahumare 186 

Yuma 184 

in  albinos 193 

See  also  Tuberculosis,  (glandular). 

Sears,  Dr.  E.  A.,  on  pathological  conditions 
at  Omaha  agency,  Nebr tab.  9 

Seger  school,  Okla.  (Cheyenne)  — 

albinism 198,  tab.  9 

defffand  dumb 206,  tab.  9 


INDEX 


453 


Page 

Seger  school,  Okla.  (Cheyenne)— Cont'd. 

■  epilepsy 202,tab.9 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

idiocy 204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Sekani— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Sekani  school,  Ind.T.,  pathological  condi- 
tions in tab.  9 

Seneca— 

muscular  force 149 

pulse  rate 141 

respiration 142 

Senility  among  Indians — 

baldness 161-163 

general  account 157-159 

grayness 159-161 

influence  on  muscular  power 143-148 

See  also  Aged. 

Senses,  the,  among  Indian  adults 154 

Seri— 

foods 20 

physical  environment  and  type 133 

Sexes,  proportion   of.    See  Proportion  of 
sexes. 

Sexual  organs,  aflectio»s  of 189, 191 

See  also  •  Gonorrhea,  Orchitis,  Syphilis, 
Uterine  disorders. 

Shaman.    See  Medicine-men. 

Sharp,  G.,  in  bibliography 421 

SdAWK,  Dr.  W.  L.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions in  Fort  Bidwell  school,  Cal tab.  9 

Shawnee— 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Shawnee  agency,  Okla.,  tuberculosis  at..     210, 

211,  tab.  9 

Shawnee  school,  Okla.,  pathological  con- 
ditions in tab.  9 

Sherry,  Dr.  L.  C,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions in  Vermilion  Lake  school,  Oreg tab.  9 

Shiwinakwin,  Zuni  village 9 

Shoshoni— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203, 204, 214,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity .• 202. 213,  tab.  9 

monstrosities 215,  tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210, 211. 218-219,  tab.  9 

Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo.  (Shoshoni,  Arap- 
aho)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207 

epilepsy 203, tab.  9 

goiter 200, tab.  9 

idiocy 205,tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, tab.  9 

tuberculosis 211, tab.  9 


Shufeldt,  R.  V^,  in  bibliography 421 

SiA,  SiA  Pueblos— 

childbirth 61 

investigations  among 1 

statures  (average) 133,^136, 137 

SiCHOMOVi,  Hopi  village 9 

Sight,  sense  of  (Indian  adults) 154 

Silberstein,  Dr.  Julius,  on  pathological 
conditions  at  Crow  Creek  agency,  S.  Dak.  tab.  9 

Simpson,  J.  K.,  in  bibliography 421 

Sioux— 

albinism 198, tab.  9 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 202, 203, 204,  tab.  9 

general  morbidity 212 

goiter 199, 200, 201, tab.  9 

idiocy 205, tab.  9 

insanity 201, 202, tab.  9 

muscular  force 149 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210-212, tab.  9 

See   also    Lower  Brule    Sioux,    Lower 
Yankton  Sioux,  Oglala  Sioux,  Sisse- 
ton  Sioux,  Yankton  Sioux. 
Sisseton  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Sisseton  Sioux,  epilepsy  among.  .■ 204 

Sitting  (Indian  children) 84, 99-100, 129 

Skeleton,  Indian,  signs  of  senility  in 159 

Skin,  affections  of— 

Indians 153-1,54, 191 

whites 154-155 

See  also  Acne,  Albinism,  Eczema,  Ele- 
phantiasis, Impetigo,  Itching,  Vitiligo. 
Sleep — 

Indians 154-155 

whites 154 

Smallpox — 
by  tribes — 

Apache 178 

Cora 187 

Hopi 229 

Huichol 186 

Navaho 180, 229 

Tarahumare 185, 229 

Tepecano 186 

Zuiii 181 

summary 189, 190, 191 

Smell,  sense  of,  among  Indians 154 

Smith,  Dr.  Calvin  K.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Shoshoni  agency,  Wyo tab.  9 

Smoking,  account  of 30, 173 

Snake  bites— 
by  tribes — 

Cora 251 

Hopi 241 

Mescaleros 237 

Opata 250 

Otomi 253 


454 


INDEX 


SXAKE  BITES — Continued, 
by  tribes— Continued. 

Papago 242 

San  Carlos  Apache 234 

Tarahumare 251 

summary 172-173 

Sneezing  (Indian  adults) 155 

Snoring  (Indian  adults) 155 

Snydek,  Dr.  Alonzo  D.,  on  pathological 

conditions  at  Colville  agency,  Wash tab.  9 

Soap-weed,  medicinal  use  of 74 

Societies,  Indian 222, 225-227 

Soil  of  region  visited 2 

Songs,  medicinal 222-227, 243, 244 

Sophia  pinnata,  food  plant  (Pima) 263 

Sore  throat,  remedy  for — 

Pima 245 

San  Carlos  Apache 232,233 

SOTOL,  native  liquor 26,28,29 

Soul,  Indian  notions  concerning 155 

Southern  Ute — 

albinism 192, 199 

crime 168 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

disease 176 

folk  medicine 231 

foods 20, 22 

goiter 200, 201 

habits  of  life 31 

head  deformation 83 

location 1 

marriage 47-48 

obesity 156 

occupations 18 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population 5 

proportion  of  sexes 37 

size  of  families 42 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

sterile  women 51 

subdivisions 7 

suicide 171 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

See  also  Capotes,  Moacbe,  Wiminuche. 

Speech,  defects  of  (Hopi) 180 

See  also  Talking. 
Spinal  curvatures— 

San  Carlos  Apache 178 

physicians'  reports  on 216,  tab.  9 

summary 208-209 

Spokane— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Sports,  prevalence  of 30 

Springfield  school,  S.  Dak.,  pathological 

conditions  in tab.  9 

Springs  of  region  visited 4 

Squier,  E.  G.,  in  bibliography 421 

Srdixko,  O.,  on  European  births  by  sexes. .        39 

Standing  in  Indian  children 99-100, 129 

Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

goiter 200,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 


Stature  in  Indians — 

adults 132-137, 152 

children 88-89, 

112-114, 130-131, tab.  1, 267-282, 342-347 

V.  D.  Steinen,  Karl,  in  bibiUography 425 

Steinmetz,  S.  R.,  in  bibliography 421 

Stephen,  A.  M.— 
cited  on — 

Hopi 9, 241 

Navaho 238 

in  bibliography 421 

Sterility  among  Indian  women 51-52, 54, 165 

Stevenson,  James  in  bibliography 421 

Stevenson,  Mrs.  Matilda  Coxe— 

in  bibliography 421-422, 424 

on  the  Zuni 9 

albinos 192 

childbirth 53, 54, 61 

diseases 181 

foods 23 

marriage 49 

medical  treatment 74, 241 

medicine-men 227 

Rio  Grande  Pueblos 23,61 

witchcraft 169, 224 

Stickney,  G.  p.,  in  bibliography 422 

Stivers,  Dr.  C.  C,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions in  Kansas tab.  9 

Stock  raising,  account  of 18, 33 

Stockwell,  G.  a.,  in  bibliography 422 

Stoll,  Otto,  in  bibliography 1 425 

Stomach    disorders.    See    Gastro- intes- 
tinal disorders. 

Strabismus,  prevalence  of 181, 189 

Strath,  R.,  in  bibliography 422 

Stratton,  T.,  in  bibliography 422 

Styptics  (Mescaleros) 237 

Subdivisions  of  tribes  visited 7-13 

Suicide,  account  of 171-172 

SuPAi,  location  of 9 

See  also  Coconino,  Havasupai. 

Surface  of  region  visited 2-3 

Surgery 222 

by  tribes — 

Huichol 251 

Maricopa 248 

Navaho 240 

Tarahumare 250, 251 

Swan,  C,  in  bibliography 422 

Swan,  J.  G.,  in  bibliography 422 

SwANTON,  J.  R.,  in  bibliography 422 

Sweat  baths— 
by  tribes — 

Cora 252 

Mescaleros 236 

Navaho 238 

Otomi 253 

Pima 246-247 

San  Carlos  Apache 32, 234 

hut  for 16 

purification  by 223 

SwETLAND,  L.,  in  bibliography 425 

Swimming,  prevalence  of 30, 32 

S'iTHILIS— 

by  tribes^ 

Hopi 181 

Navaho 179 

Pima 245 


INDEX 


455 


Syphilis— Continued.  Page 

by  tribes— Continued. 

Southern  Ute 176 

Tarahumare 186, 250 

Yuma : 184 

Zuni 181 

in  albinos - 193 

precolumbian 191 

summary 189 

Tabus— 

after  childbirth "60 

in  connection  with — 

disease 221,223 

food 20,23,24 

menstruation 157 

pregnancy 53, 194 

violation  of  among  Ilopi 226 

Talking  in  Indian  children 84, 100 

Pima 129 

San  Carlos  Apache 129 

See  also  Speech. 

Taos  Pueblos— 

character 33 

food 21 

Intermixture  with  Jicarillas 9 

investigations  among 1 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

Tapewoems— 

prevalence  of 188 

remedy  for  (Mescaleros) 236 

Taplin,  De.  a.  E.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Sisseton  agency,  S.  Dak tab.  9 

Taeahumaee— 

albinism 192 

alcoholic  drinks 28 

baldness 162 

childbirth 61, 228 

children 75, 79, 87 

crime 170 

desire  for  children , 53 

diseases 1S5-186 

folk  medicine 250-251 

foods - 21 ,  24-25, 266 

grayness 160, 161, 404 

habits  of  life 34-35 

head  deformation 83 

location 1,11 

marriage 50 

medicine-men 228 

nursing  of  infants 79 

occupations 17 

physical  affinities 10. 12, 13 

polygamy 50 

population 7 

precautions  against  disease 230, 231 

pulse 139. 140. 141, 142, 368 

respiration 139. 140, 368 

similarity  to  other  tribes 35 

smallpox 229 

statures  (average) 133, 136. 137 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

temperature 139, 140. 141, 368 

Taeantula,  as  a  remedy  (Tarahumare) 250 

Tarasco— 

alcoholic  liquors 28 

baldness 162 

character 35-36 


Tarasco— Continued.  Page 

childbirth 63 

diseases 187 

drunkenness 174 

foods 266 

grayness ]60, 161. 40.5-406 

head  deformation 83 

location 1, 12 

muscular  force 145, 147, 149, 150, 390, 392 

occupations 18, 19 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 12, 13, 134 

population '. 7 

pulse  and  respiration 139, 370-371 

statures  (average) 133, 134, 136, 137 

temperature • 139, 370-371 

Tarequato,  Mexico,  Tarasco  village 12 

Tascaringa,  Tepehuane  village 11 

Tascate  sabino,  medicinal  plant  (Tarahu- 
mare)        250 

Taste,  sense  of  (Indian  adults) 154 

Tate,  Dr.  Samuel,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Warm  Spring  agency,  Oreg tab.  9 

Tattooing 15 

Teeth  in  Indians,  in- 
aged  158 

albinos 193 

children 84 

Apache  ..  96-99,122-125, 131,  tab. 9, 299-322 

Pima 96-99, 

122-125, 131 ,  184,  tab.  1 ,  322-341 
See  also  Dental  caries. 

Teit,  James,  in  bibliography 422 

Temoaya,  Mexico,  Tepehuane  village 11 

Temper  ATLTJE- 
Indians — 

adolescents 130 

adults ■. 138-143. 152, 348-371 

albinos 193-194 

children — 

Apache. . .  106-108, 130, 283-292, 343, 344 

Pima 107-108, 130, 292-299, 346, 347 

whites 107, 108, 130, 142, 152 

Teneeaca,  Tepehuane  village 11 

Tenon, ,  cited  on  sex  ratio  in  stature. . .      135 

Tepecano— 

alcoholic  drinks 28 

character 35 

childbirth 62-63, 251 

crime _ 171 

diseases 186 

fetishes 229 

folk  medicine 251 

foods 266 

gestation 54 

head  deformation 83 

infanticide 165-166 

location 1, 11 

medicine-men 229 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 12, 13, 134 

polygamy 51 

population 7 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

Tepehuane— 

alcoholic  drinks 28 

character 35 

crime 171 


456 


INDEX 


Page 

Tepehuane— Continued. 

diseases 186 

foods 24, 266 

head  deformation : 83 

location 1,11 

physical  affinities 11,12,13 

population 7 

size  of  families 43 

statures  (average) 133, 136, 137 

villages 11 

Tequila.    S^e  Mescal  (liquor). 

Tesvin,  Tesvino— 

description  of 26-29 

use  of— 

San  Carlos  Apache 31, 168, 232 

Tarahumare 185 

AVhite  Mountain  Apache 177 

Tetelcingo,  Mexico,  TIahuiltec  village...        13 

Tewa,  village  of  Hano  settled  by 9 

Thorwokth,  J.  F.,  in  bibliography 422 

Thyroid,  degeneration  of  into  goiter 188 

TizwiN.    See  Tesvin. 

Tlacomulco,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

Tlahuiltec— 

aguardiente  used  b j^ 28 

character 36 

childbirth 63 

diseases 187 

foods 26 

hair  dyeing 1.5 

head  deformation 83 

location 1, 13 

occupations 19 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 134 

population '    7 

statures  (average) 1.33, 134, 136, 137 

See  also  Aztec. 

Tobacco,  use  of : 173 

Todd,  Dr.  W.  H.,  on  pathological  conditions 
at  Osage  agency,  Okla tab.  9 

ToMAH  school.  Wis.  (Oneida)  — 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Toner,  J.  M.,  in  bibliography 422 

Tongue,  condition  of  as  test  of  health 138 

Tongue     River    agency,    Mont.    (Chey- 
enne) — 

goiter 199,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

TONSILITIS  (Pima) 182 

Tonto  Apaciie,  Tontos— 

desire  for  chidren 52 

location 8 

population , 5 

tes vino  made  by 27 

treatment  of  new-born  child 73 

Toothache,  treatment  for— 

Mescaleros 237 

Papago 242 

Pima 247 

San  Carlos  Apache 234 

Zuiii 241 


Page 
Topinard,  P.,  cited  on  sex  differences  in 

stature 135 

ToTONiLCO,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

Townsend,  Dr.  Ellis  P.,  on  pathological 
conditions   at    Cheyenne    River   agency, 

Mont tab.  9 

Townsend,    John,    keeper    of    gambling 

house 34 

Trachoma— 

Hopi . . . .- 180 

Pima 182, 183 

summary 189 

Traction  force.    See  Muscular  force. 
Tremors— 

Navaho 180 

summary 189 

Treon,  F.,  in  bibliography 422-423 

Trephining  (Tarahumare) 251 

Trompetia      blanca,      medicinal      plant 

(Otomi) 253 

Truxton  Canyon  agency,   Ariz.   (Wala- 
pai)  — 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  iab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Tuberculosis  among  Indians— 

glandular 209-212 

of  bones  and  joints 209-212 

pulmonary 174, 175, 188, 209-212 

various  forms — 

relation  to  spinal  curvatures 209 

reports  of  agency  and  school  physi- 
cians    217-219,  tab.  9 

See  also  undernames  of  tribes;  Menin- 
gitis, tubercular.  Scrofula. 
Tucker,  Dr.  W.  Q.  G.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions among  Crows 218,  tab.  9 

TuLALip  agency.  Wash.   (Tulalip)— 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Tule.    See  Scirpus  lacustris. 

TuLiPi.    See  Tesvin. 

TuMBA-VAQUERO,  medicinal  plant  (Otomi).      253 

Tumors— 

by  tribes — 

Navaho 180 

Tepecano 186 

Zuiii 181 

summary 190 

TuSa,  food  of  Walapai 260 

Turner,  Lucien  M.,  in  bibliography 423 

Turner,  S.  S.,  in  bibliography 423 

Tylostoma  (puff-ball),  used  as  remedy. . .  74,245 
Typhoid  fever— 
by  tribes— 

Huichol 

Navaho 

Pima 182 

Tepecano 186 

Zuiii 181 

summary 


INDEX 


457 


Uinta  agency,  Utah  (Ute)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter - 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

Indians  at 5 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Ulcers,  account  of 188, 189 

Umatilla  agency,  Oreg.— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Urbina,  M.,  in  bibliography 423 

Urine— 

incontinence  of 178 

retention  of 182 

use  of 16, 240 

Ute— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter 200, 201,  tab.  9 

head  development  (infancy) 79 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity 202,  tab.  9 

intermixture  with  Jicarillas 9 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  affinities 13 

population 5,  tab.  9 

precautions  against  disease 230 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

treatment  of  infants 79 

tuberculosis 210, 211,  tab.  9 

See  also  Southern  Ute. 

Uterine  disorders,  treatment  of  (Mari- 
copa)        248 

Uvar,  a  poisonous  spider. . ; 170 

Varicose  veins 181-,  188 

Variola  (Tarahumare) 185 

Veins,  diseases  of 181, 188, 191 

Venereal  diseases— 
by  tribes — 

Mohave 184 

Opata 184 

Tarahumare 185 

Walapai 179 

Yuma 184 

■     Zufli 181 

'       introduction  by  whites 174 

precautions  against 2.30, 231 

summary 189 

Vermilion  Lake  school,  Wis.  (Chippewa)— 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Vertigo— 
by  tribes — 

Huichol 186, 187 

Navaho I79 

Tepecano 186 

simunary 189 


Page 

Vervena,  medicinal  plant  (Tepecano) 251 

Vicente,  Navaho  chief 169 

Vieroedt,  H.— 
cited  on — 

menstruation 127 

sex  diflepences  in  statui-e  (whites) . .      135 

on  pulse  and  respiration  in  childreff 91 , 

92, 94, 95 

on  pulse  rates 101, 141 

on  stature-age  approximations  in  whites      104 
Villages,  Indian,  typical  arrangement  of.  15-16 

Vino,  description  of 26, 82 

See  also  Mescal  (liquor) . 

Visiting 30 

Vitiligo,  account  of 192-197 

Volcanic  activity  in  region  visited 3 

Volkmann,  a.  W.,  on  pulse  rates 101,141 

VoTH,  Rev.  H.  R.— 

cited  on  care  of  Hopi  infants 74 

in  bibliography 423 

on  childbirth  among  Hopi 61 

Vultures,  tabu  against 54 

Wainamota,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Waitz,  Theodor,  in  bibliography 423 

Walapai — 

datura  used  by ; 173 

deaf  and  dimib 207,  tab.  9 

desire  for  children 52 

diseases 179 

epilepsy 203, 204,  tab.  9 

facial  painting 14 

foods 23, 259-261 

habits  of  life : . : 32-33 

head  deformation 79, 83 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

language 8 

location 1,8 

medicine-men 225 

native  alcoholic  drinks 27 

occupations 17, 33 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 9, 13, 133 

population C,  tab. 9 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

similarity  to  Mohave 34 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

statures  (average) 133, 135, 137 

treatment  of  sick 230 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Waldron,  Martha  M.,  in  bibliography. .. .      423 
Walker,  Dr.  J.  R.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions at  Pine  Ridge  agency,  S.  Dak tab. 9 

Walking— 

on  part  of  Indian  children 84, 99, 100 

Maricopa 86 

Pima 129 

San  Carlos  Apache 85-86, 129 

Yuma 86 

Wallace,  —  — ,  on  diseases  of  Navaho 180 

Walla  Walla— 

pathological  conditions tab. 9 

population tab.  9 

Warm  Springs  agency,  Oreg.— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 


458 


INDEX 


Warm  Springs  agency,  Oreg.— Cont'd.      Page 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208, 209,  tab.  9 

Warts  (Mescaleros) 179 

WAsnraAP,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Water,  medicinal  remedy  (Huichol) 251 

Water  supply  of  region  visited.    See  also 
Rainfall.  \ 

Wazamota,  Mexico,  Cora  village 12 

Wt;bb,  De  W.,  in  brbliography 423 

Weight— 
Indians- 
adolescents 131 

adults- 
Apache 342, 343 

Pima 345.347 

children- 
Apache 111-112, 

114, 116, 131, 267-275, 342, 343 

Pima 111-112 

114-116, 131, 276-282, 345, 347 

whites 114-116, 131 

Welcker, ,  cited  in  connection  with 

dentition % 

Wenatchee— 

muscular  force 149 

pulse  rate 141 

Western  Navaho  school,  N.  Mex.— 

Indians  in 6 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

Western  Shoshoni  agency,  Nev.  (Sho- 
shoni)— 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Westeall,  Dr.  Geo.  R.,  on  pathological 
conditions  among  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho.     213, 
214, 215, 216, 217,  tab.  9 

Wheat,  liquor  made  from 28 

Wheeler,  Dr.  H.  R.,  on  pathological  con- 
ditions at  Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Okla. . .  tab.  9 
Wheeler,  R.  A.— 

cited  as  authority   on  region  investi- 
gated           2 

in  bibliography 425 

Whirlwind,  Pima  notions  concerning 244 

Whisky,  use  of 27 

White,  Dr.  T.  R.,  on  pathological  condi- 
tions among  Mohave 219,  tab.  9 

Whited,  Stephen,  Special  Agent,  on  adul- 
tery among  Apache 51 

White  Mountain  Apache— 

abortion 164 

agriculture 17 

alcoholic  drinks 28 

childbirth 56-57 

crime 169 

desire  for  children 52 

diseases 177, 187 

effect  of  tulip!  on 177 

folk  medicine 231 

foods 20, 22 

goiter 399, 201 

head  deformation 83 

location 1,8 


White  Mountain  Apache— Cont'd. 

marriage 48-49 

medicine  lodges 225 

medicine-men 224-225 

menstrual  feast 48 

muscular  force 144, 147, 150, 151 ,  152 

physical  environment 134 

physical  type 134 

polygamy 49 

population 5 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

prostitution 49 

pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature 140, 

348-349 

size  of  families 42 

sterile  women 51-52, 165 

suicide 171 

tesvino  made  by 27,173 

tuberculosis 217 

AVhite  River  Indians.    See  Ute. 
Whites— 

American- 
births  by  sexes 39 

children- 
dentition 122,^23, 131 

growth 112 

height 88-89 

menstruation 132 

muscular  force 109, 110, 112, 130 

pulse 91-93, 101-103, 108 

respiration 93-95,  lOl,  103-104, 108 

temperature 107, 108, 130 

weight 114-116,131 

constipation 189 

deaf  and  dumb 207 

diseases 187 

goiter 201 

idiocy 206 

influence  on  Indians 31-36,49-51, 

54,  62,  63,  174,  178,  184, 
189,191,237,238,249,252 

insanity 202 

muscular  force 143, 152 

population  by  ages 40 

proportion  of  sexes 37 

pulse 141-142 

respiration 142 

senses 154 

skin 154, 155 

sleep 154 

spinal  curvatures 209 

stature  in  relation  to  sex 135 

temperature 142, 152 

tuberculosis 211 

European- 
births  by  sexes '       39 

epilepsy 204 

tuberculosis 211 

Whooping  cough— 

Navaho 180 

summary 190 

Wichita — 

pathological  conditions  among tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

Wigglesworth,  Dr.  A.  M.,  on  pathological 
conditions  among  White  Mountain 
Apache 217,  tab.  9 


INDEX 


459 


Wilkes,  Charles,  U.  S.  N.,  in  bibliography.  425 

Williamson,  T.  S.,  in  bibliography 423 

Willow,  as  a  remedy  (Pima) 245 

Wilson,  D.,  in  bibliography 423 

Wilson,  N.  W.,  in  bibliography 423 

Wilson,  Thomas,  in  bibliography 423 

WiMBERLEY,  DR.  GEORGE  W.,  on  patho- 
logical conditions  at  Phoenix  Indian 
school,  Ariz i tab.  9 

WiMINUCHE— 

habits  of  lile 31 

location 7 

marriage 48 

population 5 

See  also  Southern  Ute. 

Winder,  W.,  in  bibliography 410,423 

Winnebago— 

albinism 199,  tab.  9 

cretinism 201,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,204,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Witchcraft— 

Huichol 170 

Mescaleros 234 

Pima 170 

Zuni : 169, 224 

WiTHERSPOON,  W.  W.,  in  bibUography 423 

WiTKOWSKi,  G.  J.,  in  bibliography 425 

WoLDT,  A. ,  in  bibliography 425 

Wood,  C.  W.,  special  agent — 

compiler  of  map  of  Papago  towns 10 

on  medical  treatment  among  Papago. . .      241 

Woodruff,  C.E.,  in  bibliography 424 

Woods,  Dr.  C.  L.,on  pathological  conditions 
at  Fort  Belknap  agency,  Mont tab.  9 

Woodward, ,  in  bibhography 424 

Wortman,  J.  L.,  in  bibliography 418 

WoxnsTDS- 

lack  of  proper  precautions 229 

treatment  of— 

Cora 252 

Papago 241 

Pima 182, 183,245 

San  Carlos  Apache 234 

Tarahumare 250 

Zuni 241 

See  also  Fractures  of  bones. 

Wyman,  Dr.  F.  H.  on  pathological  condi- 
tions among  Sauk  and  Foxes 214,  tab.  9 

Xilapa,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

XocoTiTLA,  Mexico,  Mazahua  village 12 

Yakima— 

muscular  force 149 

pulse  rate 141 

respiration 142 

Yankton  agency,  S.  Dak.  (Sioux)— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy 203,  tab.  9 

goiter .■ 200,  tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population  tab.  9 

spinal  curvatures 208,  tab.  9 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 


Yankton  Sioux— 

deaf  and  dumb 207,  tab.  9 

epilepsy... 203,204, tab.  9 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

population tab.  9 

pulse 141 

respiration 142 

tuberculosis 210,  tab.  9 

Yaqui— 

baldness 162 

character 34 

diseases 184, 185-186 

foods 20, 24, 266 

grayness 160, 161, 403 

head  deformation 83 

location 1,11 

mixed-bloods 7 

occupations 17, 18 

physical  environment 133 

physical  13^)6 11, 13, 133 

population 6 

pulse  and  respiration 139, 367 

size  of  families 43 

statures  (average) 133, 135, 137 

temperature 139, 367 

Yarrow,  Dr.  H.  C— 

cited  on  medicine  of  Zuni 181 

in  bibliography 424 

Yates,  L.  G.,  in  bibliography 424 

Yav  A  p  Al- 
location    1, 8, 10 

palsy 178 

physical  afBnities 8 

population 6 

statures 132 

Yawning  (Indian  adults) 155 

Yayawimkias,  fire  priests  of  Hopi 226, 240 

Yerba  mansa,  medicinal  plant  (Pima) 245 

Yucca,  food  plant  ( Walapai) 259-260 

Yucca  baccata,   food  plant    (Pima,   Pa- 
pago)        262 

Yucca  schottii,  food  plant — 

Papago 262 

Pima 262 

San  Carlos  Apache 258 

Yuma— 

albinism tab.  9 

baldness 162 

case  of  early  menstruation 127 

cretinism tab.  9 

crime 171 

deaf  and  dumb tab.  9 

epilepsy tab.  9 

folk  medicine 249 

foods 21. 24 

goiter 200,201, tab.  9 

grayness 160, 161, 400-401 

hair  dressing 14 

head  deformation 79-80,83 

idiocy 205,  tab.  9 

insanity tab.  9 

location 1, 10 

marriage 50 

medicine-men 224, 228, 249 

medicine-women 228 


460 


INDEX 


Yuma— Continued.  Page 

monstrosities : tab.  9 

muscular  strength 144,146,382-383 

nursing  of  infants 79 

obesity 156 

occupations 18 

pathological  conditions 184, 230,  tab.  9 

physical  en\nronment 133 

physical  type 10, 13, 133 

pissioina made  by 28 

population 6,  tab.  9 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

prostitution 50 

pulse  and  respiration 138, 366-367 

size  of  families 43 

spinal  curvatures tab.  9 

statures 132, 133, 1.35, 137 

suicide 171 

tattooing 15 

temperature 138, 366-367 

treatment  of  sick 230 

tuberculosis 211,  tab.  9 

villages 16 

walking  (infants) 86 

Yuma  Apache— 

location 8 

physical  affinity 8 

population 6 

Yum  AN  LANGUAGE 8 

Yuma  reservation,  Indians  on 6, 38 

Yuma  in  Arizona.    See  Yuma  Apache. 
ZuSi— 

abortion 164 

albinism 191, 192-194, 196-197, 198,  tab.  9 

baldness 162 

character 33, 34 

childbirth 61 

cretinism tab.  9 

crime 169 

datura  used  by : 173 


ZuNi— Continued. 

deaf  and  dumb tab.  9 

desire  for  children 53 

diphtheria 190 

diseases  in  general 181, 230 

dwellings 16 

epilepsy tab.  9 

folk  medicine 241 

foods 20. 23 

gestation .^^ 54 

goiter , .  tab.  9 

grayness 399 

head  deformation 83 

Idiocy tab.  9 

infanticide 165-166 

insanity tab.  9 

investigations  among 1 

location 9 

marriage 49 

medicine-men .- 224, 227 

monstrosities 216,  tab.  9 

muscular  strength 145, 147, 378-379 

nursing  of  infants 77 

pathological  conditions tab.  9 

physical  affinity <*      134 

physical  environment : 134 

population 6,  tab.  9 

proportion  of  sexes 38 

pulse  and  respiration 139, 140, 141, 357-358 

size  of  families 43 

spinal  curvatures 208, 216,  tab.  9 

statures 133, 134, 136, 137, 140 

sterile  women 52 

suicide 171 

temperature 139, 140, 141, 357-358 

treatment  of  infants 74, 79 

tuberculosis tab.  9 

villages 17 

witchcraft 169, 224 


o 


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